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Yongshi Shi) from the Selections of Refined Literature (Wen Xuan) Verse and Lore: ‗Poems on History‘ (yongshi shi) from the Selections of Refined Literature (Wen xuan) by Yue Zhang A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto © Copyright by Yue Zhang (2014) Verse and Lore: ‗Poems on History‘ (yongshi shi) from the Selections of Refined Literature (Wen xuan) Yue Zhang Doctor of Philosophy Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto 2014 Abstract This dissertation discusses how cultural memory and nostalgia are demonstrated and negotiated in poems through investigating the section of ―Poems on History‖ in the Selections of Refined Literature (Wen xuan 文選). Chapter One lays a solid foundation for further discussion, mainly exploring previous Chinese and English scholarship on poems on history in the early medieval period (220-580) and providing a brief history of this subgenre up to this point. Chapter Two examines why the Wen xuan editors chose certain poems in the section of Poems on History through a case study of the reception of Zuo Si‘s poems. The reception and canonization process of his poems serve as a good example to illustrate how the memory of literary past is shaped and mediated by the intellectual and cultural zeitgeist of this period. Chapter Three deals with the different approaches by which the poets connect historical lore with poetry, and shows the sophistication of poems on history in Chinese literary tradition. The last two chapters discuss two case studies: one is from Zuo Si, an earlier case and the other on Yan Yanzhi, a case closer to the Wen xuan editors‘ time period. Chapter Four explicitly discusses how poets use literature as a ii way to create a poetic-self as an alternative to images transmitted in standard histories, a represented self under their control through which poets influence their contemporaries and later readers‘ perception and memories about them. A good case study of this process is Zuo Si‘s ―Poems on History‖. Chapter Five talks about the formation of poets‘ reputation in history, not based on their political achievements and contributions, but on the highly admirable moral values and ideals expressed in their poetry, which become models for later literati. Yan Yanzhi‘s ―Poems on the Five Lords‖ is a case study that shows the continuing tradition of character appraisal, dealing with five historical figures who were remembered because of their musical, literary, and spiritual cultivation. Thus poems on history--their composition, their reception, their transmission through anthologies--are shown to have been a vital means of interpreting and evaluating the past, and to have played an important role in shaping Chinese identity and character through literature. iii Acknowledgments This dissertation has been supported by several research grants, notably a five-year fellowship from the University of Toronto and a Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation Doctoral Fellowship. Other scholarships were also very helpful for making this dissertation possible, including various internal grants from the University of Toronto, such as research travel grants and conference grants, and external grants from Harvard-Yenching Library and American Oriental Society. Many scholars helped me through my writing process, especially my dissertation committee members: Professor Graham Sanders, Professor Johanna Liu, and Professor Rick Gussio. My appreciation also goes to the external reviewer Professor Michael Farmer. I appreciate that several academic journals published my articles and book reviews, some of which I adapted in my dissertation, such as Early Medieval China, China Review International, and East Asia Forum. Professor Wendy Swartz provided me an excellent opportunity to translate her book: Reading Tao Yuanming: Shifting Paradigms of Historical Reception (427-1900) (Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2008), through which I strengthened my understanding of how reception studies is used in Chinese literary and cultural studies. Professor Cynthia Chennault, one of the editors of the monograph Early Medieval Chinese Texts, offered me an opportunity to write a chapter on Zuo Si‘s literary collection. My friends in China, Canada, and the U.S. helped me in my Ph.D. studies, and I am particularly grateful to Dr. David Chai, Lulu Chai, Dr. Dehong Meng, Dr. Ji Hao, Dr. Christina Han, and Dr. Darryl Sterk. As I was writing this dissertation, I began a new academic and professional career and could not spend more time doing further research. However, I am responsible for all the mistakes that are present in this dissertation. iv I would like to thank my parents for their consistent support and understanding! This dissertation is dedicated to them. v Table of Contents Cover Page………………………………………………………………………………………...i Dissertation Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….ii Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………...iv Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………..vi Front Mater……………………………………………………………………………………....x Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………1 Chapter 1: Review of Scholarship and Brief History of Poems on History before the Six Dynasties…………………………………………………………………….…….…………….14 1. Scholarship…………………………………………………………………….…….………...15 1.1 Englishscholarship…………… …….………………………………….………….. .15 1.2 Chinese scholarship …………………………………………………….…….……..17 2. Wei Chunxi‘s History of Poems on History in the Pre-Song Period…………….…….......... 19 3. Wen xuan studies…………….…….…………….…….…………….…….…………………..24 4. Definition and Scope of Poems on History in the Wen xuan ……….…….……………..........27 5. A Brief Survey of Poems on History before the Six Dynasties (220-589) ……………...........30 6. The Reasons for the Flourishing of Poems on History in the Six Dynasties………………….35 7. Inclusion of Poems on History in the Wen xuan….…….…………….…….…………………38 8. Major Primary Sources Used in this Dissertation….…….…………….…….………………..39 vi Chapter 2: Selection and Canonization of Poems on History in the Wen xuan……..……...41 1. Theoretical Background: Jauss‘ Reception Theory and Its Application to Chinese Literary Studies….…….…………….…….…………….…….…………….…….………………………42 2. Anthology Selection Criteria: Close Reading of the Preface to the Wen xuan………………..51 3. The Reception of Zuo Si‘s Poetry as a Case Study…………………………………………...58 3.1 Poetic Intertextual Links: Jiang Yan‘s Imitation of Zuo Si‘s Poems on History…….61 3.2 Literary Criticism: Zhong Rong and Liu Xie‘s Comments on Zuo‘s Poems on History.……….…………….…….…………….…….…………………………………..71 3.3 Historical Narrative: Xue Cheng‘s Use of Zuo‘s Poems on History in Articulating His Frustrations….…………….…….…………….…….………………………………76 4. Conclusion….…………….…….…………….…….…………………………………………81 Chapter 3: Historical Lore and Poems: Approaches to Lore in Verse……………………...87 1. Introduction….…………….…….…………….…….………………………………………...87 2. Three Approaches………….…….…………….…….…………………………………..........91 2.1 Paraphrasing Historical Records in Poetry.……………………………………….....91 2.2 Highlighting the Poets‘ Personal Situations through Commenting on Historical Figures.………………………………….. .……………………………………………...98 2.3 Exaggerating and Manipulating Historical Accounts………………………………104 3. Conclusion….…………….…….…………….…….………………………………………..118 Chapter 4: Poetic-self vs. Historical-self: Zuo Si (ca. 250-ca. 305) as a Case Study............121 1. Introduction to Zuo Si and His Poems on History …………………………………………..121 vii 2. On the Composition of Zuo Si‘s ―Poems on History‖ ………………………………………125 2.1. ―Poems on History‖ as a Title……………………………………………………...125 2.2 Time of Zuo Si‘s ―Poems on History‖.……………………………………………..129 3. Literature Review of Studies on Zuo Si and His Poetry……………………………………..134 3.1 Current Translations of Zuo Si‘s ―Poems on History‖ …………………………….134 3.2 Secondary Scholarship on Zuo Si‘s ―Poems on History‖ ………… ………………135 4. Poetic-self vs. historical-self in Zuo Si‘s ―Poems on History‖………………………………141 5. Conclusion …………………………………………………………..………………………182 Chapter 5: Poems on History and Character Appraisal: Yan Yanzhi (384-456) as a Case Study…………………………………………………………………………………………...184 1. Brief introduction of Yan Yanzhi and His Literary Style …………………………………...184 2. The Origin of the Appellation ―Seven Worthies of the Bamboo Grove‖ …………………...187 3. Character Appraisal………………………………………………………………………….189 4. Scholarship on Yan Yanzhi………………………………………………………………….194 5. Poems on the Five Lords……………………………………………………………………..198 6. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….......221 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………..………………224 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………...226 1. English Scholarship………………………………………………………………………….226 2. Asian Scholarship……………………………………………………………………………233 viii Copyright Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………..254 ix Front Matter Chinese characters are in traditional form and are transliterated in pinyin, except in citations from sources using Wade-Giles, to keep consistent with current usage in North America. The English translations of Chinese official titles generally follow Charles O. Hucker, A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1985). x Introduction China is a country that highly reveres its past and tradition. From oracle bones to rituals in the ancestral temples, from quoting classical poetry in diplomatic situations to citing past stories to admonish emperors, these rituals and ceremonies reflected in literature celebrate historical events and people, and demonstrate the Chinese people‘s respect for the tradition. Cultural memory and nostalgia play an important
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