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The Evolutionary Theory of Sex

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The Evolutionary Theory of Sex TWO SEXES. Why? ♂ ♀ ♀ ? ♀ The Evolutionary Theory of Sex \ Two Sexes – Why? The Evolutionary Theory of Sex Wilmington 2011 Two Sexes – Why? The Evolutionary Theory of Sex — Wilmington, 2011. What do we need two sexes for? What is the evolutionary significance of this phenomenon? What is the nature of the differences between the sexes? What is sexual dimorphism and what does it mean? How is it connected to other life phenomena? The new evolutionary theory of sex differentiation developed by Dr. Biol. Sci. Vigen Geodakian has the answers. It provides a scientific justification for the existence of men and women, and the evolutionary roles that they play in family and society. Pages: х + 230. Ill. 49, tabl. 33, bibliography 637. ISBN xxxxx (PDF) Compiled and edited by S. V. Geodakyan. The materials presented in the book, are submitted selectively and if they contain any omissions, the responsibility for them bears the originator of this work. In case of any questions and uncertainties readers should refer to the original papers listed in the bibliography. Copyright © 2011 by Sergey Geodakyan. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmittedin any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher. E-mail: [email protected] PREFACE The first publication of Vigen Geodakian devoted to the problem of sex differentiation, appeared in 1965 in cybernetic magazine. Then came an article in popular science magazine “Science and Life”. Due to multimillion distribution this article received much attention. Many scientists still remember just this one small aspect of the theory—how to influence the sex of offspring. Hovewer, over 45 years of existence, the theory was greatly expanded. Since then, more than 150 articles has been published devoted to longevity, differentiation of a brain and hands, sex chromosomes, mechanisms of sex ratio regulation at plants and animals, congenital heart anomalies, and even culture. Newspapers and magazines repeatedly wrote about the theory. V. Geodakian made presentations at many Russian and international congresses, conferences and symposia, lectured hundreds of students. Two conferences have been devoted exclusively to the theory (Saint Petersburg, Russia, 1990, 1992). The theory has already entered the textbooks (V. Vasiltchenko, 1977, 1986, 2005; Tkatshenko et al., 2001; Nartova-Bashaver, 2003; Ilin, 2003; Zhukov, 2007) and was also included in study programs of some Russian (Physical-Technical College, Moscow College of Physical Engineers, Russian Humanitarian State University) and foreign (Tel-Aviv University) colleges and universities. The breadth of the theory, it’s explanatory and predictive capacity allow it to substitute many limited and imperfect theories of gender and related fields, in particular—C. Darwin’s theory of sexual selection. A look at dioecy as an effective way of evolution, and at males as an evolutionary “vanguard” of a population, allows to explain from the unified point of view many mysteries related to sex. The basic idea of asynchronous evolution led to the creation of two new theories—brain asymmetry and laterality (in 1993), and the evolutionary role of sex chromosomes (in 1996), as well as original interpretation of hormonal sex, homosexuality, cancer, and culture. Despite the large number of publications, the most complete presentation of the theory is still the V. Geodakian’s doctorate thesis (Institute of Developmental Biology, 1987). This book attempts to describe the current state of the theory including new developments and accumulated experimental data. General composition of the book is similar to that of the dissertation. First four chapters cover current state of the problem of sex, unclear phenomena and riddles, existing theories and their criticism. Chapters 5 and 6 are devoted to the classification and analysis of reproduction types, chapter 7—involvement of the sexes in the transmission of information to the progeny, chapter 8—sex ratio. Sexual dimorphism, mechanisms of it’s occurence, forms and rules are described in chapters 9–12. Sexual dimorphism in pathology is examined in chapter 13. Chapter 14 covers possible mechanisms of discovered relationships, chapter 15—predictions. Summary has all statements of the new theory and the general scheme of the trait’s evolution in ontogeny and phylogeny. The main goal was to and at the same time as much as possible to preserve the style of author’s publications. The book does not attempt to make a full review of the area of sex research, which can be found in several monographs. The areas where the thery was already applied were covered the most. The book is intended to scientists, teachers, students, and other professionals working in the fields of biology, medicine, psychology, sociology, anthropology, and many other related branches of science. Since sex-related questions are of great interest to almost everybody, more simplle description of the theory can be found on official theory’s web site (www.geodakian.com). Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... IX CHAPTER 1. ANALYSIS OF THE THREE MAIN WAYS OF REPRODUCTION ....................... 1 COMPARISON OF SEXUAL WAYS OF REPRODUCTION WITH ASEXUAL ................................................... 1 Hypotheses and Theories ................................................................................................................... 5 "Variation and Selection" hypotheses ........................................................................................... 5 "Immediate Benefit" hypotheses ................................................................................................... 6 COMPARISON OF DIOECIOUS WAYS WITH HERMAPHRODITE ................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2 MYSTERIES OF DIOECY: SEX RATIO ................................................................... 11 HIGH SECONDARY AND TERTIARY SEX RATIO ..................................................................................... 11 INFLUENCE OF HEREDITY ON PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SEX RATIO ................................................ 12 INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT ON PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SEX RATIO ......................................... 13 “Phenomenon of war years” ........................................................................................................... 14 “Phenomenon of war years”—theories ....................................................................................... 14 MYSTERIES OF LONGEVITY ................................................................................................................... 16 Decreasing of Tertiary Sex Ratio in Ontogeny ................................................................................ 19 Men are “Champions” of Longevity ................................................................................................ 19 Early termination of fertility in women ............................................................................................ 19 Theories of High Male Mortality ..................................................................................................... 19 EVOLUTIONARY MECHANISMS OF SEX RATIO REGULATION ............................................................... 21 CHAPTER 3. MYSTERIES OF DIOECY: SEXUAL DIMORPHISM ........................................... 25 SEX DIFFERENCES IN HUMANS ............................................................................................................. 27 Anatomy ........................................................................................................................................... 27 Physiology ........................................................................................................................................ 28 Sense of Touch ............................................................................................................................ 28 Olfaction ..................................................................................................................................... 29 Vision .......................................................................................................................................... 29 Hearing and Voice ...................................................................................................................... 30 PSYCHOLOGICAL SEXUAL DIMORPHISM ............................................................................................... 31 ROLES IN SOCIETY ................................................................................................................................ 32 Work ................................................................................................................................................. 32 Science and Inventions ..................................................................................................................... 33 Culture ............................................................................................................................................. 34 Sport ................................................................................................................................................. 34 Religion ...........................................................................................................................................
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