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Assessment Schedule – 2007 History: Examine How a Force Or Movement NCEA Level 2 History (90469) 2007 — page 1 of 1 Assessment Schedule – 2007 History: Examine how a force or movement in an historical setting influenced people’s lives, in an essay (90469) Judgement Statement Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence CONTENT The influence of a related historical The influence of a related historical The influence of a related historical force or movement on an individual force or movement on an individual force or movement on an individual or group leading them to seek or group leading them to seek or group leading them to seek significant change is described. significant change is explained. significant change is comprehensively explained. and and and The consequences of actions taken The consequences of actions taken The consequences of actions taken to bring about change are to bring about change are to bring about change are described. explained. comprehensively explained. (Describing means a relevant idea (Explaining means: describing and (Comprehensive means the essay is stated and followed up with some then making links as to how / why covers a good range of content and amplification.) the force / movement was influential, backs the description and or the consequences were linked to explanation with accurate facts.) the desire to bring about change.) STRUCTURE The historical information is The historical information is The historical information is organised in an essay format that organised in an essay format that organised in an effective essay includes: includes: format that includes: • an introduction • an introduction • an introduction that clearly states • structured, sequenced • structured, sequenced the focus of the essay paragraphs containing paragraphs containing • sequenced, structured generalisations supported by generalisations supported by paragraphs that contain a wide evidence evidence range of generalisations • a conclusion. • a conclusion. supported by accurate and relevant evidence • a reasoned conclusion. NCEA Level 2 History (90469) 2007 — page 2 of 2 Suggested Assessment Schedule Selected historical force or movement: Serbian nationalism Selected topic or setting: lead up to the assassination of the Austrian Archduke, Franz Ferdinand, and the subsequent outbreak of World War I. Individual or group seeking change: Black Hand (and / or other Serbian nationalist groups) Nature of the change sought: overthrow of Austrian control of Serbia / establishment of a pan-Slavic state Ways in which an historical force or movement influenced an individual or group to seek significant change could include: Serbian nationalism influenced the lives of Serbian people by focusing their shared sense of grievance against Austria-Hungary. It led more radical nationalists to use violence, and ultimately to assassinate the Austrian Archduke, Franz Ferdinand, in an attempt to create a crisis which would enable the establishment of a pan-Slavic state. • While other European states such as Germany and Italy had unified in the 1870s along ethnic lines, Austria- Hungary seemed to be the main obstacle to Serbia’s similar goal. • Patriotic books and newspapers carried the same pan-Slav message, and were widely read. In addition, free education had been extended to more (male) children from the 1880s. A strongly nationalistic curriculum was taught. The basic geography textbook showed much of the southern Balkans as Serbian. History texts contained a similar message, and included tales of heroic martyrs who had killed, or were killed, for their country. • The ruling Serbian royal family was seen by many as being too weak in its dealing with Austria-Hungary. It seemed to many that the King had allowed Austria-Hungary to dominate Serbia’s economy since the 1878 Congress of Berlin. (By 1905, 84 percent of Serbian exports went to Austria-Hungary, and Austria supplied 53 percent of goods entering Serbia.) Anti-monarchy feelings intensified when in 1903 police fired on students who were demonstrating against King Obrenovic’s unwillingness to stand up to Austria-Hungary. That same year a group of young, nationalist Army officers lost all patience with the king: led by Dragutin Dimitrijevic (known as Apis, or “the Bee”), they killed the king. This act showed that nationalism had strongly influenced elements within the Army, and it showed that they were not under the full control of their senior officers. • In 1908 Austria precipitated the “Bosnian Crisis” by annexing Bosnia and Herzegovina. Prior to this crisis, some five million Slavs were already living within the borders of Austria-Hungary. Even though Serbia had been granted its independence from Turkey in 1878, it was Austria-Hungary that had been granted administrative control of Bosnia-Herzegovina. This angered Serbia, which had hoped to unite the Slavic people there with those in Serbia. Relations deteriorated further from 1878 when Austria-Hungary began a programme of crushing by force the customs, language, religion and other Slavic ways of the people of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina outraged Serbian nationalists, not least because a further one million Serbs living in Bosnia-Herzegovina were now under full Austrian control. • After the Bosnian Crisis in 1908 a secret Serbian nationalist society – the Narodna Odbrana (National Defence) – was formed. It engaged in anti-Austrian political action and propaganda. A much more dangerous organisation was the very secretive “Black Hand”. It was organised in 1911 by Apis (“the Bee”) from the remnants of those who had assassinated the Serbian king in 1903. The Black Hand aimed to create a Greater Serbian state. To this end, it trained guerrilla fighters and saboteurs, and arranged political murders. It also infiltrated the Narodna Odbrana from where it was able to publish virulently anti-Austrian propaganda. While few Serbs shared the Black Hand’s radical views, many were in tune with its general anti-Austrian position. • After the first Balkan War, where Serbia almost doubled in size, Austria-Hungary was instrumental in having a new state – Albania – created between Serbia and the Adriatic coast. (Austria-Hungary was fearful that an expanding Serbia would be a threat to its own security, especially as Serbia wished to further expand by encouraging other Slavs to join with it.) Serbia, for its part, was outraged as it lost access to the sea. Sea access would have allowed Serbia to trade more freely, thus escaping economic domination by Austria- Hungary. In addition, sea access could have dramatically increased Serbia’s power through allowing it to develop a Navy, bringing its pan-Slavic goal closer to realisation. Consequently, Austro-Serbian relations deteriorated even further. • Finally, the date of the Austrian Archduke’s visit – 28 June, the anniversary of Serbia’s defeat by Turkey in the 14th century – was extremely provocative to Serbian nationalists. Black Hand was determined to respond to this provocation. NCEA Level 2 History (90469) 2007 — page 3 of 3 Consequences of actions by the individual or group to bring about change could include: Austria-Hungary’s Actions • Austria-Hungary was outraged and was determined to crush Serbia once and for all. The Austrian government sought backing from Germany (the “blank cheque”) as it did not wish to risk war alone against Russia, should Russia make good on its guarantee to defend Serbia if it was attacked. • An extremely harsh ultimatum was sent to Serbia on 23 July 1914. The Serbian government had not backed the actions of the “Black Hand” and, in order to avoid war, agreed to most of the terms, except the one that would have extended Austrian control deep into the heart of the Serbian government: “This cannot be accepted, as this is a violation of the constitution and of criminal procedure.” Serbia also suggested that the International Court at The Hague or the Great Powers could be called upon to intervene. This did not satisfy Austria-Hungary, which really wanted war in order to crush Serbia’s pan-Slavic aspirations. • Despite efforts by Britain to negotiate a settlement, on 28 July 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. The Alliance System • Encouraged by French assurances of support, Russia mobilised its troops in support of Serbia, despite a flurry of urgent telegrams between Germany and Russia (the “Willy-Nicky” telegrams). Russia was determined that it would not let Serbia down, or back down itself, as it had done through lack of military preparedness after the 1908 Bosnian Crisis. • In accordance with the Schlieffen Plan (which required the defeat of France within six weeks using 90% of Germany’s military strength, in order that Germany’s full military might could then be turned on Russia), Germany mobilised in preparation for its pre-emptive attack on France. Ultimatums were issued by Germany to Russia demanding that it demobilise, and to France demanding that it remain neutral. In response, France mobilised. • Germany subsequently invaded Luxembourg and neutral Belgium (whose neutrality was guaranteed by the Treaty of London) in order to attack France. Belgian troops put up unexpectedly stiff resistance. Britain’s commitment to Belgium left Britain with no option but to enter the war too. In all likelihood, Britain’s commitments to France and Russia through the Triple Entente, and its concern about a Europe dominated by a victorious Germany, would have seen it enter the war anyway. Russia surprised Germany with the speed of its attack on East Prussia. The Great War had begun. NCEA Level 2 History (90469) 2007 — page 4 of 4 Selected historical force or movement: Vietnamese nationalism (communist-influenced) Selected topic or setting: First Indochina War. Individual or group seeking change: Ho Chi Minh (and / or the Viet Minh) Nature of the change sought: Overthrow of French rule in Vietnam Ways in which an historical force or movement influenced an individual or group to seek significant change could include: Vietnamese nationalism, coupled with a desire for freedom from colonial rule, was a powerful force for those like Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh who attempted to overthrow French (and Japanese) rule in Vietnam.
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