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University of Missouri, St. Louis IRL @ UMSL History Faculty Works History 1836 Letters on North America Michel Chevalier Steven Rowan University of Missouri-St. Louis, [email protected] Carlos A. Schwantes University of Missouri-St. Louis, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://irl.umsl.edu/history-faculty Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Chevalier, M. (1836). Letters on North America. (S. W. Rowan, Trans.). https://irl.umsl.edu/history-faculty/2 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the History at IRL @ UMSL. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Faculty Works by an authorized administrator of IRL @ UMSL. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LETTERS ON NORTH AMERICA by MICHEL CHEVALIER Translated by Steven Rowan with an introduction by Steven Rowan and Carlos Schwantes Carte des États-Unis d’Amérique Gravé sur pierre par L. Bouffard [active 1833-1866], used as a map insert for Michel Chevalier, Lettres sur l’Amérique du Nord (Paris: Gosselin, 1836) as well as in two printings of “Lettre XXII” in French journals. Courtesy of the Map Division, Library of Congress, acquisition number rr000040-jp2. 1 Table of Contents Translator's Note Foreword Life and Career of Michel Chevalier (1806-1879) by Steven Rowan Publisher’s Preface to the first edition (1836) [vol. 1, p. i in first edition of 1836] *Notes not in the first edition; [ ] in different sequence in the first edition. Introduction by Michel Chevalier (1836) [Vol. 1, p. iii] Letter I The Railroad from Paris to London 1 November 1833 [Vol. 1, p. 1] Notes 1-6, p. 51 [Notes 1-6, vol. 1, p. 347]: 1. Two railroads from Paris to Versailles; 2. On Voltaic electricity; 3. Clearing house in London; 4. Communication between France and England; 5. [6] Usage of iron; 6. [5] The extraction of coal in France, England and Belgium. Letter II Liverpool and its Railroad 7 November 1833 [Vol. 1, p. 19] Notes 7-11, p. 72 [Notes 7b, 8, vol. 1, p. 355]: 7. On speed on railroads*; 8. Railroads in England*; 9. Price of land for building*; 10[7b]. Table of the value of exports of native products from France, England, and the United States from 1820 to 1835; 11[8]. On the Merchant Marine. Letter III War of the President of the United States against the Bank January 1834 [Vol. 1, p. 37] Notes 12-14, p. 90 [Note 9-11, vol. 1, p. 358]: 12 [9]. The nullification affair; 13 [11]. On the Bank of the United States; 14 [10]. On the political organization of the Union. Letter IV The Democracy — The Bank 11 January 1834 [Vol. 1, p. 53] Notes 15-18, p. 128 [Notes 12-15, vol. 1, p. 382]:15 [12]. Bankruptcies in the United States; 16 [13] The comparative areas of various countries; 17[14]. The press of the United States; 18[15]. Movement of funds performed by the Bank of the United States. Letter V Movement of Parties — Question of Banks 5 January 1834, p. 143 [Vol. 1, p. 71] Notes 19-20, p. 158 [Note 16, vol. 1, p. 393]: 19 [16]. Denomination of various parts of the Union; 20[17]. On coin and paper money. Letter VI Progress of the Conflict — New Powers 1 March 1834, p. 165 [Vol. 1, p. 95] Letter VII Railroads in America 15 March 1834, p. 178 [Vol. 1, p. 113] Letter VIII The Banks — Maintenance of the Union 10 April 1834, p. 185 [Vol. 1, p. 125] Notes 21-27, p. 200 [Notes 18-24, vol. 1, p. 398]: 21[18]. Act of Confederation and the Constitution; 22[19]. On the commerce of North and South; 23[20]. On the Senate of the United States; 24[21]. On the ministers of the Federal government; 25[22]. Cherokees, Creeks, and the other Indian tribes; 26[23]. On the Supreme Court of the United States; 27[24]. Public Lands. Letter IX The Premier People of the World 24 April 1834, p. 220 [Vol. 1, p. 147] Letter X The Yankee and the Virginian 28 May 1834, p. 230 [Vol. 1, p. 161] Notes 28-31, p. 246[Notes 25-28, vol. 1, p. 415]: 28[25]. Export of Cotton from the United States; 29[26]. Temperance societies; 30[27]. [Coupling and marriage]; 31[28]. On Unity and Specialization. Letter XI Captain John Smith 25 May 1834, p. 255 [Vol. 1, p. 187] Note 32, p. 268: 32. On scientific expeditions. * Letter XII Lowell 12 June 1834, p. 269 [Vol. 1, p. 207] Notes 33-34, p. 275[Notes 29-30, vol. 1, p. 422]: 33[29]. Rigor in Lowell; 34[30]. On cotton-goods factories. Letter XIII The Women Workers of Lowell 22 June 1834, p. 278 [Vol. 1, p. 221] Notes 35-36, p. 290 [Notes 31-32, vol. 1, p. 438]: 35[31] World cotton production and consumption; 36[32]; On the morality of factories. Letter XIV The Bank — Slavery 24 August 1834, p. 293 [Vol. 1, p. 239] Notes 37-41, p. 306 [Notes 33-37, vol. 1, p. 426]: 37[33]. On balancing North and South; 2 38[34]. On the population of the United States; 39[35]; Costs of emancipating the slaves. 40[36]. The degradation of free people of color; 41[37] On slavery in republics. Letter XV The Elections 11 November 1834, [Vol. 1, p. 259] Notes 42-43, p. 338 [Notes 38-39, vol. 1, p. 441]: 42[38]. The trial of the arsonists of the Ursulines; 43[39]. Municipal authorities. Letter XVI Pittsburgh 24 November 1834 [Vol. 1, p. 275] Notes 44-45, p. 352 [Notes 40-41, vol. 1, p. 444]:44[40]. Traces of French domination in Kingston; 45[41]. On anthracite. Letter XVII General Jackson 15 December 1834 [Vol. 1, p. 291] Note 46, p. 375 [Note 42, vol. 1, p. 446]: 46[42]. Conclusion of the Affair of the Bank and public deposits. Letter XVIII Public Opinion 22 December 1834 [Vol. 1, p. 305] Note 47, p. 350[Note 43, vol. 1, p. 450]: 47 [43]. Places in churches. Letter XIX Cincinnati (I) 1 January 1835 [Vol. 1, p. 313] Notes 48-50, p. 388 [Notes 44-46, vol. 1, p. 451]: 48[44]. Taxes in the United States; 49[45]. General Harrison candidate for President; 50[46]. Office holders depending on the President. Letter XX Cincinnati (II) 4 January 1835 [Vol. 1, p. 331] Note 51, p. 410 [Note 47, vol. 1, p. 461]: 51[47]. On perfecting household utensils. Letter XXI Steamboats of the West 8 January 1835 [Vol. 2, p. 1] Notes 51-55, p. 430 [Notes 1-5, vol. 2, p. 428]: 51. On the first French travelers in America*; 52 [1]. Construction and Cost of steamboats in the West [and East]; 53 [2]. Number of steamboats in the United States; [Note 3 in 1836 only, then part of note 53] The cost of eastern steamboats; 54 [4]. [Treatment of the federal surplus of 1836]; 55[5]. [General Harrison Western candidate for President]. Letter XXII Routes of Communication 9 July 1835 [Vol. 2, p. 29] Notes 56-67, p. 495 [Notes 6-17, vol. 2, p. 427]: 56[6]. [Arkansas a State]; 57[7]. Aid to the New York to Lake Erie railroad; 58[8]. Advances of Maryland for public works; 59[9]. Railroad from Charleston to Cincinnati; 60[10]. Public works in Georgia; 61[11]. Alteration of the border between Michigan and Ohio; 62[12]. [Michigan Canal begun]; 63[13]. Public works in Indiana; 64[14]. Massachusetts subscribes to the Western Railroad; 65[15]. Summary of public works in the United States; 66[16]. On the modes of travel in the United States; 67[17]. On the political influence of railroads. Letter XXIII Work 20 July 1835, p. 522 [Vol. 2, 107] Note 68-69, p. 540 [Notes 18-19, vol. 2, p. 452]: 68]18]. Geologic enterprises; 69[19]. American promptness. Letter XXIV Money 31 July 1835, p. 544 [Vol. 2, p. 133] Notes 70-73, p. 562 [Notes 20-23, vol. 2, p. 454]: 70[20]. On municipal elections in France; 71[21]. Pay of French and United States Navies; 72[22]. Exceptional honoraria in the United States; 73[23]. On the costs of rich persons. Letter XXV Speculations 4 August 1835, p. 568 [Vol. 2, p. 161] Notes 74-75, p. 578 [Notes 24-25, vol. 2, 458]: 74[24]. Putting down domestic disorder; 75[25]. Repression of unions. Letter XXVI Bedford Springs 7 August 1835, p. 580 [Vol. 2, p. 177] Notes 76-77, p. 591 [Notes 26-27, vol. 2, 459]: 76[26]. The religious sects of the United States; 77[27]. On English imagination. Letter XXVII Authority and Liberty 16 August 1835, p. 599 [Vol. 2, p. 195] Notes 78-86, p. 618 [notes 26b-27b, 28-34, vol. 2, 465]: 78[26b]. Western Virginians; 79[27b]. Traveling on Sunday; 80[28]. On stock-jobbing in New York; 81[29]. On the commerce of Egypt; 82[32]. Remarks on French commerce; 83[33]. Respect of Americans for old names; 84[34]. Markets with publicity and competition; 85. Ancient powers and new powers in France*; 86[35]. On the spirit of legislation of New England. Letter XXVIII Social Betterment (I) 1 September 1835, p. 633 [Vol. 2, p. 225] Notes 87-100, p. 667 [Notes 36-47, vol. 2, p. 476]: 87[36]. Difficulty of reducing burdens; 88[37]. On municipal taxes or octroi; 89[38]. On the salt tax; 90. On industrial 3 education*; 91.
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    THE REGIONAL REVIEW ABRAHAM LINCOLN NATIONAL PARK KENTUCKY NATIONAL PARK SERVICE REGION ONE RICHMOND VIRGINIA FEBRUARY 1959 VOL.H-NO. 2 THE REGIONAL REVIEW VOL. E- NO. 2 FEBRUARY 19^9 M. R.TILLOTSON REGIONAL DIRECTOR THIS MONTH SIMON BERNARD ANO AMERICA'S COASTAL FORTS HUGH R. AWTREY BY THOR BORRESEN ......... PAGE 3 EDITOR THE SAM BROWNE BELTt AMERICAN INVENTION? BY ALFRED F. HOPKINS * PAGE 10 HOT SHOT FURNACES BY HERBERT E. KAHLER AND SAMUEL O. SMART FRANK H. CROWE ... PAGE 11 ART EDITOR THE HUMAN FACTOR IN RECREATION PLANNING BYR-. C. ROBINSON PAGE 13 LINCOLN'S BIRTHPLACE AMERICAN SHRINE ~*^ BY ROY EDGAR APPLEUAN ........ ... PAGE 21 PUBLICATIONS AND REPORTS LEGISLATION BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES MISCELLANY THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE REGION ONE — RICHMOND , VIRGINIA BRICK ARCH MASONRY IN CASEMATED GALLERY, FORT PULASKI NATIONAL MONUMENT Fort Pulaski was begun in 1829 as one of the defenses recommended by Simon Bernard to protect the South Atlantic Coast. FEBRUARY THE REGIONAL REVIEW 3 SIMON BERNARD AND AMERICA'S COASTAL FORTS By Thor Borresen, Junior Research Technician, Colonial National Historical Park, Yorktown, Virginia. /Jiote: Fort Pulaski and Fort Jefferson National Monuments, now famous un­ its among the historical areas administered by the National Park Service, as well as Fort Macon State Park, of North Carolina; Fort Pike and Fort Macomb State Parks, of Louisiana, and Fort Morgan, at Mobile Point, Ala­ bama, where the Service has cooperated with state authorities in joint supervision of rehabilitation programs, all had their origins approxi­ mately 120 years ago in the mind of a brilliant engineer who surveyed the Atlantic and Gulf coasts and laid plans for their defense against sea at­ tack.
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    ARTS, LETTRES ET SCIENCES HISTORIX SIMON BERNARD (X 1794), VAUBAN DU NOUVEAU MONDE _ PAR JACQUES-ANDRÉ LESNARD, TRÉSORIER DE L’ASSOCIATION VAUBAN La Jaune et la Rouge a présenté depuis le début de l’année deux « Vauban » du XIXe siècle liés à notre école : Haxo et Séré de Rivières. Le même auteur nous parle maintenant d’un camarade de la même trempe, au parcours pour le moins original, plus célèbre outre-Atlantique que chez nous, qui mérite bien un détour HistoriX et une reconnaissance par notre communauté ! Né le 28 avril 1779 dans une famille très pauvre à Dole (Jura), intellectuellement très précoce, Simon Bernard intègre à l’âge de 15 ans en 1794 la première promotion de « l’École centrale des travaux publics », rebaptisée l’année suivante École polytechnique. Il la rejoint à pied, sac au dos et bâton ferré à la main, recueilli transi de froid et de fatigue par une Parisienne à laquelle il demandait l’emplacement de l’école ! Il en sort second et opte pour le génie avec une année d’école d’application à Metz. Général d’Empire Il se distingue dans l’armée du Rhin, est blessé à Mannheim, promu capitaine le 22 mars 1800. Il rejoint l’Italie, aide au franchissement du Mincio et participe à la bataille de Montebello, puis passe quelques années dans la réorganisation du génie dans l’Ouest. En 1805, il fournit un travail très remarqué de reconnaissance en Autriche, jusqu’à Vienne, montrant comment éviter les forts et points de résistance intermédiaires : il est promu chef de bataillon.