The Three Worlds of AGI. Popper's Theory of The
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Mind and Social Reality
Masaryk University Faculty of Economics and Administration Study program: Economics METHODOLOGICAL INDIVIDUALISM: MIND AND SOCIAL REALITY Metodologický Individualizmus: Myseľ a Spoločenská Realita Bachelor´s Thesis Advisor: Author: Mgr. Josef Menšík Ph.D. Ján KRCHŇAVÝ Brno 2020 Name and last name of the author: Ján Krchňavý Title of master thesis: Methodological Individualism: Mind and Social Reality Department: Department of Economics Supervisor of bachelor thesis: Mgr. Josef Menšík, Ph.D. Year of defence: 2020 Abstract The submitted bachelor thesis is concerned with the relation between mind and social reality and the role of the mind in the creation of social reality. This relation is examined from the perspective of the social ontology of John Searle, an American philosopher who is considered to be the proponent of methodological individualism. This thesis aims to reconsider the standard, mentalistic interpretation of Searle’s social ontology, one that is centred around the primary role of the mind in the construction of social reality, to examine criticisms of such approach which highlight the professed neglect of the role that social practices have for social reality, and to provide an alternative, practice-based reading of Searle’s social ontology. The thesis thus proceeds first by outlining the standard interpretation of Searle’s theory as put forward mainly in his two monographs on social reality. Subsequently, the objections against such an approach from an alternative, practice-based approach, which highlights the role of social practices for the constitution of society, are raised. Following these objections, the Searle’s social ontology is looked at again in an effort to find an alternative interpretation that would bring it closer to the ideas and principles of the practice-based approach, and thereby provide a response to some objections against the missing role of the social practices in his theory as well as open the way for the novel interpretation of his social ontology. -
How Three Triads Illumine the Authority of the Preached Word
THE WORDS OF THE SPEAKER: HOW THREE TRIADS ILLUMINE THE AUTHORITY OF THE PREACHED WORD By J. D. HERR B.S., Philadelphia Biblical University, 2008 A THESIS Submitted to the faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Theological Studies at Reformed Theological Seminary Charlotte, North Carolina February 2019 Accepted: _______________________________________________________ First Reader, Dr. James Anderson _______________________________________________________ Second Reader !ii ABSTRACT According to J. L. Austin’s important work, How to Do Things With Words, the philosophic and linguistic assumption for centuries has been that saying something “is always and simply to state something.”1 For many people today, speech is simply the description of a place or event. It is either true or false, because it either describes an item or event well, or it does not. It either re-states propositional truth or it does not. Austin’s program was to regain an understanding and awareness of the force of speech—what is done in saying something—and came to be known as speech act theory. Similarly, in the discipline of theology, and in the life of the Church, many people tend to think of preaching as the passing of some “truth” from the divine mind to the human mind, or from the preacher’s mind to the hearer’s mind. While it is that, in a very real and meaningful way, in this paper I seek to explore whether there is more. As incarnate creatures, God has made humans to consist of spiritual and physical aspects. If we focus wholly on the “mental truth transfer” aspect of speech, especially in the case of preaching, how does this leave the Church equipped to bridge the divide between the mental information and what they are to do in their bodies? By interacting with and interfacing the triadic framework of speech act theory with the triadic frameworks of Dorothy Sayers and John Frame, I seek to understand preaching in 1 J. -
Anthropological Theory
Anthropological Theory http://ant.sagepub.com John Searle on a witch hunt: A commentary on John R. Searle's essay ‘Social ontology: Some basic principles’ Richard A. Shweder Anthropological Theory 2006; 6; 89 DOI: 10.1177/1463499606061739 The online version of this article can be found at: http://ant.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/6/1/89 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Anthropological Theory can be found at: Email Alerts: http://ant.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://ant.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Downloaded from http://ant.sagepub.com at UNIV OF CHICAGO LIBRARY on November 5, 2007 © 2006 SAGE Publications. All rights reserved. Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution. Anthropological Theory Copyright © 2006 SAGE Publications (London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi) http://ant.sagepub.com Vol 6(1): 89–111 10.1177/1463499606061739 John Searle on a witch hunt A commentary on John R. Searle’s essay ‘Social ontology: Some basic principles’ Richard A. Shweder University of Chicago, USA Abstract In this commentary I respond to John Searle’s conceptual framework for the interpretation of ‘social facts’ as a provocation to spell out some of the philosophical foundations of the romantic pluralist tradition in cultural anthropology. Romantic pluralists in anthropology seek to affirm (to the extent such affirmation is reasonably possible) what the philosopher John Gray describes as ‘the reality, validity and human intelligibility of values and forms of life very different from our own’. With special attention to two examples of contemporary social facts (a witchcraft tribunal in Africa and death pollution practices in a Hindu temple town), the commentary raises questions about John Searle’s approach to the mind-body problem and his account of epistemic objectivity and ontological subjectivity with regard to social facts. -
Identification and Operationalization of the Major Risk Factors for Antisocial and Delinquent Behaviour Among Children and Youth Research Report: 2012-3
www.publicsafety.gc.ca/ncpc www.securitepublique.gc.ca/cnpc IdentIfIcatIon and operatIonalIzatIon of the Major Risk factors for antIsocIal and delInquent BehavIour aMong chIldren and Youth research report: 2012-3 NatioNal Crime PreveNtioN CeNtre / CeNtre NatioNal de PréveNtioN du Crime Acting to prevent crime Agir pour prévenir IdentIfIcatIon and operatIonalIzatIon of the Major Risk factors for antIsocIal and delInquent BehavIour aMong chIldren and Youth research report: 2012-3 Report submitted to Public Safety Canada’s National Crime Prevention Centre (NCPC) by David M. Day & Sonya G. Wanklyn Ryerson University Toronto, Ontario published by: National Crime Prevention Centre (NCPC) Public Safety Canada Ottawa, Ontario Canada K1A 0P8 visit the public safety website and add your name to the ncpc Mailing list: www.publicsafety.gc.ca/ncpc catalogue number: PS4-161/2012E-PDF IsBn: 978-1-100-20345-4 © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2012 This material may be freely reproduced for non-commercial purposes provided that the source is acknowledged. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of Public Safety Canada. La présente publication est aussi disponible en français. Elle s’intitule : Détermination et définition des principaux facteurs de risque du comportement antisocial et délinquant chez les enfants et les jeunes. table of contents Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................1 Introduction -
Reception of Externalized Knowledge a Constructivistic Model Based on Popper's Three Worlds and Searle's Collective Intentionality
Reception of externalized knowledge A constructivistic model based on Popper's Three Worlds and Searle's Collective Intentionality Winfried Gödert – Klaus Lepsky April 2019 Institute of Information Science TH Köln / University of Applied Sciences Claudiusstraße 1, D-50678 Köln [email protected] [email protected] Summary We provide a model for the reception of knowledge from externalized information sources. The model is based on a cognitive understanding of information processing and draws up ideas of an exchange of information in communication processes. Karl Popper's three-world theory with its orientation on falsifiable scientific knowledge is extended by John Searle's concept of collective intentionality. This allows a consistent description of externalization and reception of knowledge including scientific knowledge as well as everyday knowledge. 1 Introduction It is generally assumed that knowledge is in people's minds and that this knowledge can be com- municated to other people as well as taken over by other people. There is also a general consensus that, in addition to direct communication, this can also be achieved by conveying knowledge through various forms of media presentation, e.g. books, and their reception. The prerequisite for this mediation is the externalization of knowledge by the knowledgeable person, e.g. by writing a book.1 For the consideration of such externalization and reception processes it seems reasonable to make the following distinction between types of knowledge: • Knowledge in one's own head for various purposes, such as problem solving or acting. • Knowledge in other people's minds. • Knowledge in externalized form, e.g. -
Exploring the Operationalization Phase of Theory Building from Three Different Perspectives Greg G. Wang the University of Texa
1 Exploring the Operationalization Phase of Theory Building from Three Different Perspectives Greg G. Wang Review and comply Refereed Research th Roundtable with APA 6 edition The University of Texas at Tyler guidelines prior to ~SAMPLE PAPER~ submitting your final Russell F. Korte University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Keywords: theory-building, operationalization, application of theory, theory testing In applied theory building research, a central mission is to conduct research that both advances an academic discipline and enlightens practice in a professional domain (Van de Ven, 2007). Therefore, a goal of theory building research in HRD is to advance the knowledge of HRD and contribute to the practice of HRD (Storberg-Walker, 2003). Recent increased effort in HRD theory building methodology research reinforces and typifies HRD as a discipline moving toward this direction (Lynham, 2002; Storberg-Walker, 2003, 2007; Torraco, 2002; Wang & Swanson, 2008). A number of studies have proposed theory building research methods in social sciences and organizational settings (Dubin, 1978, 1983; Lynham, 2002; Van de Ven, 2007; Weick, 1995). In general, all theory building methods follow three key phases of theory development. They are (1) conceptual development, (2) operationalization, and (3) application or testing. A number of recent studies have discussed the first phase, conceptual development (Storberg-Walker, 2007). However, very little literature was found addressing the operationalization and application phases of theory development. This research round table is an initial effort to fill that gap Copyright © 2010 Greg G. Wang & Russell F. Korte Problem Statement and Research Questions 2 The dearth of literature on the operationalization and application of theory may not only impede HRD theory development research, but also reduce the utility of theory for practice. -
Having Hands, Even in the Vat: What the Semantic Argument Really Shows About Skepticism by Samuel R Burns
Having Hands, Even in the Vat: What the Semantic Argument Really Shows about Skepticism by Samuel R Burns A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors Department of Philosophy in The University of Michigan 2010 Advisors: Professor Gordon Belot Assistant Professor David Baker ”With relief, with humiliation, with terror, he understood that he also was an illusion, that someone else was dreaming him.” Jorge Luis Borges, “The Circular Ruins” “With your feet in the air and your head on the ground/Try this trick and spin it/ Your head will collapse/But there’s nothing in it/And you’ll ask yourself: ‘Where is my mind?’” The Pixies © Samuel R Burns 2010 To Nami ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................iv 1. The Foundation ............................................................................................1 1.1. The Causal Theory of Reference ........................................................................4 1.2. Semantic Externalism ........................................................................................11 2. The Semantic Argument ...........................................................................16 2.1. Putnam’s Argument ...........................................................................................16 2.2. The Disquotation Principle ..............................................................................19 -
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy the Chinese Room Argument
5/30/2016 The Chinese Room Argument (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy The Chinese Room Argument First published Fri Mar 19, 2004; substantive revision Wed Apr 9, 2014 The argument and thoughtexperiment now generally known as the Chinese Room Argument was first published in a paper in 1980 by American philosopher John Searle (1932 ). It has become one of the bestknown arguments in recent philosophy. Searle imagines himself alone in a room following a computer program for responding to Chinese characters slipped under the door. Searle understands nothing of Chinese, and yet, by following the program for manipulating symbols and numerals just as a computer does, he produces appropriate strings of Chinese characters that fool those outside into thinking there is a Chinese speaker in the room. The narrow conclusion of the argument is that programming a digital computer may make it appear to understand language but does not produce real understanding. Hence the “Turing Test” is inadequate. Searle argues that the thought experiment underscores the fact that computers merely use syntactic rules to manipulate symbol strings, but have no understanding of meaning or semantics. The broader conclusion of the argument is that the theory that human minds are computerlike computational or information processing systems is refuted. Instead minds must result from biological processes; computers can at best simulate these biological processes. Thus the argument has large implications for semantics, philosophy of language and mind, theories of consciousness, computer science and cognitive science generally. As a result, there have been many critical replies to the argument. -
A Practical Approach to Recording Unstructured Field Observations
The 3 Cs of Content, Context, and Concepts: A Practical Approach to Recording Unstructured Field Observations 1 Michael D. Fetters, MD, MPH, MA ABSTRACT 2 Ellen B. Rubinstein, PhD, MA Most primary care researchers lack a practical approach for including field obser- 1Mixed Methods Program, Department of vations in their studies, even though observations can offer important qualitative Family Medicine, University of Michigan insights and provide a mechanism for documenting behaviors, events, and unex- Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan pected occurrences. We present an overview of unstructured field observations 2Department of Sociology and Anthro- as a qualitative research method for analyzing material surroundings and social pology, North Dakota State University, interactions. We then detail a practical approach to collecting and recording Fargo, North Dakota observational data through a “3 Cs” template of content, context, and concepts. To demonstrate how this method works in practice, we provide an example of a completed template and discuss the analytical approach used during a study on informed consent for research participation in the primary care setting of Qatar. Ann Fam Med 2019;17:554-560. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.2453. INTRODUCTION linical observation is a method well known to primary care physi- cians. It is the rare physician who takes a patient’s words at face Cvalue without also using contextual clues, such as the patient’s appearance and behavior, to construct a picture of the patient’s health.1 Indeed, medical education has recently highlighted the need for physicians to be more observant through innovative curricula that teach observa- tional skills by examining art.2,3 Field observations offer insight into behaviors and the environment4 and can play an important role in primary care research. -
Social Ontology
Social Ontology Brian Epstein, Tufts University “Social Ontology,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, first version published March 2018, http://plato.stanford.edu/social-ontology Social ontology is the study of the nature and properties of the social world. It is concerned with analyzing the various entities in the world that arise from social interaction. A prominent topic in social ontology is the analysis of social groups. Do social groups exist at all? If so, what sorts of entities are they, and how are they created? Is a social group distinct from the collection of people who are its members, and if so, how is it different? What sorts of properties do social groups have? Can they have beliefs or intentions? Can they perform actions? And if so, what does it take for a group to believe, intend, or act? Other entities investigated in social ontology include money, corporations, institutions, property, social classes, races, genders, artifacts, artworks, language, and law. It is difficult to delineate a precise scope for the field (see section 2.1). In general, though, the entities explored in social ontology largely overlap with those that social scientists work on. A good deal of the work in social ontology takes place within the social sciences (see sections 5.1–5.8). Social ontology also addresses more basic questions about the nature of the social world. One set of questions pertains to the constituents, or building blocks, of social things in general. For instance, some theories argue that social entities are built out of the psychological states of individual people, while others argue that they are built out of actions, and yet others that they are built out of practices. -
Bertrand Russell on Perception and Knowledge (1927 – 59)
BERTRAND RUSSELL ON PERCEPTION AND KNOWLEDGE (1927 – 59) BERTRAND RUSSELL ON PERCEPTION AND KNOWLEDGE (1927 – 59) By DUSTIN Z. OLSON, B.A. (Hons.) A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Philosophy McMaster University © Copyright by Dustin Z. Olson, August 2011 ii MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY (2011) McMaster University (Philosophy) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: Bertrand Russell on Perception and Knowledge (1927 – 59) AUTHOR: Dustin Z. Olson SUPERVISOR: Nicholas Griffin NUMBER OF PAGES: vii, 154 iii ABSTRACT Bertrand Russell is one of the grandmasters of 20 th Century Analytic Philosophy. It is surprising, then, that his work fell out of fashion later in his career. As a result, very little has been discussed concerning Russell’s work from the period of 1927 – 59. This thesis provides an analysis of Russell’s philosophical work from this era. Our attention here is on Russell’s theory of perception and the underlying metaphysical structure that is developed as a result of his scientific outlook, as Russell’s philosophy during this time focused almost exclusively on perception, knowledge, and the epistemic relationship humans have with the world according to science. And because Russell’s system is in many ways prescient with regards to recent advances made in perception, mind and matter, and knowledge more generally, we also apply his theory to developments in the philosophy of perception since that time. Our initial discussion – Chapters 1 and 2 – is most concerned with an accurate explication of the concepts germane to and conclusions formed from Russell’s theory of perception. -
PHIL-36 - Philosophy of Language Amherst College Spring 2009 – Visiting Prof
PHIL-36 - Philosophy of Language Amherst College Spring 2009 – Visiting Prof. Kevin C. Klement (UMass faculty member) Mondays and Wednesdays 12:30pm-1:50pm in Cooper House 201. Course description: “Caesar was stabbed.” With those words, I can make a claim about someone who lived in the distant past. How is that possible? How do our words succeed in picking out particular portions of reality, even ones with which we have had no contact? How does language enable us to convey thoughts about everything from Amherst College, to the hopes of a friend, to the stars beyond our galaxy? What are the thoughts, or the meanings, that our words carry? And whatever they turn out to be, how do they come to be associated with our words: through some mental activity on our part, or instead through our shared use of language? This course covers selected topics in 20th century analytic philosophy of language, including meaning, reference, naming, truth, speech acts, propositional attitudes, translation, and the nature of linguistic representation. Contact info: You may e-mail me at [email protected], which is often the best way to reach me. I have a mailbox in the Amherst College philosophy department office (208 Cooper House). My office at UMass is 353 Bartlett Hall, and I also have access to Prof. Alexander George’s Office (307 Cooper House) for meetings at Amherst College. My UMass office phone is 545-5784. My office hours there are Tuesdays 2:30-3:30pm, Thursdays 11am-12pm and other times by appointment. I am also happy to make an appointment to meet with you at AC instead.