Diplomarbeit „Synthesizer DIY“ –

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Diplomarbeit „Synthesizer DIY“ – Diplomarbeit „Synthesizer DIY“ – Analoge Synthesizer selbst gemacht Ausgeführt zum Zweck der Erlangung des akademischen Grades Dipl.-Ing. für technisch-wissenschaftliche Berufe am Fachhochschul-Masterstudiengang Digitale Medientechnologien St. Pölten Vertiefungsrichtung Audiodesign von: Alexander Gruber Dm111510 Jürgen Kohlhauser Dm111517 Alexander Reichhuber Dm111535 Erstbegutachter/in und Betreuer/in: DI Hannes Raffaseder Zweitbegutachter/in: Dr. Christian Fabian Wien, 15.8.2013 Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung Ich versichere, dass - ich diese Diplomarbeit selbständig verfasst, andere als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel nicht benutzt und mich auch sonst keiner unerlaubten Hilfe bedient habe. - ich dieses Diplomarbeitsthema bisher weder im Inland noch im Ausland einem Begutachter/einer Begutachterin zur Beurteilung oder in irgendeiner Form als Prüfungsarbeit vorgelegt habe. Diese Arbeit stimmt mit der vom Begutachter bzw. der Begutachterin beurteilten Arbeit überein. ............................... ......................................... Ort, Datum Unterschrift Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit haben sich die Autoren mit analogen Synthesizern beschäftigt und damit auseinandergesetzt, ob und mit welchen Aufwand es machbar ist, professionelle, analoge Klangerzeuger im Selbstbau zu realisieren. Hierbei wird zuerst betrachtet, in welche grundlegenden Kategorien analoge Synthesizer unterteilt werden können. Von den ersten Versuchen Elektrizität musikalisch nutzbar zu machen, über direkte Vorgänger und Synthesizer-Raritäten, bis zu dem Musikinstrument Synthesizer, war es ein langer Weg. Die wichtigsten Meilensteine werden in dieser Arbeit näher betrachtet. Grundlegendes Wissen über analoge Klangerzeugung und -verarbeitung ist ebenso wichtig wie Grundlagen der Elektronik. Die verschiedenen Syntheseverfahren und Möglichkeiten der Klangformung, sowie deren Steuermöglichkeiten sind wichtiger Teil dieser Arbeit. Die Funktion der verschiedensten, benötigten elektronischen Bauteile wird, aufgrund der Wichtigkeit, in einem eigenen Kapitel behandelt. Des Weiteren werden die einzelnen Module, aus denen ein Synthesizer bestehen kann, besprochen. Um die entwickelten Geräte auch in einem musikalischen Kontext nutzbar zu machen, wird nicht nur auf den musikwissenschaftlichen Hintergrund, sowie auf Aspekte der auditiven Wahrnehmung eingegangen. Auch Design- und Usability-Prinzipien werden beleuchtet, sowie wichtige Tipps zum Realisieren von ersten Prototypen gegeben. Ein weiterer Teil dieser Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Modifikation von bereits bestehenden Klangerzeugern, dem sogenannten Hardware-Hacking. Die Dokumentation soll einerseits Aufschluss darüber geben, wie simpel manche Audio-Schaltungen sein können, sowie andererseits zum Selbstbau animieren. Einige Interviews mit professionellen Klangmodul-Herstellern runden diese Arbeit ab. 3 Abstract First we take a look on the different categories of synthesizers out there and how they differ from one another. The types of the modules built in a synthesizer are manifold, this is why we take a look at the most common ones. It has been a long process of development from the first tries to make usage of electricism in a musical way, to direct forerunners and finally to the instrument that we call the synthesizer. The most important steps are outlined in this paper. Basic knowledge about working with and the creation of analogue sound is provided in this paper, as well as there is a guide on the significance of electronic parts and how these components work. The different types of synthesis and the versatile capabilities of shaping a sound are also part of this work. A short tour in musicology and important rules of usability and design are provided within this work, in order to make usage of the self built gear in a musical fashioned way. Relevant hints and tips on how to prepare for your first diy-audio-project and on how to modificate (hack) prebuilt sound gear can be found in this paper. Also a big part of this work is the documentation. It provides you with the information of all the diy-sound-gear that were built during this research and how these work. This chapter is very useful for beginners in diy-audio, as it features pretty simple but powerful schematics as well as imformation on how and why this circuits works. Finally there are some interviews to provide you with professional insights in the synthesizer- and diy-soundgear-scene. 4 Inhaltsverzeichnis Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung 2 Zusammenfassung (Gruber / Kohlhauser) 3 Abstract (Gruber) 4 1 Einleitung (Kohlhauser) 11 1.1 Zielsetzung 12 1.2 Was ist ein Synthesizer? (Reichhuber) 12 1.3 Was ist DIY? 13 2 Geschichtliche Entwicklung von Synthesizer (Gruber) 15 2.1 Synthesizer – Wer hat’s erfunden? 15 2.1.1 Dynamophon (Tellharmonium) 15 2.1.2 Theremin 16 2.1.3 Spherophon 16 2.1.4 Trautonium 17 2.1.5 Hammond Orgel 18 2.1.6 RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer 18 2.1.7 Moog spannungsgesteuerter Synthesizer 19 2.2 Synthesizer die Musikgeschichte schrieben 20 2.2.1 Moog 20 2.2.2 Korg 22 2.2.3 Roland 24 3 Aufbau eines analogen Synthesizers (Kohlhauser) 27 3.1 Grundlagen elektronischer Klangerzeugung 27 3.1.1 Grundelemente der analogen Klangentstehung 27 3.1.2 Wichtige Verfahren elektronischer Klangerzeugung 29 3.2 Grundlegende Bauformen von Synthesizern (Gruber) 33 3.2.1 Nicht modularer Synthesizer (normalized) 33 3.2.2 Voll modularer Synthesizer 34 3.2.3 Semi-modulare oder hybride Bauweise 34 3.3 Klangerzeugung/Oszillatoren (Kohlhauser) 35 3.3.1 Wellenformen 35 3.3.2 Verwendung der Oszillatoren 39 3.3.3 Technische Realisierung 40 3.4 Klangverarbeitung/ Filter 40 5 3.4.1 Charakteristika 40 3.4.2 Filtertypen 41 3.4.3 Flankensteilheit 42 3.4.4 Technische Realisierbarkeit 43 3.4.5 Resonanz 44 3.4.6 Einsatz von Filtern in der subtraktiven Synthese 45 3.5 Klangverarbeitung/Verstärker 45 3.6 Klangansteuerungsmöglichkeiten 46 3.6.1 Spannung und Spannungsquellen 46 3.6.2 Echtzeitsteuerung 48 3.6.3 MIDI 49 3.6.4 Hüllkurven 51 3.6.5 Funktion einer Hüllkurve 51 3.6.6 Einsatz von Hüllkurven 52 3.6.7 LFO 54 3.6.8 Keyboard 56 3.6.9 Steuerung der Tonhöhe 56 3.6.10 Sequenzer 59 3.7 Modulationsarten und Möglichkeiten 61 3.7.1 Grundlegendes 61 3.7.2 Audiomodulationen 61 3.7.3 Dynamische Modulationen 64 3.7.4 Rhythmische Modulation 66 3.8 Effekte 67 3.8.1 Ein Synthesizer als Effektgerät 67 3.8.2 Grundlagen und Beispiele der Effekte in Synthesizern 68 3.8.3 Effekt-Typen 68 3.9 Analog- und Digitaltechnik 70 3.10 Beispiele der elektronischen Klangerzeugung 77 3.10.1 Flächenklänge 77 3.10.2 Bassklänge 78 3.10.3 Elektronische Perkussion 79 3.10.4 Natur- und Alltagsgeräusche 79 4 Elektr. Grundlagen analoger Synthesizer (Reichhuber) 81 4.1 Bauteile 81 4.1.1 Elektrischer Widerstand 81 6 4.1.2 Kondensator 82 4.1.3 Spule 84 4.1.4 Dioden 85 4.1.5 Transistoren 87 4.1.6 Integrierte Schaltungen 89 4.2 Oszillator 89 4.2.1 Definition 89 4.2.2 Einsatz im Synthesizer 90 4.2.3 Arten und Grundschaltungen von Oszillatoren 90 4.3 Filter 95 4.3.1 Definition 95 4.3.2 Einsatz im Synthesizer 96 4.3.3 Arten und Grundschaltungen von Filtern 96 4.4 Verstärker 99 4.4.1 Definition 99 4.4.2 Einsatz im Synthesizer 99 4.4.3 Arten und Grundschaltungen von Verstärkern 99 5 Musikalische Grundlagen und Aspekte der auditiven Wahrnehmung 102 5.1 Arten von Schall 102 5.2 Wahrnehmung akustischer Signale 104 5.2.1 Lautstärke 105 5.2.2 Tonhöhe 106 5.2.3 Klangfarbe 107 5.3 Grundlegendes der Musiktheorie 110 5.3.1 Zeitliche Gestaltung 110 5.3.2 Harmonik 112 6 Design und Usability (Gruber) 116 6.1 User Interface 116 6.2 Usability 117 6.3 Erfahrungsgeleitetes Handeln 117 6.4 Typische Bedienelemente von Synths und ihre Usability 118 6.4.1 Tasten (monostabil) 118 6.4.2 Druckknopf (bistabil) 119 6.4.3 Wippenschalter (bistabil) 119 6.4.4 Kippschalter oder Kipphebel (bistabil oder drei stabile Zustände) 120 6.4.5 Drehknopf (kontinuierlich) 121 7 6.4.6 Drehknopf oder Drehschalter (diskret) 122 6.4.7 Rändelrad (kontinuierlich oder diskret) 123 6.4.8 Schieber (kontinuierlich) 124 6.4.9 Schiebeschalter (diskret) 125 6.5 Design 126 6.5.1 Affordance 126 6.5.2 Ästhetik 127 6.5.3 Mapping 128 6.5.4 Form folgt Funktion 129 6.5.5 Farbe 130 6.5.6 Gestaltgesetze der Wahrnehmung 131 6.5.7 Piktogramme 133 6.5.8 Hicks Gesetz 134 7 Do-It-Yourself (Reichhuber) 136 7.1 DIY – Kultur und Gemeinschaft 136 7.2 Effekte und Auswirkungen von DIY 137 7.3 Synthesizer-DIY 139 7.3.1 Forschung 140 7.3.2 Prototyping 140 7.3.3 Installation 142 7.3.4 Testen 142 7.3.5 Anwendung 142 7.3.6 Vorbereitung für erstes Synthesizer-DIY-Projekt (Gruber) 143 7.3.7 Essentielle, nützliche Werkzeuge beim Arbeiten an DIY-Projekten 144 7.4 Hardware-Hacking 148 8 Dokumentation (Reichhuber) 151 8.1 Atari Punk Console / APC Photosynth 151 8.1.1 Funktionsbeschreibung 151 8.1.2 Bauteile und Schaltplan 152 8.1.3 Design Gehäuse und Benutzeroberfläche 153 8.1.4 Möglichkeiten der Anwendung und ihre Grenzen 154 8.2 8-Step-Sequencer 155 8.2.1 Funktionsbeschreibung 155 8.2.2 Bauteile und Schaltplan 155 8.2.3 Design Gehäuse und Benutzeroberfläche 156 8.2.4 Möglichkeiten der Anwendung und ihre Grenzen 157 8 8.3 Yellow Fellow 158 8.3.1 Funktionsbeschreibung 158 8.3.2 Bauteile und Schaltplan 159 8.3.3 Design Gehäuse und Benutzeroberfläche 160 8.3.4 Möglichkeiten der Anwendung und ihre Grenzen 161 8.4 One-Octave-Oscillator 162 8.4.1 Funktionsbeschreibung 162 8.4.2 Bauteile und Schaltplan 163 8.4.3 Design Gehäuse und Benutzeroberfläche 164 8.4.4 Möglichkeiten der Anwendung und ihre Grenzen 165 8.5 HP/LP-Filter 165 8.5.1 Funktionsbeschreibung 165 8.5.2 Bauteile und Schaltplan
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