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Initial Risk Assessment of Alien Species in Nordic Coastal Waters

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Initial Risk Assessment of Alien Species in Nordic Coastal Waters View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OceanRep Initial Risk Assessment of Alien Species Initial Risk Assessment of Alien Species in Nordic Coastal Waters in Nordic Coastal Waters InitialInitial RiskRisk AssessmentAssessment ofof AlienAlien SpeciesSpecies inin Stowaways of the sea! NordicNordic CoastalCoastal WatersWaters Some 3000 to 4000 marine species of plants and animals travel at any given time from one of the world's seas to another, most of them in the ballast water tanks of ships. Alien water-living organisms are known to cause considerable ecological and economic damages in the new areas and ecosystems they are introduced to. There are several What's and Why's to be answered: Why did they arrive now and not tens of years ago? Are they here to stay? Why are some port areas more open to alien species than others? Why do some of them spread dramatically and become pests? Some of them have appeared to be beneficial - are they a potential resource or a threat? This report provides a first attempt to assess the environ- mental risks related to alien invasions into the Nordic seas. These invasions are a present and future concern for shipping industries and maritime authorities and a challenge for marine biologists. Nord 1999:8 NORDIC COUNCIL OF MINISTERS Nord 1999:8 Nord Initial Risk Assessment of Alien Species in Nordic Coastal Waters Initial Risk Assessment of Alien Species in Nordic Coastal Waters Stephan Gollasch & Erkki Leppäkoski Port profiles authored by: %HUJHQÃDUHD: Helge Botnen, Veronica Skjævested & Heming Hagen 6WHQXQJVXQGÃDUHD: Anna Godhe .ODLSHGD: Sergej Olenin, Irina Olenina, Darius Daunys & Zita Gasiunaite 7XUNXÃDUHD: Magnus Östman & Erkki Leppäkoski 6WÃ3HWHUVEXUJ: Vadim E. Panov, Piotr I. Krylov & Irina V. Telesh Stephan Gollasch Erkki Leppäkoski Institut für Meereskunde, Åbo Akademi University, Dept. of Biology, Düsternbrooker Weg 20 BioCity D-24105 Kiel, Germany FIN-20520 Turku/Åbo, Finland E-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Nord 1999:8 ,QLWLDOÃ5LVNÃ$VVHVVPHQWÃRIÃ$OLHQÃ6SHFLHVÃLQÃ1RUGLFÃ&RDVWDOÃ:DWHUV Nord 1999:8 © Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen 1999 ISBN 92-893-0293-3 ISSN 0903-7004 Print: Aka-Print A/S Cover: Jeppe Hammerich Copies: 800 Printed on paper approved by the Nordic Environmental Labelling. This publication may be purchased from any of the agents listed on the last page. 1RUGLFÃ&RXQFLOÃRIÃ0LQLVWHUV 1RUGLFÃ&RXQFLO Store Strandstræde 18 POB 3043 DK-1255 Copenhagen K DK-1021 Copenhagen K Phone (+45) 3396 0200 Phone (+45) 3396 0400 Fax (+45) 3396 0202 Fax (+45) 3311 1870 +RPHSDJHÃZZZQRUGHQRUJ 1RUGLFÃ(QYLURQPHQWDOÃ&RRSHUDWLRQ Environmental co-operation is aimed at contributing to the improvement of the environment and forestall problems in the Nordic countries as well as on the international scene. The co- operation is conducted by the Nordic Committee of Senior Officials for Environmental Affairs. The co-operation endeavours to advance joint aims for Action Plans and joint projects, exchange of information and assistance, e.g. to Eastern Europe, through the Nordic Environmental Finance Corporation (NEFCO). 7KHÃ1RUGLFÃ&RXQFLOÃRIÃ0LQLVWHUV was established in 1971. It submits proposals on co-operation between the governments of the five Nordic countries to the Nordic Council, implements the Council's recommendations and reports on results, while directing the work carried out in the targeted areas. The Prime Ministers of the five Nordic countries assume overall responsibility for the co-operation measures, which are co-ordinated by the ministers for co-operation and the Nordic Co-operation committee. The composition of the Council of Ministers varies, depending on the nature of the issue to be treated. 7KHÃ1RUGLFÃ&RXQFLO was formed in 1952 to promote co-operation between the parliaments and governments of Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Finland joined in 1955. At the sessions held by the Council, representatives from the Faroe Islands and Greenland form part of the Danish delegation, while Åland is represented on the Finnish delegation. The Council consists of 87 elected members - all of whom are members of parliament. The Nordic Council takes initiatives, acts in a consultative capacity and monitors co-operation measures. The Council operates via its institutions: the Plenary Assembly, the Presidium and standing committees. Risk assessment of alien species in Nordic coastal waters S. Gollasch & E. Leppäkoski Contents Foreword............................................................................................................................ 7 Summary............................................................................................................................ 9 Sammandrag .................................................................................................................... 11 1. Introduction.............................................................................................................. 13 2. Main habitat characteristics of the Nordic sea areas................................................ 17 3. Nonindigenous species in coastal and adjacent waters............................................ 21 4. Ships as vectors for the transport of organisms ....................................................... 25 5. Impacts of introduced nonindigenous species ......................................................... 31 6. Case histories of intensively studied brackish water areas ...................................... 37 7. Predictions ............................................................................................................... 41 8. Vectors .....................................................................................................................45 9. Timing - when did they arrive?................................................................................ 47 10. Establishment of introduced species........................................................................ 51 11. Are there special areas attracting invasions? ........................................................... 55 12. Summary of port profiles......................................................................................... 57 13. Volume of ballast water discharged......................................................................... 61 14. Effects of eutrophication.......................................................................................... 63 15. Need for risk assessment.......................................................................................... 65 16. Summary of actions to reduce the risk..................................................................... 85 17. Risk assessment for selected harbour areas ............................................................. 89 18. Gaps identified, further research needed ............................................................... 103 19. The ports of western Norway – Bergen, Eikefet, Ågotnes, Mongstad and Sture.................................................. 125 20. The ports in the Stenungsund area, west coast of Sweden .................................... 140 21. The Harbour Profile of Klaipeda, Lithuania.......................................................... 185 22. The ports of Southwest Finland - Turku, Naantali and Pargas............................. 203 23. The St. Petersburg Harbour Profile........................................................................ 225 5 Risk assessment of alien species in Nordic coastal waters S. Gollasch & E. Leppäkoski Foreword The introduction of species to habitats outside their native ranges is increasing around the globe and represents a growing problem due to the unexpected and unwanted impacts these species might cause. Since the mid of this century the number of introduced species has increased heavily. Knowing that each single introduced species has the potential to cause severe damage or harm to the environment and/or economy, makes risk assessment of present and future introductions one of the most crucial issues. Water-living nonindigenous species (often called aliens, exotics, nonnative or introduced organisms) are predominantly transported intentionally for aquaculture purposes or unintentionally with interregional and international shipping. Vessels provide habitats for a large variety of organisms due to their transport of ballast water, sediments in ballast tanks and hull fouling. The introduction of non-indigenous species is a global issue. According to the well known advice "think globally - act locally" this report is the first step towards the evaluation of the risk of future species introductions focusing specifically on the Nordic coastal waters. This is the first report from a project called "Risk Assessment for Marine Alien Species in the Nordic Area". The project was funded in 1997-1998 by the Nordic Council of Ministers. The report was written for the reader of the scientific and non-scientific community. The responsibility for the statements in this report is entirely ours, and could not be interpreted as the official policy declaration of the Nordic Council of Ministers. We gratefully acknowledge the initiatives taken by the Nordic Council of Ministers enabling the preparation of this report. January 1999 The authors 7 Risk assessment of alien species in Nordic coastal waters S. Gollasch & E. Leppäkoski Summary Alien (nonindigenous, exotic) species are currently present in the coastal waters of all of the Nordic
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