(Ambrosia Artemisiifolia L.) Na Teritoriji Opštine Obrenovac

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(Ambrosia Artemisiifolia L.) Na Teritoriji Opštine Obrenovac UDK: 581.5.522.2 Naučni rad – Scientific paper Rasprostranjenost ambrozije (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) na teritoriji opštine Obrenovac Radmila Stanković-Kalezić, Vladan Jovanović, Vaskrsija Janjić, Ljiljana Radivojević, Ljiljana Šantrić, Jelena Gajić-Umiljendić Institut za pesticide i zaštitu životne sredine, Banatska 31b, 11080 Beograd, Srbija REZIME Na osnovu podataka dobijenih florističkim snimanjem ambrozija je na teritoriji opštine Obrenovac evidentirana na 1034 lokaliteta ukupne površine od oko 655 ha. Po veličini zako- rovljene površine ističu se mesne zajednice Grabovac (54,876 ha), Zvečka (53,195 ha), Trstenica (55,25 ha), Dren (55,233 ha) i Orašac (50,655 ha). Naročito alarmantno je to da skoro polovina lokaliteta, tačnije 470 lokaliteta (45,45%), predstavljaju žarišta rasprostranjenja, sa zastupljeno- šću ambrozije na preko 50% površine (ocena 4) na lokalitetu. Najčešću vrstu staništa za razvoj ambrozije nesumnjivo predstavljaju strništa, koja čine 81,16% zakorovljenih površina (531 ha) na teritoriji opštine Obrenovac. Relativno mala površina ruderalnih staništa koja je napadnu- ta ambrozijom može da izazove pogrešan utisak da sa te strane nema velike opasnosti. Slika se menja kada se pogleda broj zakorovljenih lokaliteta, najveći broj ih je na ruderalnom staništu (450). Pored puta su evidentirana 303 lokaliteta. To su lokaliteti male pojedinačne površine ali velike dužine i zato predstavljaju vrlo važan faktor za rasprostranjenje ambrozije. Koliko je stepen zakorovljenosti u opštini Obrenovac visok pokazuje i pojava da se ambrozi- ja sporadično, ali u dovoljnom broju, javlja i u livadskim sastojinama, što znači da, iako po pri- rodi pionirska biljka, pritom i još relativno nova na ovim prostorima, počinje uspešno da kom- petira sa autohtonim biljkama. Ključne reči: Obrenovac; ambrozija; rasprostranjenost UVOD Ambrozija (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) je jednogodišnja zeljasta biljka iz familije glavočika (Asteraceae). U literaturi se navode različita narodna imena (Janjić i sar., 2007; Konstantinović i sar., 2008), ali se ona u kolokvijalnom razgovoru, kao još nova i nepoznata vrsta, najčešće naziva jednostavno ambrozija, po nazivu koji se obično upotrebljava u sredstvima informisa- nja. Pripada adventivnom flornom elementu, a introdukovana je iz Severne Severne i Srednje 103 Radmila Stanković-Kalezić i saradnici srednje Amerike u Evropu oko 1800. godine (Priszter, 1960; Hansen, 1976). Ambrozija kli- ja u kasno proleće, a cveta i plodonosi od juna do oktobra, pa i duže, shodno meteorološkim prilikama u datoj godini. U periodu cvetanja ambrozija je jak alergen, koji izaziva ozbiljne zdravstvene probleme kod ljudi, koji se manifestuju na organima za disanje. Ambrozija je od jedne specijalizovane vrste, nastale u sušnim i toplim predelima jugoza- padne Severne Amerike, postala široko rasprostranjena u umerenom klimatskom pojasu na skoro celoj planeti. Svoju veliku zastupljenost u značajnoj meri duguje osobinama svog seme- na, pre svega brojnosti proizvedenih semena po jednoj biljci i dugovečnosti semena u zemlji- štu. Jedna biljka ambrozije obično proizvede oko 500 do 3 000 semena (Janjić i Kojić, 2000), ali su povremeno nalaženi vrlo visoki i bujni primerci biljaka koji su imali i preko 30 000 se- mena (npr. Bazzaz, 1974). U jednom slučaju je nađena biljka čija je ukupna masa bila preko 24 kg i koja je imala 62 000 semena (Dickerson i Sweet, 1971). Od svih proizvedenih seme- na neka mogu da prežive jako dugo, tako da je bilo semena koja su klijala i nakon 40 godi- na provedenih u zemljištu. Iako je za klijanje semena potrebna visoka temperatura, u nekim eksperimentima je osvetljavano seme klijalo u malom procentu i na vrlo niskoj konstantnoj temperaturi od 5 ± 20 C (Jovanović i sar., 2007). S obzirom na veliku plastičnost, ambrozija uspeva u veoma nepovoljnim uslovima, u po- četku na nepoljoprivrednim površinama, ruderalnim staništima, a kasnije nastanjuje i po- staje vrlo frekventna korovska vrsta u većem broju poljoprivrednih kultura. Ova vrsta je izu- zetno invazivna. Brzina njene migracije je od 6 do 20 km godišnje. U Srbiji je ambrozija prvi put konstatovana 1953. godine u okolini Sremskih Karlovaca (Slavnić, 1953). Na području Zemuna ova vrsta je konstatovana 1988. godine (Đorđević, 1988), a u ostalim delovima Beograda 1991. godine (Jovanović, 1992), u početku po ivicama puteva, neuređenim površinama, a kasnije i na poljima. Danas je ambrozija prisutna skoro na celoj teritoriji Srbije, a naročito je raširena u Vojvodini. PODRUČJE PROUČAVANJA I METODE RADA Opština Obrenovac pripada gradu Beogradu, u njoj živi oko 71 000 stanovnika. Obrenovačka opština se nalazi u središnjem delu donjokolubarskog basena dolinama Kolubare i Tamnave, na istoku i jugu se graniči sa Šumadijom, na zapadu su ogranci Pocerine, a na severu reka Sava. Površina opštine je 410 km2, od čega koje je urbanizovano oko 42 km2. Najveći deo teritorije je izrazito ravničarskog karaktera, dok su pojedini delovi brežuljka- sti i blago brdoviti prema zapadnim padinama Avale i Parćanskog visa na istoku i jugoisto- ku i ka Pocerju na zapadu. U brdovitom delu dominira vrh Bukvik, u ataru sela Mislođin, sa nadmorskom visinom od 221 metar, a najniža tačka je na 73 metra nadmorske visine, u pro- storu Plošće, unutar širokog meandra Save oko atara sela Zabrežje. U Obrenovcu se ukrštaju važni putevi koji od Beograda, udaljenog 29 kilometara ka istoku, vode na zapad ka Šapcu, Loznici i zatim Bosni i Hercegovini i Hrvatskoj, odnosno ka Valjevu i Ibarskoj magistrali i dalje prema jadranskom primorju. 104 Acta herbologica, Vol. 18, No. 2, 103-112, 2009. Obrenovac se nalazi gotovo u središtu severnog umereno toplog pojasa, sa klimom blažom od tipične panonske, kontinentalne. Prosečna godišnja temperatura u ovoj oblasti je oko 11°C, leti oko 22°C, a zimi oko -1°C, sa maksimalnim rasponom koji se kreće od -28°C do 40°C. U toku godine količina padavina iznosi oko 640 litara po kvadratnom metru, u sušnim godina- ma oko 440, a u kišnim i do 940 litara po kvadratnom metru. Padavine su izražene u proleće i krajem leta, odnosno početkom jeseni. Terenska ispitivanja zastupljenosti ambrozije na teritoriji opštine Obrenovac obavljena su u periodu od avgusta do oktobra 2009. godine. Ispitana je cela teritorija opštine. Lokacije po- vršina zakorovljenih ambrozijom su zabeležene pomoću GPS uređaja. Površina lokaliteta je određivana na osnovu lične procene. Za određivanje zastupljenosti ambrozije (tj. procenta površine koju pokriva) na svakom lokalitetu je korišćena delimično izmenjena metoda pre- ma Braun-Blanque-u (1965) sa sledećim ocenama: ocena 1 - zastupljenost do 5%, ocena 2 - zastupljenost 6-25%, ocena 3 - zastupljenost 26-50%, ocena 4 - zastupljenost preko 50%. Za svaku zakorovljenu površinu je utvrđen tip staništa kome pripada (strnište, ruderalna staništa, kukuruz, livada, neobrađene njive, soja, lucerka). Zbog specifičnosti uslova koji vla- daju uz nasip prema rekama on je takođe izdvojen kao jedna celina i u tabelama gde su rezul- tati prikazani po mesnim zajednicama (Tabela 2 i 3) nasip je prikazan posebno. Dobijeni rezultati su prikazani sa 3 tabele i jednom kartom. Procenti u kolonama „Broj sni- maka” i „Površina” su računati u odnosu na ukupan broj snimaka, odnosno ukupnu površinu, dok procenti u koloni „Ocena” predstavljaju procenat broja snimaka sa navedenom ocenom na određenom staništu (Tabela 1), tj. u konkretnoj mesnoj zajednici (Tabela 2). Tabela 1. Stepen rasprostranjenosti ambrozije na različitim staništima na teritoriji opštine Obrenovac u 2009. godini Table 1. Common ragweed distribution in different habitats in Obrenovac Municipality in 2009. Broj snimaka Ocena Površina Stanište Relevé No. Evaluation Area Habitat № % 1 % 2 % 3 % 4 % ha % Strnište / Stubble 415 40,14 15 3,61 73 17,59 327 78,80 531,22 81,16 Ruderalno / Ruderal 450 43,52 63 14,00 145 32,22 157 34,89 85 18,89 21,275 3,25 Kukuruz / Maize 78 7,54 3 3,85 25 32,05 33 42,31 17 21,79 26,272 4,01 Livada / Meadow 42 4,06 3 7,14 6 14,29 15 35,71 18 42,86 33,551 5,13 Neobrađene njive 22 2,13 0 3 13,64 6 27,27 13 59,09 17,296 2,64 Uncultivated field Soja / Soybean 19 1,84 3 15,79 8 42,11 8 42,11 21,2 3,24 Lucerka / Alfalfa 8 0,77 1 12,50 1 12,50 4 50,00 2 25,00 3,74 0,57 Ukupno / Total 1034 100 70 6,77 198 19,15 296 28,63 470 45,45 654,555 100 105 Radmila Stanković-Kalezić isaradnici Radmila Stanković-Kalezić 106 Tabela 2. Stepen rasprostranjenosti ambrozije u mesnim zajednicama na teritoriji opštine Obrenovac u 2009. godini Table 2. Common ragweed distribution in different communes of Obrenovac Municipality in 2009. Broj snimaka Ocena Površina Mesne zajednice Relevé No. Evaluation Area Communes % 1 % 2 % 3 % 4 % ha % Dren 72 6,96 2 2,78 15 20,83 16 22,22 39 54,17 55,233 8,44 Trstenica 65 6,29 1 1,54 8 12,31 21 32,31 35 53,85 55,250 8,44 Piromani 62 6,00 2 3,23 11 17,74 16 25,81 33 53,23 40,770 6,23 Obrenovac 61 5,90 9 14,75 15 24,59 16 26,23 21 34,43 17,889 2,73 Veliko polje 59 5,71 4 6,78 11 18,64 26 44,07 18 30,51 35,586 5,44 Grabovac 58 5,61 8 13,79 13 22,41 37 63,79 54,876 8,38 Pored nasipa 58 5,61 1 1,72 14 24,14 24 41,38 19 32,76 34,535 5,28 Zvečka 52 5,03 1 1,92 3 5,77 11 21,15 37 71,15 53,195 8,13 Orašac 51 4,93 8 15,69 12 23,53 31 60,78 50,655 7,74 Stubline 47 4,55 4 8,51 4 8,51 7 14,89 32 68,09 34,962 5,34 Ljubinić 44 4,26 4 9,09 4 9,09 10 22,73 26 59,09 39,050 5,97 Ušće 41 3,97 2 4,88 6 14,63 11 26,83 22 53,66 23,520 3,59 Vukićevica 39 3,77 2 5,13 7 17,95 8 20,51 22 56,41 37,190 5,68 Barič 37 3,58 7 18,92 7 18,92 11 29,73 12 32,43 3,871 0,59 Skela 36 3,48 2 5,56 7 19,44 9 25,00 18
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