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Tanucci E La Cultura Antiquaria Del Suo Tempo

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Tanucci E La Cultura Antiquaria Del Suo Tempo Originalveröffentlichung in: Bernardo Tanucci - statista, letterato, giurista. Atti del convegno internazionale di studi per il secondo centenario 1783-1983, a cura di Raffaele Ajello e Mario d'Addio, Volume secondo (Storia e diritto, Studi 18), Napoli 1986, S. 519-536 Agnes Allroggen -Bedel TANUCCI E LA CULTURA ANTIQUARIA DEL SUO TEMPO Trattando della cultura antiquaria del Settecento si fini- sce quasi necessariamente per parlare delle scoperte archeo- logiche fatte nelle città sepolte dal Vesuvio, della loro im- portanza per le ricerche storiche, delle discussioni estetiche e della formazione del gusto neoclassico Sono argomenti già largamente discussi, ma nondimeno pare ancora da defi- nire la funzione e le influenze dell’archeologia propriamente napoletana ed i rapporti dei suoi protagonisti con la cul- tura antiquaria quale si manifestava nell’Europa contempo- ranea. Non che gli scavi iniziati nel 1738 ad Ercolano tro- vassero un pubblico impreparato ad accogliere novità del genere: l’interesse per le antichità già prima era molto forte. Si scavava anche altrove, era l’età d’oro per i collezionisti in- ternazionali, e si discutevano dappertutto i problemi teorici ed estetici connessi con Tantichità12. Gli scavi d’Ercolano contribuirono ad intensificare questo interesse. 1 Della ricca bibliografia sia ricordato il libro di Mario Praz , Gusto neoclassico, Milano 19743 . II problema fu trattato ultimamente dal Bologna, dallo Zevi e dallo stesso Praz. Ferdinando Bologna , Le sco- perte di Ercolano e Pompei nella cttltura europea del XVIII secolo, in Studi su Ercolano e Pompei, « La Parola del Passato », 188-189 (1979), pp. 377-404; Mario Praz , Le antichità di Ercolano, in « Civiltà del 700 a Napoli, 1734-1799. Catalogo della mostra a Napoli, dicem- bre 1979-ottobre 1980», vol. I, pp. 35-9; Fausto Zevi , Gli scavi di Ercolano, ivi, vol. II, pp. 58-68; Alvar Gonzalez -Palacios , Le arti decorative e l’arredamento alla corte di Napoli: 1734-1805, ivi, vol. II, pp. 76-95; Vittorio Bracco , L’archeologia classica nella cultura occidentale, Roma 1979. pp. 191-257. Ringrazio il prof. R. Ajello per la revisione del testo italiano. 2 Siano ricordati gli scavi eseguiti nella Villa Adriana a Tivoli e quelli dei Farnese sul Palatino. Per il collezionismo, cfr. Lesley Lewis, Connoisseurs and Secret Agents in Ì8th Century Rome, London 1961, ed i contributi negli atti del colloquio tenuto nel 1978 a Francoforte: Antikensammlungen im 18. Jahrhundert. Herausgegeben von H. Beck, P. C. Bol, W. Prinz, H. v. Steuben ( = Frankfurter Forschungen zur Kunst 9), Berlin 1981. 522 AGNES ALLROGGEN-BEDEL A Parigi si combatteva già dal 1687 per la Querelle des antiques et modernes 3 ; in Germania nel 1755 usci il libro del Winckelmann sull’imitazione dell’arte greca, Gedanken iiber die Nachahmung der griechischen Werke in der Malerei und Bildhauerkunst 4 , che ebbe risposta nel Laokoon di Les- sing 5 e piu tardi negli studi di Herder e Heyne6. A Roma Giambattista Piranesi aveva messo in vista la magnificenza della Roma antica, contestato poi da coloro che sostenevano il primato dei greci nell’arte e nell’architettura7 , 8discussione seguita vivamente anche in Inghilterra — sia ricordato il Greek Revival8 — ed in Francia9. 3 Eva Maek -Gerard , Winckelmann und die “ Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes ”, in Antikensammlungen im 18. Jahrhundert (v. so- pra, nota 2), pp. 357-61. 4 Gedancken iiber die Nachahmung der griechischen Werke in der Malerey und Bildhauerkunst, Friedrichstadt 1755. La seconda edizione fu pubblicata nel 1756, insieme con una specie di replica (Sendschrei - ben iiber die Gedanken von der Nachakmung der griechischen Werke in der Malerey und Bildhauerkunst) e la risposta dell’autore (Erlauterung der Gedanken von der Nachahmung der griechischen Werke in der Malerey und Bildhauerkunst). Per il testo e le sue traduzioni v. Johann Joachim Winckelmann , Kleine Schriften - Vorreden - Entwiirfe. Heraus- gegeben von Walther Rehm, mit einer Einleitung von Hellmut Sichter- mann, Berlin 1968, pp. 324-7. 5 Gotthold Ephraim Lessing , Laokoon oder iiber die Grenzen der Malerei und Poesie, Berlin 1766 (= Gesammelte Werke, vol. 5, Berlin 1955, pp. 7-215). 6 Per la posizione di Herder e di Heyne, cfr. i loro scritti per un concorso nel 1778 L’Eloge de Mr. Winckelmann, dans lequel on fera entrer le point où il a trouvé la Science des Antiquités et à quel point il l’a laissée, pubblicati in Die Kasseler Lobschriften auf Winckel- mann. Jahresgabe der Winckelmann-Gesellschaft, Stendal 1963. 7 Nella sua opera Della magnificenza ed architettura de’ Romani, uscita del 1761, Piranesi si rivolge soprattutto contro il libro di Julien-David Le Roy , Les ruines des plus beaux monuments de la Grèce, Paris 1758. Per le opere del Piranesi, cfr. il catalogo della mostra « Piranesi. Incisioni, rami, legature, architetture », Venezia 1978. Sulla polemica del Piranesi contro i filellenici, ivi, pp. 40-1 e 55-6 (con bibliografia). Norbert Miller, Archaologie des Traums. Ver- such iiber Giovanni Battista Piranesi, Miinchen-Wien 1978, pp. 221-33. 8 J. Mordaunt Crook , The Greek Revival. Neo-Classical Attitudes in British Architecture 1760-1870, London 1970, vol. I, p. 13 ss. 9 Cfr. nota 3. Jean Seznec , Essais sur Diderot et l’antiquité, Ox- TANUCCI E LA CULTURA ANTIQUARIA 523 Tutti gli eruditi ed antiquari coinvolti nelle polemiche sulle teorie stavano ad osservare attentamente ciò che succe- deva a Napoli, sperando in una soluzione dei loro problemi scientifìci, augurandosi di trovare argomenti e prove per le loro tesi. Si aspettava con ansia che arrivassero le informa- zioni sugli scavi e sul museo e si faceva di tutto per avere i volumi prestigiosi pubblicati dall’Accademia Ercolanese, le Antichìtà di Ercolano 10. Chi poteva venne a Napoli per ve- dere i luoghi celebri: Ercolano, Pompei ed il museo di Por- tici11. II permesso di visita si doveva chiedere al ministro Bernardo Tanucci responsabile anche di sovraintendere alla distribuzione delle citate Antichità, volumi che non erano in vendita. Tanucci era dunque una persona chiave per tutti coloro che si occupavano di questioni riguardanti le scoperte archeologiche nelle città vesuviane. Per conoscere le attività antiquarie del Tanucci,. la sua corrispondenza settimanale con il re di Spagna è una. fonte preziosissima 12. In queste lettere, dopo le notizie sugli eventi politici e sulla vita di corte, segue il rapporto sulle cacce (i cinghiali a Persano, i fagiani a Procida e cosi via) e poi la relazione sulle antichità. Pare che questo ordine non sia senza significato per la funzione che gli scavi archeologici avevano presso la cort'e napoletana. Nelle lettere al re Tanucci dà notizie brevi, ma molto precise, sull’andamento degli scavi, ford 1957; Manuel Herrmann , Count de Caylus - a remarkable 18th centurv polygraph, Cleveland/Ohio, Case Western Reserve University, Phil. Diss. 1972. 10 Le Antichìtà di Ercolano esposte con qualche spiegazione, voll. I-VIII, Napoli 1757-1792. Per quest’opera cfr. Civiltà del '700 (supra, nota 2), vol. II, p. 283 ss. Dcnise Kaspar , Felix Urbium Restitutio - " Le Antichità di Ercolano " zwischen Museum und Offentlichkeit, in Antikensammlungen im 1S. Jahrhundert (cfr. supra, nota 2), pp. 21-31. 11 Agnes Allrogen -Bedel - Helke Kam .merer-Grothaus , 11 Museo Ercolanese di Portici. In: La Villa dei Papiri. Secondo supplemento a Cronache Ercolanesi, 13, 1983, 83-128. Chantal Grell, Hercular.um et Pompéi dans les récits des voyageurs jranfais du X\rIIIe siècle, Naples 1982 (= Bibliothèque de l’Institut Franfais de Naples, Troi- sième Séric, Volume II). 12 Archivio di Stato, Napoli (d’ora in poi: ASN), Archivio Borbone I, fasci 16-22. 524 AGNES ALLROGGEN-BEDEL sugli oggetti ritrovati, sullo svolgimento dei papiri, sui re- stauri e sui lavori. di sistemazione nel museo, basandosi sui vari rapporti degli scavatori, spesso meno chiari dei suoi. È ovvio che lo statista s’intendeva della materià, sapeva distin- guere le cose notevoli dalle meno importanti. Commenta con ironia le liti fra gli scavatori: « nulla in Pompei, di che Alcuvier ride sardonicamente »; « nulla totalmente si è avuto nella settimana dalle escavazioni: [...] trionfa Alcuvier»; « querulo Paterni, [...] Alcuvier continua a gridare » 13 . 14Ma pare che non si sia immischiato molto in tutte queste di- scussioni sui luoghi piu promettenti da scavare e che non si sia mai posto il probleroa del metodo di scavo e di con- servazioneH. Per i papiri si limita a descrivere le difficoltà di svolgimento, quali risultavano in gran parte dalle continue liti fra il custode del museo, don Camillo Paderni, il padre Piaggi ed i suoi aiutanti15. Quando gli scavatori gli parevano troppo entusiasti ed avanzavano delle ipotesi che gli sembra- vano premature, Tanucci dichiarava il proprio scetticismo: 13 ASN, Archìvio Borbone I, fs. 17, fol. 93 r (lettera 14 giu. 1763); fs. 16, fol. 169 v (lettera 1 feb. 1763); fs. 16, fol. 100 r (lettera 23 nov. 1762). Agnes Allroggen -Bedel , Die Malereien aus dem Haus Insula occidentalis, 10. In: « Cronache Ercolanesi », II, 1976, p. 156 s. 14 « Dispute sono insorte di Alcuvier contro Paterni per la Con- dotta di Paterni inutile nella maniera delle Scavazioni; veramt® quella di Alcuvier non è stata mai per un’anno intero tanto sterile ». ASN, Archivio Borbone I, fs. 16, fol. 68 r; 19 ott. 1762. « Durano le con- tese tra Paderni, e Alcuvier », ivi, fol. 86 r; 9 nov. 1762. « Si tor- menta Paderni per la scarsezza continuata delle scavazioni, e filosofa con Weber su qualche metodo, e non vorrebbero Alcuvier », ivi, fs. 17, fol. 4 v, 22 feb. 1763. Fu Carlo Weber, un ingegnere svizzero, a proporre di scavare la pianta delle città sepolte seguendo le strade antiche. 15 Francesca Longo Auricchio e Mario Capasso , Nuove accessioni al dossier Piaggio. In: AA.W., Contributi alla storia della officina dei Papiri Ercolanesi ( = Quaderni della Biblioteca Nazionale di Na- poli, Serie V, 2. I Papiri Ercolanesi, III), Napoli 1980, p. 25 ss.
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