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A Standardized Diet for Metabolic Studies: Its Development and Application

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A Standardized Diet for Metabolic Studies: Its Development and Application 2 8 ~ 11111 . I~ ~~ll w 1= 1.0 W ~ II"I~ ~W "I"~ wlW .2 ~ II:.l ~W ~W w w ~ .~ : ;~ ... k ... 1.1 <.!I....... 1.1 ....... II - "'" 1.8 '''''1.25 11111 1.4 111111.6 111111.25 111111.4 IIIII 1.6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART N~.TIONAl BUREAU OF STAt>lDAROS-1963-A NATIOOAl BUREAU Of S1 ANDARDS-1963-A Technical Bulletin No. 1126 ITS DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION Frieda L. Meyer Myrtle L. Brown Harriet j. Wright and Milicent L. Hathaway • U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NOVEMBER 1955 Washington, D. C. • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was carried out cooperatively by the Human Nutrition Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, the University of Maryland, and the :Maryland Agricultural E:A-periment Station. It represents the co­ ordinated aC1jvity of a large number of individuals. Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following: At the University of 11:al'jTlimcl- The sb: students who served as subjects. l\1:arie l\10unt, Ada Peers, and Pela Braucher, who arranged for the students to serve as subjects and otherwise assisted with the many details necessary in setting up the study. Robinson Lappin, who made possible reimbursement to students for meals during the 40-day period they were away from the dining hull. H. A. Bishop, M. D., who made physical examination of the students. At the Human Nutrition Research Branch- Volunteers from other projects for assistance during the 40-day period while the subjects were on the dipt: l\fary Swickard, who sen"cd as house mother and assistant dietitian. Jessie Lamb and Theresa Kaufman, who served as assi"tauts in the prepa­ ration of meals. Elizabeth Zook, ;)fary Wigmore, and Gwendolyn Brownlee, who carried • out chemical analyses. Other statf members for assistanep as indicated: Leonard Ginsberg, Elizabeih ',ewstoll, June Pace, and :\Jary Schafer, who hclppd with chemical I\nalyses of stored samples. Elizabeth ,Zoo!;:, who made microbiological analyses Jar niacin and folic acid of food samples in the prellminary study. Elsie F. Dochterman, Albert B. 1'arks, and Benjamin :\Iazeika, who made statistical analyses. At the Washington Utilization Research Branch- A. M. Sadler and C. D. I\litchell, who prepared the butterfat for the study. Appreciation is also extended to the f01l0Wh'lg commercial fu'ms for their contributions of foods fol' use in the study: R. T. French Company of Rochester for precooked dried potatoes. General Foods Corporation of X('w York for :\1inute Rice. General r.iills Jnc. of ;)linneapolis, The Kellogg Company or Battle Creek and Canada, and Quaker Oats Company of Chicago {~r special \1n­ enriched cereals. C. F. Mueller Company of Jersey City for thin spaghetti. u. S. GOVERH~.lENT PRHnlNG OFFfeEI 1955 For .sule by the SupcrJlltenc1!'llt of Documel,ts, t: S. Gonrlllllcnl rrinting Ollice \V'ushiJl~ton !!5, D. C. .. I'rice 30 cents • • CONTENTS Page PaKe 'Summary___________________ _ 1 Section n.-Metabolic respoDse Need for a standardized diet___ _ 1 to the standardized diet and Section I.-The diet, its nutritive to a 10w.Jat intake-Con. v8,lue and application_____ _ 2 Resume of the nutritive value Plan of the diet____________ _ 2 and the metabolic re­ Nutritive value of the dieL__ _ 3 sponse to the "tandardized diet-Continued Possiblediet_____________________ applications of the_ 9 Metabolic response_______ _ 51 Section n,-Metabolic response Suggested referE'nce levels to the standardized diet and for future studies_______ _ 56 to a low-fat intakc_______ _ 13 Section IlL-Procedures for the Preliminary test of the diet__ _ 13 metabolic study__________ _ 56 General plan of the study___ _ 14 Preparation of the diet______ _ 56 16 Preparation of foods before Results and discussion ______ _ the study______________ _ General response to the 57 diet___________________ _ 16 Preparation of foods for the Ineals_________________ _ 57 Creatinine excretion ______ _ 16 Recipes__________________ Nitrogen metabolir:m_____ _ ]9 58 Dietary fat and fecal lipids__ 21 Methods of administering vita- Calcium, 1)hospllOrus, and mins and mineral salts____ _ 60 24 Collection and preservation of magnesium metabolism__ _ 33 samples_________________ _ Thiamine metabolism_____ _ 61 Riboflavin metabolisrt1 ____ _ 40 Analytical methods____ ._____ _ 62 Ascorbic acid metabolism __ _ 45 Section IV.-Brief review of literature on human require­ ReSllme of the Dutritive vallie ments of essential nutrients of and the metabolic re­ for adults_______________ _ 64 dietsponse___________________ to the standardized _ Proteins____________________ 64 • 50 Minerals___________________ 64 The nutritive vs,lue of the Vitamins___________________ 66 standardized diet_______ _ 50 Literature cited_______ ._______ _ 71 • TABLES No. Page INO. Page 1. Estimated nutritive value of , 9. 1'\itrogen: Average daily in­ the standardized diet as take, excretion, and reten­ planned _______________ _ 4 tion values _____________ _ 20 2. Meal patterns and nutriti\'e 10. Lipids: Average daily fecal value of foods in the stand- excretion alld partition ardized diet____________ _ 6 vaJues _________________ _ 22 3. Nutritive values of ] OO-gm. 11. Calcium: A verll.ge daily in­ portions of foods in com- take, excretion, and reten­ plement L _____________ _ 7 tion vallles _____ .. _______ _ 25 4. Adaptation of the standardized 12. Calcium: Mean intake, ex­ diet for different types of cretion, and retention studies_________________ 10 values for control and low­ 5. Physical measurements of fat periods_____________ _ 26 subjects_______________ _ 14 13. Phosphorus: Average daily 6. Body weight and cll.1culated intake, excretion, and re­ food energy intake of the tention valllCs__________ _ 28 subjects during the study_ 17 14. Phosphorus: Mean intake, 7. Creatinine: Avcrage daily ex- excretion, and retention cretion values__________ _ 17 values for control and low­ 8, Average creatinine and creat­ fat periods_____________ _ 29 inine nitrogen cocfficicl1ts_ HI • m IV CONTENTS Page No. Page No. 15. Magnesium: Average daily 22. Riboflavin: Urinarv excre­ intake, excretion, and re­ tions in response- to a 1­ tention values__________ _ 31 milligram oral test dose__ 45 16. Magnesium: Mean intake, 23. Reduced ascorbic ll.Cid: Daily • excretion, and retention urinary excretions on aver­ age intakes of 57 milli­ values for control and low­ grams _________________ _ fatperiods__________ ---­ 32 46 17. Thiamine: Average daily ex­ 24. Reduced ascorbic acid: Uri­ cretions on average intakes nary excretions in response of 789 micrograms_ - ____ _ 35 todose a 400-milligram ___________________ oral test _ 18. Thiamine: Daily urinary ex­ 48 cretions on average intakes 25. Total ascorbic acid: Milli­ of 789 micrograms______ _ 37 grams per 100 milliliters of serum on the first day of 19. Thiamine: "Urinary excretions eaeb,period_____________ in response to a I-milli­ 49 gram oral test dose______ _ 39 26. Kutritive value of the stand­ 20. Riboflavin: Average daily ex­ ardized diet as used in con­ cretions on average intakes trol periods during the - of 972 micrograms_ ---__ _ 41 metabolic stur!y ________ _ 50 21. Riboflavin: Dai]y urinary ex­ 27. Response (after stabiliza­ cretions on average intakes tion) of subjects to the of 972 micrograms ______ _ 43 sL~Jldardized diet__ - --- -- 54 • FIGURES Ko. p. ~ p. 1. Creatinine: Daily urinary ex­ 6. Riboflavin: Daily urinary ex­ cretions____________ -----­ 18 cretions on average intakes 2. Lipids: Average daily fecal of 972 micrograms________ 44 excretions by periods _____ _ 23 7. Reduced ascorbic acid: Daily 3. Thiamine;: Average daily ex­ urinary excretions on aver­ cretions by periods on aver­ age intakes of 57 milligrams_ 47 8. Summary: Excretions as per­ • age intakes of 789 micro­ grams __________________ _ 36 centages of intakes, for 4. Thiamine: Daily urinary ex­ nitrogen and minerals_____ 53 cretions on average intakes 9. Summary: Lrinaryexcretions, of 789 micrograms _______ _ 38 as percentages of intakes, 5. Riboflavin: Average daily ex­ for three vitamins_________ 55 cretions by periods on aver­ age intakes of 972 micro­ grams__________________ _ 42 • • A STANDARDIZED DIET FOR METABOLIC STUDIES •.. I!s development and applic'ation 1 :By FruEDA L. MEYER, MYRTLE L. BROWN, HARRIET J. WRIGHT, and MILICENT L. HATHAWAY, Human Nutrition Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service SUMMARY To meet the needs for a uniform basal diet to be used in studying human nutritional requirements, utilization of various nutrients, or interrelationship of nutrients, a standardized diet was developed by the Human Nutrition Research Branch of the Agricultural Research Service. The diet is compos2(1 of a core group of foods, which remains constant and supplies amounts of most nutrients at restricted or deficiency levels, and complements I and II, which provide sources of nutrients to bring the intakes of all nutrients to l'eference levels during equalization periods and for alteration in level of single nutri­ ents during experimental periods. It is believed to be applicable to the study of most nutrients, except prote;'" and amino acids. The diet was tested in the spring of 1 . and was well accepted by a group of six University of Maryland Jmen students, aged 19 to 23 years, during a 40-day metabolic study. Wide variation was • found among these subjects in their metabolic response to the levels of intake in the standardized diet. Changing the fat content of the diet from 76 gm. (34 percent of the total calories) to 24 gm. (11 percent of the calories) for 3 subjects during the last 20 days had no apparent effect on nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus retention, on thiamine and riboflavin excretion, on fecal lipid excre­ tion, or on the proportion of fecal lipid as fatty acids, neutral fat, or unsaponifiable material. NEED FOR A STANDARDIZED DIET Diets used for the study of nutritional requirements are usually designed to be adequate mall dietary essentials except the nutrient under study. Such diets are seldom applicable to the study of more than one nutripnt at a time.
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