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Agaricus Campestris L

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Agaricus Campestris L 23 24 Agaricus campestris L.. Scientific name: Agaricus campestris L. Family: Agaricaceae Genus: Agaricus Species: compestris Synonyms: Psalliota bispora; Psalliota hortensis; Common names: Field mushroom or, in North America, meadow mushroom. Agaric champêtre, Feldegerling, Kerti csiperke, mezei csiperke, Pink Bottom, Rosé de prés, Wiesenchampignon. Parts used: Cap and stem Distribution: Agaricus campestris is common in fields and grassy areas after rain from late summer onwards worldwide. It is often found on lawns in suburban areas. Appearing in small groups, in fairy rings or solitary. Owing to the demise of horse-drawn vehicles, and the subsequent decrease in the number of horses on pasture, the old "white outs" of years gone by are becoming rare events. This species is rarely found in woodland. The mushroom has been reported from Asia, Europe, northern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and North America (including Mexico). Plant Description: The cap is white, may have fine scales, and is 5 to 10 centimetres (2.0 to 3.9 in) in diameter; it is first hemispherical in shape before flattening out with maturity. The gills are initially pink, then red-brown and finally a dark brown, as is the spore print. The 3 to 10 centimetres (1.2 to 3.9 in) tall stipe is predominantly white and bears a single thin ring. The taste is mild. The white flesh bruises a dingy reddish brown, as opposed to yellow in the inedible (and somewhat toxic) Agaricus xanthodermus and similar species. The thick-walled, elliptical spores measure 5.5–8.0 µm by 4–5 µm. Cheilocystidia are absent. Description Identification Characteristics: A white or light brown cap. Think white button mushroom or crimini. Brown varieties seem to have very fine fibers pressed into them. In dry or windy weather the cap tends to look cracked. Bright pink gills that becomes brown when they age. The gills should be free from the stem and never run down it. In very heavy rains, sometimes the gills “bleed” red juice, or if you cut a cap in half you’ll see a red layer of moisture right above the gills. Growing on grass. Generally in fields and growing in arcs or rings (although solitary specimens are possible). Sometimes the cap is deformed if it grows up through dry grass. A brown spore print. Put the cap of an older specimen on a piece of white paper and wait for a half hour. It should leave a fine brown powder on the paper. If it’s another color, you’re not looking at A. campestris . A very thin ring that will rub off to the touch. The ring might not even be there, it’s so light. Sometimes this also causes the margin (edge) of the cap to look a little “fluffy.” See the photos. A stem that tapers at the end. Most A. campestris have stems thickest at the cap abruptly becoming slender at the base. It does not turn bright yellow when the base is cut or bruised. Gash your fingernail into the base, or cut it in half. If it turns yellow (bright, daisy yellow), then you’ve found an Agaricus xanthodermus , a poisonous cousin that will give you cramps. If the flesh 25 other than the base turns a paler yellow, you may have found an Agaricus arvensis (Horse Mushroom). It smells like store-bought mushrooms. Especially younger specimens. Cut one of them Description in half and sniff. A. campestris had the lowest caloric value and total sugar content and showed the highest concentration in organic and phenolic acids, as also in tocopherols (mainly γ-tocopherol). Polymers of N-acetylglucosamine (chitin) and glucosamine (chitosan) are major carbohydrate wall component. The chitin to chitosan ratio in the spore walls of A. campestris was about 2.8. These polymers are associated with proteins, lipids (readily extractable and bound), melanin, and a low content of beta-glucan. The quantity of protein, total lipid, melanin, or beta-glucan is similar in spore walls of both species. Four glycolipids are also present as Manp β1-2inositol1-phospho-ceramide, Galp α- 6[Fucp α-2]Galp β-6Manp β-2inositol1-phospho-ceramide, Galp α-6Galp α-6[Fucp α- 2]Galp β- 6Manp β-2inositol1-phospho-ceramide and Galp α-6Galp α-6Galp α-6[Fucp α- 2]Galp β-6Manp β-2inositol1-phospho-ceramide. (Z)-2-octenal, (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one, (2)-1,5-0ctadien-3-01, (Z,Z)-2,5-octadienal, and (Z,Z)-2,5-octadien-l-ol are found in A. Chemical constituents campestris. Structures of chemical constituents of Agaricus campestris L. Actions of herb: Antioxidant, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, antiulcer, wound healer and anti-quorum sensing properties. Uses: Water extracts of A. campestris have been shown to enhance the secretion of insulin, and to have insulin-like effects on glucose metabolism in vitro , although the mechanism is not understood. Research into fungal dressings for the treatment of ulcers, and bed sores, using fungal mycelial filaments, is ongoing. In the past, slices of A. campestris were applied to scalds, and burns in parts of Scotland. The Field Mushroom is a very good edible species and can be used in any recipe calling Actions of herb & Uses for cultivated (button) mushrooms. It is great in risotto dishes and omelettes, and it certainly has enough flavour to make tasty soups or sauces to be served with meat dishes. 26 Provided they are properly cooked and eaten in moderation (not as a daily dish) Field Mushrooms are wholesome and very tasty. It is unwise to gather any food from the grassy verges of busy roads, because the soil, vegetation and fungal fruit bodies from such places may be polluted by toxins emitted from exhausts or from oil spills. Contraindications: Agaricus mushroom extract seems to be safe for most people when taken for up to 12 weeks. Powdered agaricus seems to be safe for most people when taken for up to 6 months. Agaricus products can cause blood sugar to go too low (hypoglycemia) in some people with diabetes. They can also cause itching, nausea, and diarrhea. A few people who took agaricus mushroom during treatment for cancer have developed severe liver damage, and a few have had allergic reactions. Side effects & Toxicity Drug interactions: Medications used for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs) interacts with Agaricus. Dose: For diabetes: 500 mg of agaricus mushroom extract three times daily. Used as a food item but daily use should be avoided . Preliminary Phytochemical Screening: It contains organic and phenolic acids, tocopherols, glycolipids and proteins as major constituents . Table: Heavy metal concentration (PPM) in mushroom samples from selected locations in Ebonyi State Phytochemical Screening Cap: 3-11 cm; convex to broadly convex, occasionally nearly flat; whitish; smooth and glossy to fibrous to nearly wooly or scaly. Gills: Free from the stem; deep pink becoming brown and then dark chocolate brown in maturity; crowded; covered with a thin white partial veil when in the button stage. Stem: 2-6 cm long; 1-2.5 cm thick; more or less equal; sometimes tapering slightly to base; with a quickly collapsing white ring; not bruising yellow. Flesh: Thick and white throughout; not bruising yellow anywhere, even in the base of the stem; very rarely discoloring a pinkish wine color in wet weather. Pharmacognostic Features Odor and Taste: Pleasant. Chemical Reactions: Cap surface not yellowing with KOH. Spore Print: Dark chocolate brown. 27 Figure: Spores ovoid, 6.5-9 x 4-6µm. Microscopic Features: Spores: 6.5-9 x 4-6 µ; elliptical. Cheilocystidia to 10 µ wide. Universal veil hyphae (on cap surface and stem base) without inflated elements. The North American forms of this mushroom are apparently numerous--and several closely related (identical?) species have been described, including Agaricus andrewii (cheilocystidia 11-18.5 µ wide; universal veil hyphae with inflated elements) and Agaricus solidipes (spores up to 12 µ long; cheilocystidia absent). See also Agaricus porphyrocephalus Figure: Mass spectrum of (2)-1,5-octadien-3-o1 Figure: Mass spectrum of (Z,Z)-2,5-octadien-l Figure: Mass spectrum of methyl 10-oxodecanoate . 28 Figure: (a) Mass spectrum of methyl 10-hydroxydecanoate. (b) Mass spectrum of methyl 10- hydroxydecanoate trimethylsilyl ether. Alonso-Aguilar LE, Montoya A, Kong A, Estrada-Torres A, Garibay-Orijel R. "The cultural significance of wild mushrooms in San Mateo Huexoyucan, Tlaxcala, Mexico". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2014;10:27. Fox RTV. (2006). "Fungal foes in your garden: fairy ring mushrooms". Mycologist, 20 (1):36–37. Gray AM, Flatt PR. "Insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity of Agaricus campestris (mushroom)". The Journal of Endocrinology, 1998;157(2): 259–66. Jasmina Glamo člija, Dejan Stojkovi ć, Miloš Nikoli ć, Ana Ćiri ć, Filipa S. Reis, Lillian Barros, Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira and Marina Sokovi ć. A comparative study on edible Agaricus mushrooms as functional foods. Food Funct ., 2015;6:1900-1910. Linnaeus C. (1753). Species Plantarum (in Latin) 2. Stockholm: Lars Salvius. p. 1173. Mendoza CG, Leal JA, Novaes-Ledieu M. Studies of the spore walls of Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus campestris. Can J Microbiol ., 1979;25(1):32-9. Miller HR, Miller OK Jr. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi . Guilford, Connecticut: Falcon Guides. p. 283. Nigeria N. O. Omaka, I. F. Offor, R.C. Ehiri. Fe, Pb, Mn, and Cd Concentrations in Edible Mushrooms (Agaricus campestris) Grown in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State. International Journal of Biological, References Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering Vol:8, No:1, 2014. Nilsson, Sven & Persson, Olle (1977). Fungi of Northern Europe 2: Gill-Fungi . Penguin, New York. Peter, J.S. Denis P.H.
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