Bibliography

Art Exhibits, Film, Music, Performances, and Television Sources

Ai no Koriida (In the realm of the senses). Film directed by Kshima Nagisa, 1976. “Burando (Brand).”Serialized television drama produced and directed by Wada Kk. Japan, 2000. Frank Chickens. “We Are Ninja (Not Geisha).” LP Record Album. Produced by Kaz Records, 1984. Heaven 17.“Geisha Boys and Temple Girls.”Album title: Pavement Side. Produced by Virgin Records, 1981. Ippai no kakesoba (A bowl of buckwheat noodles). Film directed by Nishikawa Katsumi, 1992. Jitsuroku Abe Sada (The true story of Abe Sada). Film directed by Tanaka Noboru, 1975. Lynn, Vera. Lynn, Vera Singer, 2004 [cited 26 April]. Available from Ͻhttp://www.lyricsxp. com/lyrics/w/we_ll_meet_again_vera_lynn.htmlϾ Nagasaki University Database of Old Photographs of the Bakumatsu-Meiji Period. Online at Ͻhttp://oldphoto.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/unive/Ͼ “New Cosmos of Photography” (Shashin shin-seiki) sponsored by Canon, 1995 Gallery Exhibition Report. Online at Ͻhttp://www.canon.com/scsa/newcosmos/gallery/1995/Ͼ Parker, Ross and Hughie Charles. We’ll Meet Again, 2004 [cited 26 April]. Available from Ͻhttp://ingeb.org/songs/wellmeet.htmlϾ Revolutionary Girl Utena (Shkjo kakumei Utena). Animation. Japanese TV series April 2–December 24, 1997; movie, 1999. Sunayama, Norico. “English invitation for entering her installation, ‘Suffocating World.’ ” Art Tower Mito, 1999. Women in Japan: Memories of the Past, Dreams for the Future. Documentary film produced and directed by Joanne Hershfield and Jan Bardsley, 2002.

Manga, Magazine, Newspaper, and Websites (no author given)

“Abe Sada-Sakaguchi Ango taidan (Dialogue: Abe Sada-Sakaguchi Ango).” Zadan 1, no. 1 (1947): 30–35. Biographies, Female Heroes of Asia: Japan, Murasaki Shikibu. Online at Ͻhttp://www. womeninworldhistory.com/heroine9.htmlϾ “10 dai yamamba gyaru osoru beki bi-ishiki dai chksa!! (Big survey of aesthetic taste: Teenage witch girls should be worried!).” Spa!, September 1, 1999, 136–139. “Dansei 100 nin no shkgenshl kawaii onna v. kawaikunai onna. (One hundred collected male testimonies on women who are cute, women who are not cute).” Say, No. 229, July 2002, 115–118. “E-Girl no akogare mono (Things egg girls desire).” Egg, Vol. 85, November 2003, 87. 198 BIBLIOGRAPHY

“E-Girl no puri chk Show (E-Girl’s print club album show).” Egg, Vol. 85, November 2003, 74–77. “E-Jump photo mail,” Egg, Vol. 92, June 2004, 86–87. “Ego shame (Ego cell-phone photos).” Ego System, Vol. 49, July 2004, 75–77. “Fotojenikku teku oshiechaimasu (Teaching you photogenic techniques).” Cawaii, May 2003, 147–149. “Ganguro musume no sugao ga mitai (We want to see the real faces of our black face daughters!).” Shlkan hkseki, April 14, 2000, 54. Gendai nikan. Online at Ͻhttp://www.bookreview.ne.jp/list.aspϾ “Girl Gangs Brawl with Molotov Cocktails.” Mainichi Shimbun, 26 June, 2001. Online at Ͻhttp://mdn.mainichi.co.jp/news/archive/200106/26/20010626p2a00m0fp006002c.htmlϾ “Gura gura glamour girl.” Montage 007, Summer 2000, 1–15. “Gyaru ϩ animaru ϭ gyanimaru zkshoku (Gyaruϩanimal ϭ Gyanimal breeding).” Focus, January 1998, 10–11. “Heisei jungle tanken––Kashima kykju, ‘nichijkseikatsu no hikyk’ o motomete kyk mo iku 3 (Professor Kashima explores the Heisei jungle in search of ‘uncharted regions of everyday life’ 3).” Gendai, February 2002, 326. “Hermès Opens Glitzy Shop in Ginza.” Japan Today, June 28, 2001, online at Ͻjapantoday.comϾ “Ima koso yamamba gyaru mukei bunka sai ni shite (Witch girls must be classified as national cultural property before it is too late).” Shlkan Playboy, May 2, 1999, 198–201. “Japan’s Luxury Product Sales Increase.” IGN Global Marketing Newsletter, September 1999. Online at Ͻhttp://www.pangaea.net/IGN/news0051.htmϾ “Japan’s Derided Women Photographers are Earning New Recognition,” AsiaWeek, August 13, 1999. Online at Ͻhttp://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/99/0813/feat2.htmlϾ “Jogakusei daraku monogatari (Tales of degenerate schoolgirls).” Yokohama Mainichi, September 20–November 17, 1905. “Jogakuseikan (Views of the schoolgirl).” Shumi (Tastes), March 1908. “Kogyaru kara yamamba e: Atsuzoko, ganguro, bakkaka: Kogyaru wa shidai ni kuroku, kitanaku (From kogyaru to witches, platform boots, black face, idiot-ization: Kogyaru on the darker and dirtier program).” Spa!, July 2003, 26–27. Komikku Amour, vol. 14, no. 8 (164), August 2003. “Kyabukura wa yamamba mitai busu no ni natta (Cabaret clubs have become lairs for those ugly witches).” Shlkan Post, October 8, 1999, 63. New York Times Archive. Online at Ͻhttp://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/nytimes/advanced search. htmlϾ “Norico Sunayama, OK Girls, Interview.” Montage 007, Summer 2000, 5. “Norico Sunayama explains.” Montage 007, Summer 2000, 10. “Ondanka no eikykka? Soshite ichiji no boom ka? Shinka ka? Nippon wakamono no Latin-ka genzk o saguru! (Is it the influence of global warming, evolution, or a passing trend? Probing the ‘Latinization’ of Japanese youth!).” Spa!, February 9, 2000, 47–53. “Otto ni naisho no shakkin de jiko hasan wa kannk? (Is it possible to go bankrupt because of loans taken without telling your husband?).”Onna no toraburu, October 1, 2003, 165–184. “Pages Torn from the Memoirs of a Geisha. Mineko Distances Herself from Sayuri.” The Japan Times, March 12, 1999. “Purikura guranpuri (Print club grand prix).” Ego System, Vol. 49, July 2004, 84. “Purikura kishu chk tettei hikaku (Super complete comparison of different print club equipment).” Popteen, June 2004, 196–201. “Saikin purikura pkzu mihon (Sample album of recent print club poses).” Cawaii, November 2003, 141–145. BIBLIOGRAPHY 199

Sei Shknagon Biography. Online at Ͻhttp://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0844331. htmlϾ “Shkjotachi no shingo, ango, rylkogo (New girls’ words, codes, and slang).” Dacapo, October 15, 1997. “Tadaima AV ni mo zkshokuchl ganguro, yamamba tte ii? (Are we going to have even more of these witch and black face porno videos!?).” Focus, March 8, 2000, 24–25. “Toragyaru osorubeki enjo kksai: Joshikksei saisentan rupo (Terrifying Drunken Tiger Girls compensated dating: A report from the high school girl frontline).” AERA, 9:16 (April 15, 1996), 62. “Uchira no gakkk no abunai sensei (The unreliable teachers at our school).” Egg, Vol. 92, June 2004, 54. “Yabapuri taishk happyk (Presenting first place repulsive print clubs).” Cawaii, January 2003, 147–149.

Books and Articles

Abu-Lughod, Lila. “The Romance of Resistance.” American Ethnologist 17, no. 1 (1990): 41–55. Adachi, Jiro. “How Q Found Her Groove.” The New York Times, January 30, 2005. Aguiar, Sarah Appleton. The Bitch Is Back: Wicked Women in Literature. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 2001. Aida Makoto. Mutant Hanako. Tokyo: ABC Shuppan, 1999. Aketa Tetsuo. Nihon hanamachi shi (History of Japan’s hanamachi). Tokyo: Ylzankaku Shuppan, 1990. Altman, Dennis. Global Sex. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001. Angst, Linda. “The Sacrifice of a Schoolgirl: The 1995 Rape Case, Discourses of Power and Women’s Lives in Okinawa.” Critical Asian Studies 33, no. 2 (2001): 243–264. Aoki, Michiko Y. “Empress Jingl: The Shamaness Ruler.” In Heroic with Grace: Legendary Women of Japan, edited by Chieko Mulhern, 3–39. New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 1991. Ariyoshi Sawako. Hishoku (Colorless). Tokyo: Kkdansha, 1967. Atkins, E. Taylor. Blue Nippon: Authenticating Jazz in Japan. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001. Awazu Kiyoshi et al., eds. Abe Sada: Shkwa jl-ichi nen no onna (Abe Sada: Women of the year in Shkwa 11). Tokyo: Tabatake Shoten, 1976. Bardsley, Jan. The Bluestockings of Japan: New Women Essays and Fiction from Seitk, 1911–1916. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Japanese Studies, 2006. Beichman, Janine. Embracing the Firebird: Yosano Akiko and the Rebirth of the Female Voice in Modern Japanese Poetry. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2002. Bernstein, Gail Lee, ed. Recreating Japanese Women, 1600–1945. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. Berry, Chris, Fran Martin, and Audrey Yue, eds. Mobile Cultures: New Media in Queer Asia. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003. Blacker, Carmen. The Catalpa Bow: A Study of Shamanistic Practices in Japan. London: Allen & Unwin, 1975. Borgen, Robert and Marian Ury.“Readable Japanese Mythology: Selections from Nihon Shoki and Kojiki.” Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 24, no. 1 (1991): 61–97. Briles, Judith. “Banish Geisha Nursing (and Other Female-Dominated Professions).” In The Briles Report on Women in Healthcare: Changing Conflict to Collaboration in a Toxic Workplace, 201. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1994. 200 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Burns, Lori and Melisse Lafrance. Disruptive Divas: Feminism, Identity and Popular Music. New York: Routledge, 2002. Butler, Judith. Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of “Sex.” New York: Routledge, 1993. ––––––. “The Force of Fantasy: Feminism, Mapplethorpe, and Discursive Excess.” In Feminism and Pornography, edited by Drucilla Cornell, 487–508. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Canell, Fenella. Power and Intimacy in the Christian Philippines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Cixous, Hélène and Catherine Clément. Translated by Betsy Wing. Theory and History of Literature, Vol. 24. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986. Chalfen, Richard and Mai Marui. “Print Club Photography in Japan: Framing Social Relationships.” Visual Sociology 16, no. 1 (2001): 55–77. Chandler, Clay and Cindy Kano. “Recession Chic.” Fortune, September 29, 2005, 52. Cherry, Kittredge. Womansword: What Japanese Words Say About Women. Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1987. Choy, Catherine Ceniza. Empire of Care: Nursing and Migration in Filipino American History. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003. Coaldrake, A. Kimi. “Female Tayl in the Gidayl Narrative Tradition of Japan.” In Women and Music in Cross-Cultural Perspective, edited by Ellen Koskoff, 151–161. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1989. Cobb, Jodi. Geisha. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995. Cohen, Phil. “Subcultural Conflict and Working-Class Community.” In Working Papers in Cultural Studies 2, 5–53. Birmingham: CCCS, 1972. Commission on Filipinos Overseas.“Numbers of Registered Filipino Fianc(e)es/Spouses of Foreign Nationals by Major Country of Destination: 1989–2001.” Online at Ͻhttp//www.cfo.gov.phϾ Connell, Ryann. “Bold Teen Babes Flash Full Body Flesh for the Porn Print Pic,” Mainichi Daily News Interactive, August 27, 2003. Ͻhttp:mdn.mainichi.co.jp/waiwai/0308/ 0827.eropuri.htmlϾ Copeland, Rebecca L. Lost Leaves: Women Writers of Meiji Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2000. Cornyetz, Nina. “Fetishized Blackness: Hip Hop and Racial Desire in Contemporary Japan.” Social Text 41 (1994): 113–139. ––––––. “Power and Gender in the Narratives of Yamada Eimi.” In The Woman’s Hand: Gender and Theory in Japanese Women’s Writing, edited by Paul Gordon Schalow and Janet Walker, 425–457. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996. Cowie, Elizabeth. “Pornography and Fantasy: Psychoanalytic Perspectives.” In Sex Exposed: Sexuality and the Pornography Debate, edited by Lynne Segal and Mary McIntosh, 132–152. London: Virago Press, 1992. Dalby, Liza Crihfield. “Courtesan and Geisha: The Real Women of the Pleasure Quarter.” In The Women of the Pleasure Quarter, edited by Elizabeth de Sabato Swinton, 67–86. New York: Hudson Hills Press, 1996. de Mente, Boyd. Some Prefer Geisha: The Lively Art of Mistress-Keeping in Japan. Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle, Inc., 1966. Dollase, Hiromi Tsuchiya. “Early Twentieth Century Japanese Girls’ Magazine Stories: Examining Shkjo Voice in Hanamonogatari (Flower tales).” Journal of Popular Culture 36, no. 4 (2003): 724–755. Dkmei Tslshinsha. Nihon no bukka to flzoku 130 nen no utsurikawari: Meiji gannen~Heisei 7 nen (130 years of Japan’s changing commodity prices and customs from 1868–1995). Tokyo: Dkmei Tslshinsha, 1997. BIBLIOGRAPHY 201

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Jan Bardsley is associate professor of Japanese humanities at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She is the author of The Bluestockings of Japan: New Women Fiction and Essays from Seitk, 1911–1916 (Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Japanese Studies, 2006). Her current book project is Designs on Democracy: Fashion and Feminism in Postwar Japan. Rebecca Copeland is associate professor of Japanese literature at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. Her published works include The Sound of the Wind: The Life and Works of Uno Chiyo (University of Hawai’i Press, 1992), Lost Leaves: Women Writers of Meiji Japan (University of Hawai’i Press, 2000), and The Father-Daughter Plot: Japanese Literary Women and the Law of the Father (University of Hawai’i Press, 2001), which she coedited with Dr. Esperanza Ramirez-Christensen of University of Michigan. Melanie Czarnecki is a lecturer in the faculty of foreign studies at Sophia University in Tokyo. She is currently completing her doctoral dissertation at Hokkaido University on the politics of gender in the writings of Hiratsuka Raichk and other Meiji and Taishk women writers. Kelly Foreman is a lecturer in the departments of anthropology and music at Wayne State University, as well as a freelance composer and a performer of shamisen. She has published articles on Japanese music and geisha in Japan and authored liner notes for Japanese tradi- tional music recordings. Her forthcoming book entitled The Gei of Geisha: Music, Identity, and Meaning details the relationship between geisha and music. Sarah Frederick is assistant professor of Japanese literature at Boston University. Her first book, forthcoming from University of Hawai’i Press, is entitled Turning Pages: Reading and Writing Women’s Magazines in Interwar Japan. She is currently working on a study of the life and works of Yoshiya Nobuko. Hiroko Hirakawa is assistant professor of Japanese and intercultural studies at Guilford College in Greensboro, North Carolina. She has published articles on popular culture and gender in contemporary Japan. Her current book project is Lost and Found in Translation: Japanese Women Crossing Borders. Gretchen I. Jones is assistant professor of Japanese literature at the University of Maryland, where she teaches modern Japanese literature and language. She is the author of “Subversive Strategies: Masochism, Gender and Power in Kono Taeko’s ‘Toddler-Hunting’ ” (East Asia 18: 4, 2000), and “Ladies’ Comics: Japan’s Not-So-Underground Market in Pornography for Women,” U.S.-Japan Women’s Journal (English Supplement, Vol. 22, 2002). She is currently completing a book called Whip Appeal: The Aesthetics of Masochism in Modern Japanese Narrative, forthcoming from University of Hawai’i Press. Sharon Kinsella is research associate at the Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Oxford University. She has worked on men’s comics, cuteness and infantilism, otaku, 212 CONTRIBUTORS corporate culture, cultural governance and cultural production, and girls’ culture in contemporary Japan. A list of previous publications can be found at Ͻhttp://www. kinsellaresearch.comϾ. The chapter “Black Faces, Witches and Racism against Girls” draws from sections of a chapter on race included in her forthcoming book Girls As Energy: Fantasies of Rejuvenation. Christine Marran is assistant professor at the University of Minnesota. She teaches and has published articles on modern Japanese literature, gender, and film. Her first book, She Had It Coming: The Poison Woman in Japanese Modernity is forthcoming from the University of Minnesota Press. Katherine Mezur is assistant professor of dance at Mills College, Oakland. She is the author of Beautiful Boys: Performing Female-likeness on the Kabuki Stage (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005). She is completing her second book, Cute Mutant Girls: Remapping the Female Body in Contemporary Japanese Performance and Media, and her “media performance installa- tion” Skin, which investigates the politics of screen and kinaesthetic perception. Laura Miller is associate professor of anthropology at Loyola University Chicago. She has published widely in the fields of linguistic anthropology, popular culture, and gender stud- ies. Her book, Beauty Up: Exploring Contemporary Japanese Body Aesthetics, is forthcoming from the University of California Press. Miriam Silverberg is professor of Japanese history at UCLA where she teaches comparative thought and culture. She is the author of Changing Song: The Marxist Manifestos of Nakano Shigeharu (Princeton University Press, 1990; winner of the John King Fairbank Award) and Erotic Grotesque Nonsense: Japanese Modern Times (University of California Press, forth- coming) and of recent articles such as “Transnational Wives’ Tales:Yonsama as Postcolonial Ghost and the Revenge of the Obatarians”(Contemporary Women’s History in Asia) and “War Responsibility Revisited: Auschwitz in Japan” (Journal of Asian and Pacific Studies). She is currently studying the gendering of post Pacific War Japanese wartime sentiment. Nobue Suzuki, professor of anthropology at Nagasaki Wesleyan University, is the coeditor of Men and Masculinities in Contemporary Japan (Routledge, 2003, with James E. Roberson) and is working on a book tentatively entitled, Battlefields of Affection: Romanscapes and Filipino-Japanese Families. Her recent publications include, “Inside the Home: Power and Negotiation in Filipina-Japanese Marriages” (Women’s Studies, 2004) and “Tripartite Desires: Filipina-Japanese Marriages and Fantasies of Transnational Traversal” (in Nicole Constable, ed., Cross-Border Marriages: Gender and Mobility in Transnational Asia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005). Index

Boldface locators indicate illustrations; locators followed by n indicate footnotes.

2/26 Incident 90 bad boys and 93 bad girl agency 181–183 Abe Sada 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 80, 81–93, brand shoppers as 112–113, 115–116, 94n6, 191 120 abortion 50, 60 Filipinas as 160, 169 Abu-Lughod, Lila 4 geisha as 33, 38, 42–44 actresses 40–41 good girl/bad girl duality 2, 72, 76, 77, Adachi, Jiro 6 83, 87, 130, 191 adoption 52, 56 Kaneko Fumiko as 193–194 adultery 9, 52, 81–82, 83, 92, 104, 166 mythological 16 Adventures of Gokudk-kun (Nakamura) 117 Nakamura Usagi as 115, 117–118, agency 123 abject 179, 181–182 Norico as 175–176, 178, 180–181, female 2, 3, 10 183–188 of Filipina wives 161, 170 not so bad 192 in Japanese girl culture 176, 178–179, photography by 128, 131–132, 181, 183, 186 133–134, 136, 139 of ladies’ comics readers 98, readers and writers of ladies’ comics as 104, 107 97, 99–100, 102 Aguiar, Susan 24 schoolgirls as 49–50, 68 Aida Makoto 150, 151, 157n52 Yoshiya Nobuko as 65–67 Aikawa Nanase 11 Bad Girls (song) 11 Akasegawa Genpei 150 Bashk 118 alcoholism 85 birthrate 42, 112, 148 Alien Culture of Children, The (Honda) 149 Black Rose (magazine) 75, 76 Altman, Dennis 177 Blacker, Carmen 19, 26 Amaterasu (sun goddess) 16, 19, 20, 28, blackness 29n8, 151 American black culture 144, 148, 152, Ando, Meiko 14,28 155, 157n49 anime (animation) black American soldiers and fear of race girls portrayed in 68, 149, 151, 183 mixing 153, 157n49 shkjo influence 66, 69, 78 perceptions of Africa 147, 148, 152 other references 117, 134 racist imagery 152, 155n20 see also ganguro Baba Akiko 24 Bluestockings 66 bad girls 1–11 boardinghouses 10, 55, 57–59, 60–61 Abe Sada as 83, 86–87, 90 bodikon (body-conscious) 149 214 INDEX body privilege 53–54, 69, 162, 192, 193 Abe Sada’s views of 84, 89 sexual repression and 91, 191 depicted in ladies’ comics 98 upper 11, 44, 50, 51 ethnicked 189n21 Clément, Catherine 193 female 17–21, 24 colonialism as focus of performance art 177, 180, ganguro and 146, 148 184–185 Japanese 152, 153, 193 as globalized commodity 176, 184 in the Philippines 160–161 maternal 152 comics see ladies’ comics; manga as phallic symbol 26–27 compensated dating (enjo kksai) prostitutes’ bodies as blockade 153 114, 152 Brand (TV show) 113–114, 116, 121 Conditions for Marriage (Ogura) 121 brand goods conduct manuals 4, 7, 50–51, 58 big three brands 120 Confucianism 7, 38, 41–42, 52 obsessive love of 118, 119 consumers personal authenticity and 114, 116, deserving 113, 115, 118, 119, 120 117, 120, 122 naive 115, 116 sales of 111–112, 120 see also brand goods; consumption; see also consumers; consumption; shopping shopping consumption bubble economy 109n19, 111–112, 118 of brand goods 111–112, 120 “bubbly life,” 111 conspicuous 111 Bubu 180 empty 5, 123 Buddhism of pornography 106 displacement of Shintk 20 corpses 16–17, 21, 24, 27, 30n25 misogynistic asceticism 19, 30n25 Cosmetics (Hayashi) 113, 114–115 women depicted as evil 21, 22, Cowie, Elizabeth 106, 107 26, 27 crime bunraku (puppet theater) 34, 38, assassination (Kaneko Fumiko) 193 44, 46 criminology 86 Burnett, Frances Hodgson 66 female criminals 9, 82, 88, 90 Butler, Judith 106, 189n22 gangs 1 murder (Abe Sada) 10, 81 calligraphy 136–137 cross-dressing 43, 91, 183 capitalism 119, 121, 163, 173n23, 178 see also drag censorship 59, 66, 98 cuteness 128, 131, 133, 144, 149, 178 Chalfen, Richard 131 Cuteness Syndrome (Masubuchi) 149 chastity see purity; virginity childbirth 18, 19, 21, 61, 138 dancers childhood 10, 50, 69 Filipina hostesses 162, 164 childlessness 42 geisha 32, 34–37 Christianity 41, 52, 72 maiko 32,35 Cixous, Hélène 193 odoriko 38–39, 43, 47n15 class see also Kurosawa Mika; Meiko Ando divisions 41, 43, 50, 144, 176 degenerate schoolgirls (daraku jogakusei) Filipinas and 159, 160, 164, 170, 171, 2, 6, 50–51, 54, 58–61, 68 173n23 delinquent girls (furyk shkjo)68 gender and 117 Demon Winds Love Winds (Kosugi) 49, inequities 2, 118 54–58, 59–60 middle 12n9, 51, 136 designer goods see brand goods INDEX 215 desire used in Japanese texts 71, 73, 132, 135, Abe Sada’s sexual desire 83, 84, 87 136 for brand goods 9, 118 enjo kksai (compensated dating) 114, 152 denial/repression of 27, 30n25, 191 Equal Employment Opportunity Law expressed in performance art 179, 180, (EEOL) 105, 113 184, 185, 186 Erino Miya 105–106 insatiable 6, 9, 21, 23, 87 ethnicity of ladies’ comics readers 104–106 of girls 144, 146–149, 151, 152, 189n21 male capitulation to female desire 90–91 performance and 184–186 for modernity 162–165 racial purity and 144, 149, 152, 172n12 normal female sexual desire 86, 88, 89 evil, female archetypes of 15, 16–18, projected onto women 23, 27 23–26, 29n4 for success 42, 118 transgressive nature of 107 fantasy woman as embodiment of 16, 23, fiction 9, 117, 151 27, 118 geisha images in 6, 35 yamamba as incarnation of 21–23 women’s sexual fantasies 101, 103–107 divorce 165, 168, 173n26 other references 73, 148, 154 Dkjkji maiden 6, 10, 16, 25–27 fear Dollase, Hiromi Tsuchiya 73 men’s, of women 15, 23, 24, 57, 154 Dollhouse, The (Ibsen) 192 women’s 98, 104 domestic fiction (katei shksetsu) 66, 77 feminine virtue 50, 65, 77, 112 Don’t Take Hermès Lightly Or You’ll Be feminism Sorry (Suzuki) 113, 115–116 feminist orientalism 37 double suicide 62n11, 68, 92, 101 Japanese 30, 179, 180 Dower, John 153 Japanese feminists 28, 45, 69, 119, 121, drag 177, 180–181, 183–188 154, 157n63 see also cross-dressing ladies’ comics and 98, 107 Dumb Type (performance art group) reclamation of derogatory labels 3–4, 179–180, 181 12n4 Western 37, 160, 179, 181 economic independence for women other references 23, 154 educated women 51, 54, 55 femininity geisha 43 hyper- 9, 65, 67 Modern Girl 9 male construction of 184 writers 9, 67, 72, 77 resistance to norms of 7, 42, 128, economy 36, 91, 166 132–134, 139, 144 see also bubble economy traditional 8, 68, 74, 77, 121, 149, 178 education 50–52, 57, 61, 67–68, 122 Filipinas see also schools as American/Western 161, 164–165, EEOL (Equal Employment Opportunity 166–167 Law) 105, 113 as daughters 162, 163, 164 egg (magazine) 140n20, 144, 146 as hanayome (brides) 161, 162, 165, 170 Empire of Marriage (Ueno and Nobuta) as japayuki entertainers 161, 162, 171 119 relationships with Japanese men Enchi Fumiko 15, 28 160–161, 165–168 English as single mothers 165, 167 as means of empowerment 160, stereotypes of 6, 161, 162–163, 168, 166–167 169–170 symbolizing modernity 53, 164 use of English 160, 166–167 216 INDEX financial independence see economic resistance to norms 65, 128, 131, 133, independence 136, 137 Fiske, John 133 roles 53, 69, 106, 121, 162, 165, 178, 183 Flower Stories (Yoshiya) 64, 66, 67, 70 Girl Theory (Honda) 149 foreigners in Japan girls’ culture geisha and 36–37, 45 in Norico’s performance art 176, 178, liaisons with Japanese women 152–153 181, 183, 185–186, 187 with custody of Japanese children 168, photography in 128, 130, 131 172n7 other references 9, 66, 77, 144, 148–151 Forget-me-not (Yoshiya) 66 girls’ fiction (shkjo shksetsu) 9, 65, 66, Freud, Sigmund 86–87 68–74, 77 friendship 68–69, 128, 140n5 Girls’ Studies 149, 150, 153 Frühstück, Sabine 153 Girls’ World (Shkjo sekai) (magazine) 67 Fudge, Rachel 3 globalization 176–179, 184, 185 Fujimoto Yukari 104, 105, 106 goddesses see Amaterasu; Izanami Fukuda Hideko 5 Golden, Arthur 6, 36, 45 Fukuzawa Yukichi 152 good wife, wise mother (ryksai kenbo) 43, Furuhashi Teiji 180 50, 51–52, 54, 57, 63n48, 68, 112–113 Futeisha (nihilist organization) 194 Greater Learning for Women (Kaibara) 7 Futon (Tayama) 60 growing up 10, 74–75, 77 ganguro (black face girls) Hamasaki Ayumi 132 as animalistic or primitive 10, hanayome (brides) 161, 162, 163, 170 146–147, 153 handwriting 136–137, 149 appearance 7, 8, 9, 143 Hastings, Sally 50 media reaction to 11, 145–146 Hayashi Fumiko 66 Garfinkel, Tad 147 Hayashi Mariko 111, 115 geisha Hayashi Razan 41 Abe Sada as 84, 92, 94n6 Hebdige, Dick 5, 146 career 11, 33, 42, 43 Hibiya Park (Tokyo) 48, 49, 53, 54 defined 3, 6, 34, 46n1 Hiratsuka Raichk 28, 51, 62n11, 69, 192–193 economics 9, 34 Hiromix [Toshikawa Hiromi] 127, as feminists 45 130, 134 identified with prostitution 33, 36–37, 44 Hjorth, Larissa 183 makeup 10, 35 Honda Masuko 53, 149, 150 origins of 38–39 other women and 11, 43–44, 45 Ichikawa Fusae 5 ozashiki performances 34–35, 43, 45 Ihara Saikaku 88 training 32,34 Imai Miki 114 transgressing norms 11, 38, 40, 42–43, imperialism 83, 90–91, 153 46, 47n26 In the Realm of the Senses (film) 90–92 Western misperceptions of 5, 6, 33, incest 10, 101 35–36, 37, 45, 46, 191 inheritance 52 Geisha, A Life (Iwasaki) 36 Iwasaki Mineko 36 gender Izanami (goddess) 6, 16–17, 18, 20, 22 boundaries 72, 106, 118, 160, 161 globalization and 177, 184 japayuki (Japan-bound) 161, 162 hierarchies 161, 167, 179 Jingl, Empress 19, 20, 29n7 parody 133, 136, 183 Jones, Amelia 175, 183 politics 2, 69, 117 Juffer, Jane 101, 107 INDEX 217

Kabayama Sukenori 51–52 Maiden’s Body, The (Kawamura) 58, 149 kabuki theater Mainichi Shimbunsha 66 women’s performance 34, 38–42, 44, Mami 180 45–46, 47n36 manga (comics) other references 8, 35, 82, 109n16 bad girl culture in 4, 183 Kaibara Ekken 7 costume play based on 134 kamakake (white lie) 165–166, 167, 171 ero-manga 98 Kaneko Fumiko 193–194 girls’ comics 66, 144 Kawamura Kunimitsu 52, 58, 149 influence on photo graffiti 133 Kelsky, Karen 117 literary inspiration for, 66 Kimura Ichirk 82 men’s comics 99, 147, 151 Kingston, Maxine Hong 8 reader input 103, 105, 109 Kiriyama Hideki 108 shkjo manga 69, 98, 99, 108n4 Kishida Toshiko 5 yaoi 108n8 kissing 2, 50, 56, 147 marriage Kitamura Tokoku 52 age at first 112 Klein, Susan 27 career and 108, 122 kogyaru (little girl) 120, 143–148, 153, 178 of Filipinas and Japanese men Kohama Itsurk 150 159–161, 162, 165, 168, 170, 172n7 Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters) 17, ladies’ comics’ depiction of 98, 99, 105 18, 19, 20, 22 men unable to marry 162, 168 Koshiba Tetsuya 147 pressure to marry 73, 75–76 Kosugi Tengai 49, 54, 57, 58 refusal to marry 11, 34, 38, 43, 67–68, Kurahashi Yumiko 28 111, 113 Kurosawa Mika 179–180 virginity and 52, 59, 84 Kyupi-Kyupi (performance collective) 180 other references 51, 83, 91, 106, 121 see also divorce ladies’ comics (rediisu komikku)2,7, Marui, Mai 131 97–108, 108n4, 109n19, 112 Marx, Karl 192 Laing, David 136 Masaoka Geiyk 59 language masculinity 88, 90, 121 brands’ use of Japanese 111 masochism characteristic of girls’ fiction 73–74, 76, 77 in ladies’ comics 10, 97–98, 100, 102, girls’ transgressive uses of 134, 137, 103, 105 138, 147, 155n23 male 90, 91, 93, 95n26 globalized American slang 185 other references 6, 83 as instrument of male control 16, 20 see also sadism; sadomasochism Kaneko Fumiko’s use of 194 masturbation 102, 138, 180 use of “girl” 3 Masubuchi Skichi 149 see also English; names Matsukage Hiroyuki 150 Last Samurai, The (film) 4 media see press lesbian relationships 59, 65–66, 68–69, Meiji, Empress 129 74–75, 77 Meiji era Little Princess, The (Burnett) 66, 72 Civil Code 58 Living Pure and Poor (Nakano) 118 legalization of women’s artistic Lolita complex (rorikon) 149–150 performance 39–40 Lost Paradise, A (Watanabe) 90, 92 literature 5, 8, 54, 59–60 love 52, 56, 74, 101, 105–106 military 62n15 see also suicide motherhood 52 luxury goods see brand goods racial theories 152 218 INDEX

Meiji era—continued Mrs. Ban (Yoshiya) 66 schoolgirls 8, 11, 50–51, 53–54, 57, 58, Muramatsu Tsuneo 84–85 68, 192 Murasaki Shikibu 192 sexuality 52 musical instruments Westernization 36, 151 gender and class distinctions 43–44 Memoirs of a Geisha (Golden) 36, 191 koto 44, 47n34, 47n35 menstruation 18, 84 musical careers for women 44 Michiko Shkda (Empress Heisei) 191 shamisen 32, 34, 39–40, 42, 43–44, 45, migration 47n33, 91 of Asian women to the West, 159 myths economic class of migrants 162 archetypes 23–24 of Filipinas to Japan 160–161 Japanese 16–22 to Japan as substitute for U.S. 164 representations of women 9, 16, motivations for 163, 164, 170 17–18, 24, 27 other references 163, 177, 194 other references 16, 22, 29n2, 151, 195 miko (shrine maidens) 10, 20, 26, 29n8, 38, 149, 151 Nagashima Yurie 134 Miyake Toshio 145 Nagata Mikihiko 88–89 Miyashita Maki 134, 136 Nakahara Jun’ichi 64,66 Miyazaki Hayao 151 Nakamori Akino 150 Modern Girl (modan ghru) 2,7,9,67, Nakamura Usagi [Nakamura Noriko] 5, 144, 154n3 9, 110, 113, 117–123 modernity Nakano Aiko 134 Asian stereotypes as basis for Western Nakano Kkji 118 ideas of 33, 37 Nakano, Midori 145 Filipina conceptions of 160–161, Nakasone Yasuhiro 152 163–165, 167, 170–171 names Japanese inferiority complex geisha surnames 42, 47n26 about 166 gender-neutral 78n18 in relationships 52, 56, 165, 167, 170 Norico’s transformation of 11, 181, 185 schoolgirl as symbol of 6, 53, 54, 61 official existence based on 193 other references 7, 10, 36, 67, origin of “kabuki”41 149, 179 power of naming 3 see also Modern Girl significance of characters’ names 100, 101 Modernization of Sexuality, The Naruhito, Prince 112 (Kawamura) 52 nation modesty 50, 135, 139 girl culture nation 183–188 Modleski, Tania 105 nation-state system 177, 178, 186 Monma Chiyo 65, 66, 75, 77 sacrifice for 112, 153 Mori Mariko 151 schoolgirls and 52, 68, 151 Mori Nobuyuki 148, 150, 156n37 women and national identity 51, 128 Morita Skhei 62, 76 other references 72, 151 Morphology of Girls’ Handwriting Native Ethnology of Girls (Ktsuka) 149 (Yamane) 149 Natsume Skseki 66 motherhood nature militarism and 50, 52, 91 civilization as struggle against, 76 racial purity and 149, 152 women’s connection to 19, 26 resistance to 46, 113 New Day, A (Atarashiki hi) 66 other references 61, 77, 112, 138 New Woman movement 2, 43 see also good wife, wise mother Noble, Marianne 107 INDEX 219

Nobuta Sayoko 119–121 as social critique 91, 93 noh (nk) theater 26, 30n17, 36, 38, 144 other references 92, 103, 133 Nolte, Sharon 50 see also masochism; nymphomania; Norico [Sunayama Noriko] 175–188 sadism; sadomasochism name 11, 180–181, 185 Philippines other references 2, 7, 8, 9 colonization of 160, 167 see also Dumb Type; OK Girls culture 164, 165, 166, 171, 173n26 nymphomania 83, 85 relation to Japan 160, 163, 164 relation to U.S. 160, 164, 166 occupation photography American occupation of Japan 37, of ganguro 146 152–153, 157n49, 185 girls’ 2, 7, 8, 10, 127–128 Japanese occupation of Korea 170 history of, in Japan 129–130 office ladies (OL) 5, 7, 117, 123, 148, 149 laws about 129 Ogawa Kazuma 129 self-nude genre 134 Ogura Chikako 113, 121–122 see also purikura Oguri Flyk 60 Pimiko (queen) 5, 19, 20 Ohba Minako 28, 154n2 Pitchford, Nicola 107 OK Girls 179–186 poison woman 82 Okamoto Kanoko 66 Popteen (magazine) 130, 140n20, 146 Okuni 10, 38 pornography oni (demon) 24 caricatured in ero-porn 176, 181, 182, 186 onibaba (demon hag) 14,28 caricatured in eropuri 136 Knuma Shkji 146, 147 ganguro in 145 Kshima Nagisa 90–91, 93 for men 98, 102, 146–147 otaku (obsessive fan) 149, 150 use of Asian women in 37 Other Side of Newspaper Companies, The women’s use of 101, 106, 107 (Masaoka) 59 see also ladies’ comics Ktsuka Eiji 149 power Otsuki Hisako 59 of Buddhism, 20, 22, 25 Ktsuki Kenji 85, 87 female 16, 18, 19, 20, 24, 28, 91 oyaji gyaru (man-girls) 149 girl 133, 178, 191 of language 16, 20, 23, 160, 166 Pak Yeol 193–194 male rejection of 90, 93 patriotism 52, 120–121 patriarchal 27, 90, 160, 165, 179 penmanship 136–137, 149 of yamamba 16, 21, 23, 28, 154n2 People of the Ataka Family, The (Yoshiya) 66 other references 5, 8, 23, 60, 161, performing arts 170–171, 186 male domination of 38, 180, 183 pregnancy 21, 26, 29n7, 50, 61 performance art 10, 177–178 press Western 36 bad girls in 4, 11 women’s artistic performance banned, body/media performance art 177, 180, 38–41 183–186 women’s artistic performance legalized, criticism of girls 67, 143–148, 153–154 39–40 depiction of schoolgirls 50–51, 54, see also dancers; geisha; musical 60, 61 instruments; Norico; ryl; theater failure to comprehend girls’ expression perversion 134–136 Abe Sada’s 83, 85, 86–87 influence on shkjo culture 67, 69, 75 normalized 88–89 promotion of brand goods 111, 115 220 INDEX press—continued as rebellion 75–76 recuperation of subcultures 5 in shkjo culture 68, 77, 144 representation of Filipinas 161, 163 women as impure 17, 18, 19 sensationalism 4, 11, 59, 82 see also virginity sexualization/commodification of girls 61, 133, 139 race other references 4, 59, 74, 108, 157n61 Japanese racial purity 144, 149, prostitutes 152–153 activists for rights of 180 racialized view of girls 143–145, black men and 152, 153, 154, 156 146–147, 148, 151, 154 comfort women 153, 162 racism 147, 151–152, 153, 156n38 Filipinas stereotyped as 6, 162, 164, theories of 147, 152, 155n19 168, 170 other references 178, 187–188, 191 geisha perceived as 33, 34, 37 Radway Janice 105 karayuki (China-bound) 162 rape shkgi (licensed prostitutes) 34 of Abe Sada 83–84, 94n6 prostitution fantasies 104, 105, 107 among actresses 40–41 ideology of pornography 102 among schoolgirls 55, 61, 145 in ladies’ comics 97, 99, 100, 101–102, economic causes 36, 61 104–105 enjo kksai (compensated dating) 114, 152 other references 55, 153 forced 39, 83–84, 92, 153, 162, 164 Robertson, Jennifer 68, 147, 152 government control of 38, 152 rorikon (Lolita complex) 149–150 in literature 54, 88 Russell, John 152 Prostitution Prevention Law of 1956 4, ryl (artistic guilds) 34, 42, 45, 46, 47n26 12n9, 37 racial purity and 152–153 sadism 83, 85, 91, 93, 102 recruitment for 99, 145 see also masochism; sadomasochism other references 9, 101, 106, 135 sadomasochism 2, 11, 89, 100, 103, 187 psychoanalysis 85–87 see also masochism; sadism Psychoanalytic Diagnosis of Abe Sada, The Saeki Junko 56 (Ktsuki) 85–87 Saigyk 118 purikura (print club) 130–139 Sakaguchi Ango 82, 89 eropuri (erotic print club) 133–136, 139 Sakamoto Mimei 105–106 graffiti 6, 9, 128, 131–133, 134, same-sex relationships see lesbian 136–139 relationships hkrapuri (horror print club) 132 Samura Hiroaki 151 kimopuri (creepy print club) 132 Sapir, David 127 kosupuri (costume play print club) 134 Sasaki Miho 130 okinipuri (thanks print club) 130 Sawada Tomoko 146 purikome (print club commentary) 138 schoolgirls rabupuri (love print club) 131 as animal/primitive 150–151, 156n37 yabapuri (repulsive print club) 126, good-girl norms for 50, 51–52, 53–54, 132, 139 61, 135 purity as icons of modernity 53, 54 feminine ideal of 50, 51, 65, 77, 144 leisure activities of 2, 8, 116, 130–131 male 27 in literature 54–58, 60–61 mocked in girls’ photography 135, 137 as national symbol 68, 151, 152 not implying sexual inexperience as privileged elite 49–50, 53–54, 192 74–77 sexualized 61, 128, 135 racial 52, 144, 149, 152–153 see also degenerate schoolgirls INDEX 221 schools Shopping Queen (Nakamura) 110, 117 control of girls 68, 71–72, 150 shrine maidens see miko Girls’ Higher School Order (1899) 49, snake 16, 25–27 50, 51 Somehow Crystal (Tanaka) 111 girls’ higher schools 49–50, 51, 52, 53, Sono Shion 150 61 Sontag, Susan 135 girls’ lower schools 62n16 Spears, Britney 77 Imperial Girls’ College (Teikoku Joshi STDs 58, 84, 85, 102 Gakuin) 54, 58 stereotypes see also degenerate schoolgirls; of Filipinas 6, 61, 162–163, 168, education; schoolgirls 169–170 Sei Shknagon 7, 192, 195n7 of girls 58, 65, 145, 185 Seishun (Oguri) 60 in language 12n4 Seitk (magazine) 192 of women 3, 97, 107 Sekine Hiroshi 90 other references 156n38, 176, 178 selfishness 11, 24, 27, 42, 121 Stormy Rose, The (Yoshiya) 72 self-mutilation 82 strength, female 16, 19, 20, 24, 27, 29n2 Sellek, Yoko 162 Structure of the Girl (Yamane) 149, 150 sexology 68, 83, 85, 87 Suicide Club (film) 150 sexuality suicide, double 62n11, 68, 92, 101 ambiguous sexuality of shkjo 67–68 Sumire Hoshino 58–59 Freudian analysis of Abe Sada’s 84–87 Suzuki, Michiko 75 globalization and 177–178 Suzuki Rumiko 113, 115–116, 119 norms of 68, 86, 131 swords represented in ladies’ comics 97, 102–108 imagery 75–76 other references 2, 7, 24, 27, 66, 74–77, in kabuki 41 144, 153 women and 10, 38 shamanism syphilis 58, 84, 85 Buddhist usurpation of female power, 19, 20 Tabaimo 145 female 18, 19, 26, 29n8, 150, 151 taboos shame 18, 23, 24, 44, 51 protecting men from women 18, 29n4 Shintk 20, 38, 151 other references 3, 6, 7, 10, 51–52, 104 Shirai Satomi 134 Takahashi Rumiko 151 shkjo (young girl) Takahashi Tetsu 85–87 as ambiguous figure 67–69 Tales of Degenerate Schoolgirls 60 compared to other girls’ cultures 144 Tanabe Seiko 66 in literature 67–78 Tanaka Noboru 90, 91, 93 manga 98–99 Tayama Katai 60 publishing 75–76 tayl (courtesans) 38, 40 studies of subculture 149–150 teachers other references 70, 149–150 arts 34, 39, 42, 44 shopping criticism of 139 badly 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 120–121, 191 status of 167 as leisure activity 9, 112 technology literature 110, 111, 118 girls’ use of and influence on 128, as self-actualization 121 130–131, 137, 138 tours 111, 115 other references 129, 151, 163, 177 virtuously 112, 113 theater see also brand goods; consumers; Abe Sada in 83, 88 consumption development of 38–40 222 INDEX theater—continued in fashion and design 67, 100, 101 Takarazuka 66 in girls’ culture 53, 144 see also bunraku; kabuki; noh in language 71, 166–167 Todd, Rebecca 28 in relationships 52, 56, 154n3, 167 Tokuda Shlsei 66 other references 52, 72, 117, 118, Tokugawa (Edo) period 148, 151 Confucian social control 38, 41 Wicke, Jennifer 106 restrictions on women 7, 8–9, 191 Williams, Linda 98, 104 other references 43, 52, 82 Willis, Ellen 107 Tokyo High School Girl Uniform Fieldbook, Wilson, Elizabeth 19, 26–27 The (Mori) 148, 150, 156n37 women Transmigration (Morita) 76 career woman 112–117, 119, 120, 121, 122 Trinh, T. Minh-ha 177 childless 42 True Story of Abe Sada, The (film) 90–92 new housewife orientation 121–122 Tsushima Ylko 28 old 21–22 Two Virgins in the Attic (Yoshiya) 66, 67, in public sectors 8, 61, 139, 178 69–77 social roles 1, 42–43, 50, 51, 53, 61, 121, 162 Ueno Chizuko 119–121 see also economic independence; good wife, wise mother violence work 69, 116, 121–122, 159, 162, 163–164 domestic 168, 169 see also Equal Employment Opportunity in ladies’ comics 7, 97, 100–101, 103, Law 104, 107 working class 69, 144, 191 other references 4, 145, 178 Wright, Diana 9 virginity patriarchal oversight of 58, 60 yamamba (mountain witch) prerequisite for marriage 59, 84 in noh theater, 30n17, 144 racial purity and 52, 144, 149, origins 21–22 152–153, 157n52 power 16, 21, 23, 28 as Western doctrine 52 term for contemporary girls’ subculture see also purity 143–144, 145, 146, 148, 153–154, Viswanathan, Meera 22 154n2 other references 6, 10, 22, 25 war Yamane Kazuma 149, 150–151 Pacific War 152, 153 Yamawaki Fusako 43 performance art critique of 184, 187 Yanagita Kunio 149, 151 response to 90–91, 93 yomi (underworld) 16–17, 18, 20, 23 Russo-Japanese 50, 53, 60 Yosano Akiko 30n31, 43 Sino-Japanese 50, 51 Yoshida Kichizk 81–82, 83, 84, 90–93 World War II 72, 162, 164, 187 Yoshiya Nobuko Watanabe Jun’ichi 90, 92–93 gender theory 75–76 Watanabe Yayoi 10, 96, 99–102 relationship with Monma Chiyo 65–66 weakness salary 9, 67 attributed to women 23, 27 travels 72 of Japanese nation 51–52 Western influence 67 Western influence other references 2, 6, 67, 71 in architecture 67, 72, 73 in arts and literature 36, 66, 180, 186 Zonana, Joyce 37