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Bangladeshi Diaspora in Peninsular Malaysia Organizational Structure, Survival Strategies and Networks

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Bangladeshi Diaspora in Peninsular Malaysia Organizational Structure, Survival Strategies and Networks Bangladeshi Diaspora in Peninsular Malaysia Organizational Structure, Survival Strategies and Networks Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn vorgelegt von Nayeem Sultana aus Brahmmanbaria, Bangladesch Bonn, 2008 Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Zusammensetzung der Prüfungskommission: 1. Professor Dr. Stephan Conermann (Vorsitzende/Vorsitzender) 2. Professor Dr. Solvay Gerke (Betreuerin/Betreuer und Gutachterin/Gutachter) 3. Professor Dr. Hans-Dieter Evers (Gutachterin/Gutachter) 4. Professor Dr. Eckart Ehlers (weiteres prüfungsberechtigtes Mitglied) Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 24 June 2008 Diese Dissertation ist auf dem Hochschulschriftenserver der ULB Bonn http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/diss_online elektronisch publiziert. ii Zusammenfassung Einleitung: Im Zeitalter der Globalisierung ist die Mobilität und Ansiedlung von Menschen jenseits ihres Heimatlandes bei gleichzeitiger Beibehaltung ihrer transnationalen Kontakte (aufgrund ihrer mehrdimensionalen gesellschaftlichen Verankerung) eine verbreitete Realität. Wenn wir uns in diesem Kontext auf die UN Daten beziehen, stellen wir fest, dass 2005 geschätzte 191 Mio Menschen bzw. 3 % der Weltbevölkerung als Migrant/inn/en außerhalb ihres Heimatlandes lebten.1 Die vorgelegte Dissertation wird nicht die Frage beantworten, warum Menschen auswandern. Vielmehr wird sie untersuchen, wie diese Migrant/inn/en in der Fremde überleben und wie sie verschiedene Strategien entwickeln, um ihre Ziele zu Gunsten einer höheren sozioökonomischen und kulturellen Mobilität zu verwirklichen. Wie in anderen Einwanderungsgebieten ist die internationale Arbeits-Migration sowie die Aufnahme von transnationalen Aktivitäten für die Bangladeschi überaus üblich und wird infolgedessen in unserer Studie als alltägliche Realität bestätigt. Daher zielt die vorliegende Arbeit darauf ab, Organisationsstrukturen, Vernetzungsformen und Überlebensstrategien der Bangladescher Migrant/inn/en in Malaysia (welche dort zunächst als temporäre Gastarbeiter ankommen und dann versuchen, sich im Gastland zu integrieren) zu erforschen. Dabei werden ihre in der Gesellschaft verankerten Wirklichkeiten ebenfalls berücksichtigt. Da sich die besagten Wirklichkeiten als Regelwerk der Bewältigungsstrategien der Migrant/inn/en herausstellten, wurde während des Feldaufenthaltes der Fokus auf diese gerichtet. Problemstellung: Am Beispiel der Halbinsel Malaysia zeigte sich, dass die untersuchten Personen verschiede Formen transnationaler Aktivität betreiben. Um sich an das Gastland anzupassen und eine höhere sozioökonomische und kulturelle Mobilität zu erzielen, initiieren Bangladescher Migrant/inn/en verschiedene Überlebensstrategien in den transnationalen Lebensräumen des Herkunfts- und Gastlandes. Die einzelnen Bewältigungsstrategien resultieren aus den 1 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPROSPECTS/Resources/334934-1199807908806/World.pdf, abgerufen am 21. Februar, 2008. iii mehrdimensional verankerten gesellschaftlichen Wirklichkeiten und stellen als solche ein Regelwerk dar. Unter dem Begriff ‚mehrdimensional eingebettete Wirklichkeiten’ werden einerseits die rechtlichen und institutionellen Konditionen verstanden, wie z.B. das Auswanderungsrecht des Herkunftslandes oder das Einwanderungsrecht des Gastlandes, und andererseits die sozialen Bindungen und Verantwortlichkeiten gegenüber der zurück gebliebenen Familie sowie die soziokulturellen Rahmenbedingungen im Gastland. Wenn es, wie vorausgesetzt, strenge Regeln gibt, die die Aufnahme von Migrant/inn/en (insbesondere ungelernter und angelernter Arbeiter) kontrollieren, wie schaffen es die Migrant/inn/en sich nichtsdestotrotz dort anzusiedeln? Und ist es möglich ausschließlich intra-ethnische Netzwerke zu pflegen und damit die als authentisch(e) wahrgenommenen Kulturen zu bewahren? Ist es für sie üblich, nach ein paar Jahren des Aufenthalts oder aber nachdem bessere Aufstiegsmöglichkeiten gefunden wurden, den Kontakt mit ihrem Heimatland zu reduzieren? Sind ihre internen Organisationsstrukturen im Gastland homogen, so wie es in vielen Beschreibung bezüglich der Organisationsstrukturen einer Diaspora bestätigt wird? Folglich müssen wir unseren Fokus nicht nur auf die Überlebensstrategien der Migrant/inn/en richten, sondern auch auf die Art ihrer Einbettung. In diesem Kontext ist es erwähnenswert, dass sich Migrant/inn/en nicht nur in ihrem sozioökonomischen, politischen, umweltbedingten und geographischen Hintergrund auf Makroebene stark unterscheiden, sondern dass es auch viele Variationen in der Migrationspolitik gibt, die die Bewegung der Menschen wie auch ihre Lebens- und Arbeitsbedingungen regulieren. Die Erforschung der Bewältigungsstrategien der Migrant/inn/en sowie ihre Art der Einbettung in die Gesellschaft des Gastlandes sind daher bedeutsam im Kontext der Entwicklung der Menschen, die internationale Migration als eine effektive Strategie der Grundlagensicherung sowie der vertikalen Mobilität betrachten. Zugleich sind diese Forschungstypen notwendig, um eine adäquate Migrationspolitik zu formulieren, die weder den Kontext der Globalisierung noch die sich stark unterscheidenden sozioökonomischen, politischen, geographischen und umweltbedingten Gegebenheiten der Einwanderer und ihrer sozialen Netzwerke ignoriert. Bangladesch ist derzeit laut der UN der weltweit sechstgrößte Exporteur von Arbeitskräften2. Während ausreichend Studien über die Organisationsstrukturen und Überlebensstrategien der 2 Development Prospects Group, World Bank http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPROSPECTS/Resources/334934-1199807908806/Top10.pdf, abgerufen am 16. April 2008. iv mexikanischen, indischen oder chinesischen Diaspora durchgeführt wurden, liegt nur eine sehr begrenzte Anzahl von Studien zur Diaspora der Bangladeschi vor. Die zentrale Forschungsfrage und die Zielsetzung meiner Studie lauten wie folgt: Zentrale Forschungsfrage: “Wie leben und überleben Menschen in einem fremden Land um ihren Ansprüchen zu genügen und was ist die daraus folgende Konsequenz im Kontext der Organisationsstrukturen der Bangladesischen Diaspora im Zeitalter der Globalisierung?” Zielsetzung der Studie: • Überprüfen von Migrationsgründen der Gastarbeiter • Ermitteln von Wirklichkeiten, in welche die Migrant/inn/en eingebettet sind und aufgrund welcher sie Bewältigungs- und Überlebensstrategien entwickeln. • Verifizieren der Vernetzungsrollen, -modi und -regulatoren für Diaspora Adaption und ihre Konsequenzen. • Analyse der Art der transnationalen Vernetzung und Aktivitäten der Migrant/inn/en, ihrer Interaktion mit Einheimischen und anderer Einwanderer und Einwanderinnen sowie die Beantwortung der Frage, wie soziale Netzwerke ihre begleitenden Überlebensstrategien widerspiegeln und die Organisationsstruktur ihrer Diaspora formen. Theoretischer Rahmen: Bei der Betrachtung von früheren Studien3 über Migration und Bewältigungsstrategien in der Diaspora fällt die weit verbreitete Annahme auf, dass soziale Netzwerke eine wichtige Rolle bei der Migrationsentscheidung und der Diasporaadaption spielen. Daher wurden die Vernetzungsarten, ihre Beiträge, Konsequenzen und gesellschaftlichen Wirklichkeiten (auf Mikro/Makroebene) während der Feldforschung genauestens geprüft, um 3 Massey 1987; Lomnitz 1988; Boyd 1989; Zhou 1992; Nina Glick Schiller et al. 1992; Katy Gardner 1995, 2006; Portes 1997; Glick Schiller et al. 2001, Bill Jordan et al. 2002; Peter Jackson et al. 2004; Dannecker 2003, 2005 usw. v herauszufinden, ob besagte Netzwerke eine unterstützende Funktion für die Migrant/inn/enbetreuung, Risikoreduzierung im Gastland, Übernahme von soziokulturellen und psychologischen Verantwortlichkeiten wie auch Kostenminimierung (des Auswanderns) haben. Neben diesen Aspekten wurde auch die Art der Vernetzung im Falle der Diasporaformierung und Integration der Einwanderer und Einwanderinnen in diese erforscht. Es hat den Anschein, dass die Integration nach Malaysia durch die anti-integrative Einwanderungspolitik des Gastlandes reguliert zu wird4. Um die Hypothese, dass die sozialen Netzwerke der Einwanderer eine wichtige Rolle bei der Diasporaadaption- und Integration spielen, zu überprüfen, wurden die Überlebensstrategien und Anpassungsmechanismen der Migrant/inn/en durch intensive Feldforschung und Interviews eingehend untersucht. Heimgekehrte Migrant/inn/en sowie die Familien, Freunde und Nachbarn von Gastarbeitern im Heimatland wurden ebenfalls mitberücksichtigt, um Hintergrundinformationen zu sammeln. Während der Feldforschung wurde herausgestellt, dass Migrant/inn/en mehr-dimensional verankerten Wirklichkeiten angehören. So sind sie zum Beispiel im Rahmen ihrer Gemeinde durch Blutsverwandtschaft5 und Heirat6 eingebunden und darüber hinaus durch imaginäre Bande mit ihren Freunden und Nachbarn. Die Bindungen unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich des sozialen Status, Geschlecht, Religion, Herkunftsgebiet, Ausbildungsgrad, rechtlichem Status, Arbeitsart, Ausgaben, Aufenthaltsdauer im Gastland sowie vielen weiteren Kriterien. Diese verschiedenen Beziehungsformen besitzen und verlangen verschiedene Formen von Verantwortung, Kohärenz, Konfliktaustragung und Konkurrenz, welche die Art der jeweiligen Vernetzung und Bewältigungsstrategie widerspiegeln. Auf dieselbe Art stehen sie neben ihrer informellen und ideologischen Einbettung auch unter dem Einfluss ihrer intra- und interethnischen Nachbarschaft, ihren Arbeitskolleg/inn/en, gutbetuchten und mächtigen Gastarbeiter/inn/en
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