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Lee's Mistake: Learning from the Decision to Order Pickett's Charge
Defense Number 54 A publication of the Center for Technology and National Security Policy A U G U S T 2 0 0 6 National Defense University Horizons Lee’s Mistake: Learning from the Decision to Order Pickett’s Charge by David C. Gompert and Richard L. Kugler I think that this is the strongest position on which Robert E. Lee is widely and rightly regarded as one of the fin- to fight a battle that I ever saw. est generals in history. Yet on July 3, 1863, the third day of the Battle — Winfield Scott Hancock, surveying his position of Gettysburg, he ordered a frontal assault across a mile of open field on Cemetery Ridge against the strong center of the Union line. The stunning Confederate It is my opinion that no 15,000 men ever arrayed defeat that ensued produced heavier casualties than Lee’s army could for battle can take that position. afford and abruptly ended its invasion of the North. That the Army of Northern Virginia could fight on for 2 more years after Gettysburg was — James Longstreet to Robert E. Lee, surveying a tribute to Lee’s abilities.1 While Lee’s disciples defended his decision Hancock’s position vigorously—they blamed James Longstreet, the corps commander in This is a desperate thing to attempt. charge of the attack, for desultory execution—historians and military — Richard Garnett to Lewis Armistead, analysts agree that it was a mistake. For whatever reason, Lee was reti- prior to Pickett’s Charge cent about his reasoning at the time and later.2 The fault is entirely my own. -
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GRADE 8 Brigadier General L ewis A. Armistead & GRADE 11 Major General Winfield Scott Hancock Best F riends and E nemies The life of Lewis Armistead was full of setbacks and disappointments. Before the Civil War, he: • Was forced to resign from West Point twice. Once was for hitting future Confederate General Jubal Early over the head with a dinner plate. The other time was due to an extensive illness. • Suffered from Erysipelas, but was successfully treated for this disease which destroyed skin tissue • Lost his first wife, Cecilia Lee Love, and his four-year old- daughter • Lost his family farm when it burned to the ground • Remarried, but lost his infant daughter. Then he lost his second wife in an epidemic of cholera — Lewis Armistead Biography Lewis Armistead met Winfield Scott Hancock, and his wife, Almira, for the General Lewis Armistead. From first time in 1844. The three became close friends, and Hancock and Battles and Armistead fought together in the Mexican War. The Mexican War became a Leaders III . “training ground” for many future Civil War generals. Hancock and Armistead stayed friends, despite the fact that Armistead went off to fight for the Confederacy and Hancock decided to stay with the Union. The decision to fight for the Confederacy was a difficult one for Armistead. Like Lee, he felt that his first duty was to protect his home state of Virginia. On the night of his departure, Armistead gave Hancock’s wife his prayer book with Trust In God And Fear Nothing inscribed inside, and he gave Hancock a new major’s uniform (Lewis Armistead Biography ). -
89.1963.1 Iron Brigade Commander Wayne County Marker Text Review Report 2/16/2015
89.1963.1 Iron Brigade Commander Wayne County Marker Text Review Report 2/16/2015 Marker Text One-quarter mile south of this marker is the home of General Solomon A. Meredith, Iron Brigade Commander at Gettysburg. Born in North Carolina, Meredith was an Indiana political leader and post-war Surveyor-General of Montana Territory. Report The Bureau placed this marker under review because its file lacked both primary and secondary documentation. IHB researchers were able to locate primary sources to support the claims made by the marker. The following report expands upon the marker points and addresses various omissions, including specifics about Meredith’s political service before and after the war. Solomon Meredith was born in Guilford County, North Carolina on May 29, 1810.1 By 1830, his family had relocated to Center Township, Wayne County, Indiana.2 Meredith soon turned to farming and raising stock; in the 1850s, he purchased property near Cambridge City, which became known as Oakland Farm, where he grew crops and raised award-winning cattle.3 Meredith also embarked on a varied political career. He served as a member of the Wayne County Whig convention in 1839.4 During this period, Meredith became concerned with state internal improvements: in the early 1840s, he supported the development of the Whitewater Canal, which terminated in Cambridge City.5 Voters next chose Meredith as their representative to the Indiana House of Representatives in 1846 and they reelected him to that position in 1847 and 1848.6 From 1849-1853, Meredith served -
PICKETT's CHARGE Gettysburg National Military Park STUDENT
PICKETT’S CHARGE I Gettysburg National Military Park STUDENT PROGRAM U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Pickett's Charge A Student Education Program at Gettysburg National Military Park TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1 How To Use This Booklet ••••..••.••...• 3 Section 2 Program Overview . • . • . • . • . 4 Section 3 Field Trip Day Procedures • • • . • • • . 5 Section 4 Essential Background and Activities . 6 A Causes ofthe American Civil War ••..•...... 7 ft The Battle ofGettysburg . • • • . • . 10 A Pi.ckett's Charge Vocabulary •............... 14 A Name Tags ••.. ... ...........• . •......... 15 A Election ofOfficers and Insignia ......•..•.. 15 A Assignm~t ofSoldier Identity •..••......... 17 A Flag-Making ............................. 22 ft Drill of the Company (Your Class) ........... 23 Section 5 Additional Background and Activities .••.. 24 Structure ofthe Confederate Army .......... 25 Confederate Leaders at Gettysburg ••.•••.••• 27 History of the 28th Virginia Regiment ....... 30 History of the 57th Virginia Regiment . .. .... 32 Infantry Soldier Equipment ................ 34 Civil War Weaponry . · · · · · · 35 Pre-Vtsit Discussion Questions . • . 37 11:me Line . 38 ... Section 6 B us A ct1vities ........................• 39 Soldier Pastimes . 39 Pickett's Charge Matching . ••.......•....... 43 Pickett's Charge Matching - Answer Key . 44 •• A .•. Section 7 P ost-V 1s1t ctivities .................... 45 Post-Visit Activity Ideas . • . • . • . • . 45 After Pickett's Charge . • • • • . • . 46 Key: ft = Essential Preparation for Trip 2 Section 1 How to Use This Booklet Your students will gain the most benefit from this program if they are prepared for their visit. The preparatory information and activities in this booklet are necessary because .. • students retain the most information when they are pre pared for the field trip, knowing what to expect, what is expected of them, and with some base of knowledge upon which the program ranger can build. -
Gettysburg: Three Days of Glory Study Guide
GETTYSBURG: THREE DAYS OF GLORY STUDY GUIDE CONFEDERATE AND UNION ORDERS OF BATTLE ABBREVIATIONS MILITARY RANK MG = Major General BG = Brigadier General Col = Colonel Ltc = Lieutenant Colonel Maj = Major Cpt = Captain Lt = Lieutenant Sgt = Sergeant CASUALTY DESIGNATION (w) = wounded (mw) = mortally wounded (k) = killed in action (c) = captured ARMY OF THE POTOMAC MG George G. Meade, Commanding GENERAL STAFF: (Selected Members) Chief of Staff: MG Daniel Butterfield Chief Quartermaster: BG Rufus Ingalls Chief of Artillery: BG Henry J. Hunt Medical Director: Maj Jonathan Letterman Chief of Engineers: BG Gouverneur K. Warren I CORPS MG John F. Reynolds (k) MG Abner Doubleday MG John Newton First Division - BG James S. Wadsworth 1st Brigade - BG Solomon Meredith (w) Col William W. Robinson 2nd Brigade - BG Lysander Cutler Second Division - BG John C. Robinson 1st Brigade - BG Gabriel R. Paul (w), Col Samuel H. Leonard (w), Col Adrian R. Root (w&c), Col Richard Coulter (w), Col Peter Lyle, Col Richard Coulter 2nd Brigade - BG Henry Baxter Third Division - MG Abner Doubleday, BG Thomas A. Rowley Gettysburg: Three Days of Glory Study Guide Page 1 1st Brigade - Col Chapman Biddle, BG Thomas A. Rowley, Col Chapman Biddle 2nd Brigade - Col Roy Stone (w), Col Langhorne Wister (w). Col Edmund L. Dana 3rd Brigade - BG George J. Stannard (w), Col Francis V. Randall Artillery Brigade - Col Charles S. Wainwright II CORPS MG Winfield S. Hancock (w) BG John Gibbon BG William Hays First Division - BG John C. Caldwell 1st Brigade - Col Edward E. Cross (mw), Col H. Boyd McKeen 2nd Brigade - Col Patrick Kelly 3rd Brigade - BG Samuel K. -
Digitizing and Transcribing the Blanchard Brothers’ Civil War Letters
DIGITIZING AND TRANSCRIBING THE BLANCHARD BROTHERS’ CIVIL WAR LETTERS Katherine Ann Vallaire B.A., California State University, Chico, 2005 PROJECT Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTERS OF ARTS in HISTORY (Public History) at CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO SPRING 2011 © 2011 Katherine Ann Vallaire ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii DIGITIZING AND TRANSCRIBING THE BLANCHARD BROTHERS’ CIVIL WAR LETTERS A Project by Katherine Ann Vallaire Approved by: ______________________________________, Committee Chair Lee Simpson, PhD ______________________________________, Second Reader Patrick Ettinger, PhD ______________________ Date iii Student: Katherine Ann Vallaire I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this project is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to be awarded for the project. _________________________, Department Chair ___________________ Aaron Cohen, PhD Date Department of History iv Abstract of DIGITIZING AND TRANSCRIBING THE BLANCHARD BROTHERS’ CIVIL WAR LETTERS by Katherine Ann Vallaire Franklin and Eli Blanchard of Farmington, Michigan enlisted in Company K of the 24th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment to serve the Union during the Civil War. One hundred and fifty of their letters from when they were serving are located at the California Department of Parks and Recreation State Museum Resource Center. This thesis contains a history of the Blanchards and of the 24th Michigan regiment, a review of epistolary customs used during the time, and an overview of the methods used to transcribe and digitize the letters. The appendix includes the transcriptions in chronological arrangement with a few annotations for historical context. , Committee Chair Lee Simpson ______________________ Date v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Curators Jena Peterson and Anne Fry at the Department of Parks and Recreation State Museum Resource Center for providing me the opportunity to explore and handle this collection. -
Course Reader
Course Reader Gettysburg: History and Memory Professor Allen Guelzo The content of this reader is only for educational use in conjunction with the Gilder Lehrman Institute’s Teacher Seminar Program. Any unauthorized use, such as distributing, copying, modifying, displaying, transmitting, or reprinting, is strictly prohibited. GETTYSBURG in HISTORY and MEMORY DOCUMENTS and PAPERS A.R. Boteler, “Stonewall Jackson In Campaign Of 1862,” Southern Historical Society Papers 40 (September 1915) The Situation James Longstreet, “Lee in Pennsylvania,” in Annals of the War (Philadelphia, 1879) 1863 “Letter from Major-General Henry Heth,” SHSP 4 (September 1877) Lee to Jefferson Davis (June 10, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt 3) Richard Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction: Personal Experiences of the Late War (Edinburgh, 1879) John S. Robson, How a One-Legged Rebel Lives: Reminiscences of the Civil War (Durham, NC, 1898) George H. Washburn, A Complete Military History and Record of the 108th Regiment N.Y. Vols., from 1862 to 1894 (Rochester, 1894) Thomas Hyde, Following the Greek Cross, or Memories of the Sixth Army Corps (Boston, 1894) Spencer Glasgow Welch to Cordelia Strother Welch (August 18, 1862), in A Confederate Surgeon’s Letters to His Wife (New York, 1911) The Armies The Road to Richmond: Civil War Memoirs of Major Abner R. Small of the Sixteenth Maine Volunteers, ed. H.A. Small (Berkeley, 1939) Mrs. Arabella M. Willson, Disaster, Struggle, Triumph: The Adventures of 1000 “Boys in Blue,” from August, 1862, until June, 1865 (Albany, 1870) John H. Rhodes, The History of Battery B, First Regiment Rhode Island Light Artillery, in the War to Preserve the Union (Providence, 1894) A Gallant Captain of the Civil War: Being the Record of the Extraordinary Adventures of Frederick Otto Baron von Fritsch, ed. -
Civil War Leadership and Mexican War Experience
Civil War Book Review Winter 2008 Article 10 Civil War Leadership and Mexican War Experience Richard Bruce Winders Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cwbr Recommended Citation Winders, Richard Bruce (2008) "Civil War Leadership and Mexican War Experience," Civil War Book Review: Vol. 10 : Iss. 1 . Available at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cwbr/vol10/iss1/10 Winders: Civil War Leadership and Mexican War Experience Review Winders, Richard Bruce Winter 2008 Dougherty, Kevin Civil War Leadership and Mexican War Experience. University Press of Mississippi, $50.00 hardcover ISBN 9781578069682 The Proving Ground for Civil War Leaders Historians have wondered what effect the Mexican War may have had on participants who later went on to lead the great armies of the Civil War. Kevin Doughertyù1983 West Point graduate, former army officer, and history instructor at the University of Southern Mississippiùis the first author to explore the connection in a book length treatment. He has produced a volume that some will find superficial and others will find groundbreaking. In a sense, Civil War Leadership and Mexican War Experience is both. The superficial characterization stems from the fact that the bulk of Dougherty's research comes from his mining secondary sources for accounts of Civil War generals' service in Mexico. These accounts were paired with events from the Civil War to demonstrate the existence of a connection with their respective past experiences in Mexico. These vignettes, presented as brief, concise nuggets of data that read like military briefing documents, comprise the body of the book. Readers new to Civil War literature will find the information new and exciting. -
Reign of Terror in West Kentucky?
REIGN OF TERROR IN WEST KENTUCKY? By Dieter C. Ullrich and Berry Craig During fifty-one days in the settlers immigrated to the Pur- tary Academy from 1835 to 1839 summer of 1864 a “reign of ter- chase from the South and many and graduated twenty-fourth ror” existed in Western Kentucky still communicated with family in out of a class of thirty-two. After under the military command of that section of the country. The graduation he was commissioned General Eleazar Arthur Paine, at region’s trade routes also pointed as a Second Lieutenant in the 1st least that is what historians and South and its economy relied Regiment of Infantry and sta- folklorists have written over the more heavily upon slavery than tioned at Fort Pleasant in Flori- past 150 years. However, new ev- other regions of Kentucky: the da. Though the Second Seminole General Elea- idence from contemporary doc- number of slaves in the Purchase War was in progress, Paine saw zar Arthur Paine uments provide a contradictory increased by over 40 percent only post duty, serving on the (1815-1882). LOC narrative to the story. Western in the decade prior to the war. staff of General Zachary Taylor. Kentucky, particularly The political landscape reflected On August 24, 1840, he submit- the seven counties these facts, and secessionist and ted his resignation, stating his in the far south- Southern Rights candidates over- father’s health was in decline and west known as whelmingly won seats in both he must return to Ohio to assist the Jackson state and national elections in with the family businesses. -
Gettysburg OOB Source
Gettysburg OOB Source: Gettysburg 1863 by Carl Smith (Copyright, Osprey Publishing Ltd, 1998) North Union Army of the Potomac (MG George G. Meade) 112,735 total, 95,799 engaged General HQ (Provost Marshal M. Patrick) 1528 Guards & Orderlies (Oneida NY Cav.) 42 93rd NY (detachments) 148 8th U.S. 401 2nd PA Cavalry 489 6th PA (cos. E & I) 81 Regular Cav. Det. From 1st, 2nd, 5th, and 6th U.S. 15 Signal Corps 51 Engineers (not present) ? 15th NY ? 50th NY ? U.S. Battalion of Engineers ? I Corps (MG John F. Reynolds) (MG Abner Doubleday) (MG John Newton) 12596 General HQ 1st Maine Cav. (Co. L) 57 B/121st PA 306 1st Division (BG James S. Wadsworth) 3860 1st (Iron) Brigade (BG Solomon Meredith) (Col. W.W. Robinson) 1829 2nd WI 302 6th WI 344 7th WI 364 19th IN 308 24th MI 496 2nd Brigade (BG Lysander Cutler) 2020 84th NY (14th Brooklyn Militia) 318 147th NY 380 76th NY 375 95th NY 241 56th PA 252 7th IN 437 2nd Division (BG John C. Robinson) 3027 1st Brigade (BG Gabriel R. Paul) 1829 94th NY 411 104th NY 309 11th PA 292 107th PA 255 16th ME 298 13th MA 284 2nd Brigade (MG Henry Baxter) 1198 12th MA 261 83rd NY (9th Militia) 215 97th NY 236 88th PA 274 90th PA 208 3rd Division (MG Abner Doubleday) (BG Thomas A. Rowley) 4711 Provost Guard 149th PA (Co. C) 60 1st Brigade (BG T. Rowley) (Col. Chapman Biddle) 1387 80th NY 287 121st PA 263 142nd PA 362 151st PA 467 2nd "Bucktail" Brigade (Col. -
2019 Fall Reunion
Audie Murphy (Born June 20, 1925 – Died May 28, 1971) Audie Murphy was born on June 20, 1925, in Kingston, Texas. He was the seventh child of twelve of Emmett Murphy and Jose Killian. His father abandoned his family when Audie was very young, and his mother died of pneumonia when he was a teenager. He worked many jobs throughout his youth, from picking cotton to working in a radio repair shop. However, his skill with a rifle helped feed his family. Audie Murphy always wanted to be a soldier. The U.S. Army accepted him in 1942 and sent him to Fort Meade for advanced infantry training. During training, he earned the Marksman and Expert Badges. In 1943, he began a military tour in the Mediterranean region, which took him from Morocco to Italy, where he was promoted to Staff Sergeant. During this time, he received the Bronze Star. Audie Murphy entered the European Theater in 1944, where he was part of the first wave of the Allied invasion in southern France. He had many kills and in one instance, stood on a flaming German tank and returned fire to enemy soldiers, killing or wounding fifty Germans. For those actions, he was awarded the Medal of Honor and eventually promoted to First Lieutenant. The United States also honored Audie Murphy with countless other medals for military service and heroism. In July 1945, Life Magazine depicted Audie Murphy as the “most decorated soldier.” A Hollywood producer took notice, which propelled him into acting. His film career spanned from 1948 to 1969, where he made more than forty films and one television show. -
"Simple Grandeur": the Creation of the Soldiers' National Cemetery At
“Simple Grandeur” The creation of the Soldiers’ National Cemetery at Gettysburg and the men who stepped forward to make their contribution. Rob Wingert, Licensed Battlefield Guide (Battles & Leaders) The rain had started by mid-morning, interspersed with claps of thunder and flashes of lightening. General John Imboden, in command of the 17 mile-long ambulance train filled with Lee’s wounded veterans, wrote on July 4th: “Shortly after noon of the 4th, the very windows of heaven seemed to have opened. The rain fell in blinding sheets; the meadows were soon overflowed, and the fences gave way before the raging streams.” 1 The two armies were gathered, licking their wounds after three days of horrific fighting. General Robert E. Lee had decided to begin his retreat from Gettysburg, hoping to reach the Potomac River before the Union forces of General George Meade could catch him on the northern side of the river with his back to an impassable, flooded body of water. The battle had lasted three days and with each day passing there were more wounded and dead. At the end of that fight, 7,000 dead lay on the fields surrounding the town of Gettysburg. An additional 3,000 would succumb to their wounds in the ensuing weeks and be listed on the rolls of the dead. Though Lee attempted to get 6,000 of his wounded back to Virginia, there were still over 20,000 wounded Union and Confederate soldiers remaining in scattered field hospitals in Adams County as well as churches, schools and private homes in Gettysburg.