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The Relation Between the Dutch and European Discourse on Migration Wageningen University - Department of Social Sciences Public Administration and Policy (PAP) The relation between the Dutch and European discourse on migration On the extent to which the Dutch hegemonic discourse on migration challenges or supports the harmonization of European migration policy via the proposed migration policy reform of the European Union August 2020 Master International Development Studies (MID) Politics and Governance of Development Jana Kerssies dr. A (Agatha) Siwale prof.dr.ir. CJAM (Katrien) Termeer PAP-80336 Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been successfully completed without the encouragement and assistance that I was fortunate to receive during the past six months. I would, above all, like to express my gratitude to my supervisor dr. Agatha Siwale for her valuable support, for all of the detailed and supportive feedback she wrote and for our joyful conservations. Her guidance was essential during the research and writing of this thesis, and I want to sincerely thank her for the critical insights that helped me strengthen the report. I would also want to thank prof.dr.ir. Katrien Termeer for accepting the role of second examiner and for the time she invested in reading and grading this thesis. Furthermore, I wish to thank my fellow students Laila and Senna for sharing their thesis experiences and for our fruitful discussions on the best methods, chapter formats and argument structures. I should like to finish off with a word of thanks to my housemates and Doron, who always offered a sympathetic ear or extended a helping hand during the tense time of finalizing the report while moving to a different city. My earnest thanks go to all of you. Abstract The migration crisis of Europe in 2015 exposed many deficiencies in the migration policy system of the European Union. The Member States of the European Union were unable to provide a harmonized response to the crisis at hand, as all prioritized their diverging national interests. In order to answer the many calls for policy reform, the European Commission released an Agenda on Migration that aimed at the construction of a common approach. However, the policy reform is yet to be completed. The recently appointed European Commission led by von der Leyen is, therefore, currently working on the development of a New Pact on Migration and Asylum that aspires to harmonize the European migration policy. Many studies have examined the factors that obstruct the harmonization of European migration policy, and most of them point towards the effects of national interests and politics on supranational negotiations. However, this strand of research directs limited attention to the role of discourse on the construction of a common and harmonized European response to migration. This study aimed to contribute to the literature on the factors that obstruct the harmonization of European migration policy by accounting for role that discourse plays in these processes. To exemplify the role of discourse in the harmonization of European migration policy, the research uncovered the Dutch hegemonic discourse on migration and established the extent to which that discourse challenges or supports the harmonization of European migration policy via the proposed policy reform of the European Union. It firstly deduced from the literature four discourses on migration that compete in the domain of migration politics: the security, liberal, humanitarian and economic discourse on migration. By examining the discourses reproduced by Dutch media, publics, and policy actors, this study then found that the security discourse on migration has achieved hegemony in the Netherlands. The analysis of the discourses adopted by the European actors that are currently involved with the development of the New Pact on Migration and Asylum exposed the ongoing discursive struggle within the European Union. The study then compared the Dutch hegemonic discourse on migration with the discourses of these various European actors and revealed that the discursive relation between the Netherlands and the European Union would be most supportive if the discourse of the European Commission is reflected dominantly in the finalized proposal for migration policy reform. The discursive relation would be most challenging if the proposal reflects the discourse of Vice President Schinas in ‘Promoting Our European Way of Life’ to the greatest extent. These findings indicate that discourse is an important factor that either challenges or supports the harmonization of European migration policy via the proposed policy reform of the European Union, and policymakers should take this role of discourse into consideration for the development of the New Pact on Migration and Asylum. Table of content ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................... 1 ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................... 1 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS OF DUTCH POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE SECOND CHAMBER ........................................ 3 CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT ........................................................................................................................................ 4 1.2 SOCIETAL AND SCIENTIFIC RELEVANCE ..................................................................................................................... 5 1.3 RESEARCH AIM AND QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................................ 6 1.3.1 Research aim and objectives ................................................................................................................. 6 1.3.2 Main research question and sub-questions .......................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 2 – THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND ANALYTICAL LENS .................................................................. 7 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 THEORIES ON DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................ 9 2.2.1 Theories on hegemony and framing ................................................................................................... 11 2.3 ANALYTICAL LENS: FOUR DISCOURSES ON MIGRATION AND THEIR FRAMES ................................................................... 13 2.3.1 Security discourse ................................................................................................................................ 14 2.3.2 Liberal discourse ................................................................................................................................. 16 2.3.3 Humanitarian discourse ...................................................................................................................... 18 2.3.4 Economic discourse ............................................................................................................................. 20 2.3.5 Relations between discourses ............................................................................................................. 22 2.4 A THEORY ON TWO-LEVEL GAMES ........................................................................................................................ 23 CHAPTER 3 – METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................... 24 3.1 UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS OF THE RESEARCH ....................................................................................................... 24 3.2 PRELIMINARY RESEARCH: AN ANALYTICAL LENS OF THE FOUR PREDEFINED DISCOURSES ON MIGRATION AND THEIR FRAMES ... 24 3.2.1 Data collection: selection of academic texts on the four discourses on migration ............................. 25 3.2.2 Data analysis: deductive literature study and inductive discourse analysis ........................................ 27 3.2.3 Scope and limitations .......................................................................................................................... 30 3.3 MEDIA DISCOURSE ON MIGRATION IN THE NETHERLANDS ........................................................................................ 30 3.3.1 Data collection: selection of newspapers and newspaper articles ...................................................... 30 3.3.2 Data analysis: discourse analysis of newspaper articles ..................................................................... 35 3.3.3 Scope and limitations .......................................................................................................................... 37 3.4 PUBLIC OPINION ON MIGRATION IN THE NETHERLANDS ............................................................................................ 38 3.4.1 Data collection: selection of surveys ..................................................................................................
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