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Combating Desertification Assessment, Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies

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Combating Desertification Assessment, Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies COMBATING DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT, ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES Edited by Donald Gabriels, Wim M. Cornelis, Murielle Eyletters and Patrick Hollebosch UNESCO Chair of Eremology, Ghent University, Belgium COMBATING DESERTIFICATION MONITORING, ADAPTATION AND RESTORATION STRATEGIES EDITED BY DONALD GABRIELS GHENT UNIVERSITY, BELGIUM WIM M. CORNELIS GHENT UNIVERSITY, BELGIUM MURIELLE EYLETTERS UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE BRUXELLES, BELGIUM PATRICK HOLLEBOSCH FPS FOREIGN AFFAIRS, FOREIGN TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION, BELGIUM UNESCO CHAIR OF EREMOLOGY BELGIAN DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION ISBN: 978-90-5989-271-2 Published jointly by UNESCO Chair of Eremology, Ghent University, Belgium, and Belgian Development Cooperation © 2008 by UNESCO Chair of Eremology, and Belgian Development Cooperation No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, pho- tocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without permission from the publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for the exclusive use by the purchased of the work. Printed in Belgium PREFACE Considering that the world’s drylands is home to more than 2 bil- lion people and being concerned that many drylands are subject to desertification as a result of extended droughts, climate change and human activities, new scientific challenges and opportunities for re- search and development have emerged. The recent scientific results need to be addressed in order to promote sustainable development through action plans for combating desertification. On Tuesday, January 22, 2008, Ghent University received the honour to be selected for the establishment of a UNESCO Chair of Eremology (science of drylands and desertification). The foundation of this UNESCO Chair was a result of a long- standing cooperation with and support to UNESCO of scientists from ICE (International Centre for Eremology) through a science dedicated (Flanders/Belgium) Trust Fund. Activities are carried out in UNESCO’s scientific programmes among which are mentioned the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), the Inter- national Hydrological Programme (IHP), and Man and Biosphere (MAB). Within MAB, the programme SUMAMAD (SUstainable MAnagement of MArginal Drylands), is focusing on improving land and water management in arid and semi arid areas, with a special attention to improve the livelihood of the populations living in these drylands. A second UNESCO/PHI/Flanders Trust Funds project is CAZA- LAC (Centro del Agua para Zonas Áridas y Semiáridas de América v Latina y El Caribe, located in La Serena, Chile) were attention is given to research and education in drylands. The UNESCO Chair for Eremology opens possibilities for in- ternational cooperation and projects related the actual problems of climate change, causes of desertification and land degradation, and means and ways to combat desertification. As a follow-up of the inauguration of the ‘UNESCO Chair on Er- emology’, the International Centre for Eremology (ICE) and the Bel- gian Expert Group on Desertification (Belgian Development Coop- eration) organized the ‘Conference on Desertification’ on 23 January 2008 at the Faculty of Bioscience Engineering of Ghent University, Belgium. The conference focused on recent research findings from the fol- lowing main topics: (1) desertification and climate, (2) methods for assessing and monitoring desertification, (3) combating desertifica- tion. The results were presented in 11 oral papers and 30 posters, the latter being given ample attention. More than one hundred par- ticipants attended the one-day conference and papers were selected for publication in the proceedings of that conference, printed with support of the Belgian Development cooperation. The organizers like to convey their thanks to UNESCO-Vlaan- deren, the Belgian Development Cooperation, and Ghent University with its Faculty of Bioscience Engineering. Donald Gabriels (chairholder Unesco Chair of Eremology, Ghent University) Wim Cornelis (International Center for Eremology, Ghent University) Murielle Eyletters (Université Libre de Bruxelles) Patrick Hollebosch (Belgian Development Cooperation) vi COMBATING DESERTIFICATION CONTENTS V PREFACE VII CONTENTS 1 THE BELGIAN DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AND THE PROBLEMS OF LAND DEGRADATION AND DESERTIFICATION Paul Avontroodt and Patrick Hollebosch 5 LINKING DROUGHT TO DESERTIFICATION IN AFRICAN DRYLANDS Leo Stroosnijder 16 DROUGHT MITIGATION THROUGH PREDICTION FOR AN ARID ZONE IN CHILE Koen Verbist, Guido Soto, Walter Baethgen and Donald Gabriels 23 ARIDITY AND EXTREME DROUGHT IN DOBROGEA, ROMANIA Cristian Paltineanu, Zoia Prefac and Marius Popescu 30 DESERTIFICATION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE AND CHANGING LAND USE IN MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENTS Ildefonso Pla Sentis 41 DESERTIFICATION RISK IN THE SOUTH OF MOLDAVIA, ROMANIA Enache Viorica, Simion Cristina, Donici Alina and Agatha Popescu 47 TRADITIONAL APPROACH AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF DESERTIFICATION INDICATORS Giuseppe Enne, Claudio Zucca, Veronica V.F. Colombo and Silvia Musinu 54 DETECTION OF LAND COVER CHANGES USING LANDSAT DATA IN THE ARID AREA OF YAZD-ARDAKAN BASIN, IRAN Mohammad Zare Ernani and Donald Gabriels 64 DESERTIFICATION IN JORDAN IN THE LIGHT OF PALEOSOLS AND PAST ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE Bernhard Lucke, Michael Schmidt and Rupert Bäumler vII 74 THE INFLUENCE OF SHORT-TERM LAND USE CHANGE ON SOIL EVOLUTION IN THE CENTRE-SOUTH COASTAL AREAS OF SARDINIA Gian Franco Capra, Stefania De Riso, Andrea Buondonno and Sergio Vacca 82 DESERTIFICATION AND RESILIENCE IN THE DENSELY POPULATED AND SEMI-ARID HIGHLANDS OF NORTHERN ETHIOPIA – EVIDENCE FROM PHOTO MONITORING WITH 140 YEARS INTERVAL J. Nyssen, R.N. Munro, J. Poesen, J. Moeyersons, A. Frankl, J. Deckers, Mitiku Haile and A.T. Grove 92 DEVELOPMENT OF A WEB-BASED GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR MONITORING AEOLIAN SOIL EROSION IN ARAL SEA Thomas Panagopoulos, Jorge Jesus, Dan Blumberg and Lea Orlovsky 100 ANALYZING THE EFFECTS OF PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH CARBONATES ON THE PREDICTED SOIL-WATER RETENTION CURVE Muhammed Khlosi, Wim M. Cornelis and Donald Gabriels 106 CONCEPT OF A SINGLE DEVICE FOR SIMULTANEOUS SIMULATION OF WIND AND WATER EROSION IN THE FIELD Wolfgang Fister and Reinhard-G. Schmidt 114 MEASURING SALTATION IMPACT WITH PIËZO-ELECTRIC AND ACOUSTIC SENSORS Piet Peters, Saskia Visser, Pieter Hazenberg, Scott VanPelt and Ted Zobeck 125 IMPACT OF DUST PROCESSES ON AIR QUALITY IN NIAMEY, NIGER, AND CONSEQUENCES ON HUMAN HEALTH Pierre Ozer 135 DUNE REHABILITATION USING A MECHANICAL FIXATION TECHNIQUE: EFFECT ON SEDIMENT FLUXES AND ON THE QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RECOVERY OF THE HERBACEOUS SOIL COVER A. D. Tidjani 1,2, K. J-M. Ambouta1 and C.-L.Bielders2 144 DESERTIFICATION AND CHANGES IN RIVER REGIME IN CENTRAL AFRICA: POSSIBLE WAYS TO PREVENTION AND REMEDIATION Jan Moeyersons and Philippe Trefois 157 DEFICIT IRRIGATION: MAXIMIZING THE OUTPUT OF EVERY DROP OF WATER IN DRY AREAS Sam Geerts and Dirk Raes viii COMBATING DESERTIFICATION 171 PRACTICALITIES OF PARTICIPATION: COMPARISON OF INSTITU- TIONAL CONDITIONS FOR PARTICIPATORY SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION RESEARCH BETWEEN CHINA AND BOTSWANA Rienk Geertsma and Leo Stroosnijder 181 GREEN BELT OF NOUAKCHOTT - REHABILITATION AND EXTENSION SUPPORT PROJECT Ph. Blerot, Ch. Berte and G. Coster 193 ISRAELI DESERT AQUACULTURE - A WINDOW FOR GLOBAL AQUACULTURE OPPORTUNITIES Samuel Appelbaum 201 MARGINE, THE OLIVE MILLS WASTE WATER AS AN ORGANIC AMENDMENT FOR CONTROLLING WIND EROSION IN SOUTHERN TUNISIA BY IMPROVING THE SOIL SURFACE STRUCTURE M. Abichou, M. Labiadh, D. Gabriels, W.M. Cornelis, B. Ben Rouina, H. Taamallah, H. Khatteli iX x COMBATING DESERTIFICATION THE BELGIAN DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AND THE PROBLEMS OF LAND DEGRADATION AND DESERTIFICATION PAUL AVONTROODT AND PATRICK HOLLEBOSCH FPS Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation, Belgium INTRODUCTION The Unesco Chair on Eremology, inaugurated on 22 January 2008, chaired by Prof. Donald Gabriels and hosted at the ICE (International Center for Eremology), is not only putting Ghent University on the map of combating desertification, but also the entire Belgian community of scientists working in this complex field of science. Desertification and land degradation are environmental and human-induced processes, affecting a large part of the Earth’s sur- face, certainly the poorest parts of our planet. Desertification ranks amongst the greatest environmental challenges today and is a major impediment to meet the MDG’s (Millennium Development Goals) and basic human needs in arid and semi-arid regions. Drought and desertification are affecting the livelihood of 2 bil- lion people, 90% of which are living in developing countries. Half of the people living below the poverty-line is settled in drylands and de- pends highly on ecosystem services from arid and semi-arid nature. PARTICIPATION OF DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION (DGDC) IN THE MANAGEMENT AND EVALUATION The Belgian Development Cooperation has been concerned with the problem of land degradation and desertification even before the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED, 1992). Traditionally, land degradation has been inclu- ded in the agricultural bilateral projects and programs. Numerous 1 activities in agricultural research, e.g. in ICRISAT (International Crops
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