Housing Finance in Kampala, Uganda: to Borrow Or Not to Borrow

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Housing Finance in Kampala, Uganda: to Borrow Or Not to Borrow Housing Finance in Kampala, Uganda: To Borrow or Not to Borrow ANNIKA NILSSON Doctoral Thesis Stockholm, Sweden 2017 KTH Centre for Banking and Finance Dept. of Real Estate and Construction Management TRITA FOB-DT-2017:2 SE-100 44 Stockholm ISBN 978-91-85783-75-5 SWEDEN Akademisk avhandling som med tillstånd av Kungl Tekniska högskolan framlägges till offentlig granskning för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen i Fastigheter och byggande tisdagen den 28:e mars 2017 kl 13:00 i rum F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, Stockholm. © Annika Nilsson, februari 2017 Tryck: Universitetsservice US AB Abstract Housing is an important part of development processes and typically re- quires long-term finance. Without long-term financial instruments, it is difficult for households to smooth income over time by investing in housing. However, in developing countries the use of long-term loans is limited, particularly among the middle-class and lower income individuals. Most people in developing coun- tries build their houses incrementally over time without long-term loans. The limited use of long-term loans is generally seen as a symptom of market failures and policy distortions. This thesis empirically explores constraints to increase housing loans and factors that determinate the demand for different types of loans for investment in land and residential housing. The study is conducted in Kampala, the capital of Uganda. The thesis looks at supply and demand of loans. Most of the data on the supply side is collected through interviews and literature studies. The demand side is investigated through questionnaires to household where data is collected in four surveys targeting different household groups. The findings indicate that in the context of Kampala, there are factors affecting the demand for housing loans that have not previously been fully ex- plored. The surveys on the demand for housing loans among middle income groups suggest that a main reason for not taking a long-term loan is not lim- ited access but the risk of losing the property due to the foreclosure process in case the borrowers fail to pay back the loan on time. Therefore they prefer to take short-term loans, so called salary loans that are not secured on their prop- erty, even though they are more expensive than a loan secured on their formal land ownership. The findings from the informal settlements show that the low demand for loans is more dependent on affordability and the short maturity of credits that they can access. Other findings are more in line with earlier international studies, such as inefficient land administration as a constraint for formalizing land and using land as security. The distribution of land rights and the system of land administration and management requires upgrading of land policies and their impacts. Information asymmetries also undermine the iden- tification and credit rating of borrowers. Lack of long term funding is another constraint to increase long- term loans. A general conclusion that can be drawn from the findings is that those that need and can afford a loan for investment in land and/or housing prefer to take short-term loans instead of a larger long-term loan secured on their land. In doing so, they avoid exposing themselves to the risk of losing their land due to the foreclosure process in case they fail to pay back the loan disbursements on time. These findings contradict much of the concerns that both scholars and financial providers have expressed about households choice of loans. Even though there are obstacles on the supply side, understanding the demand side is very important. Sammanfattning Bostadsproduktion är en viktig faktor i utvecklingsprocesser och detta krä- ver vanligtvis långsiktig finansiering. Utan långsiktiga finansiella instrument för enskilt byggande är det särskilt svårt för hushåll att utjämna kostnaden för större bostadsinvesteringar över tid. I utvecklingsländer är det vanligtvis få som har tillgång till långfristiga lån, särskilt bland medelklassen och lägre inkomstgrupper. De flesta människor i utvecklingsländer bygger istället sina hus stegvis under en längre tid utan stöd av långfristiga lån. Att få har lång- fristiga lån kan ses som ett tecken på marknadsmisslyckanden och politiska snedvridningar. Denna avhandling undersöker vilka faktorer som begränsar utbudet av bo- stadslån samt efterfrågan på olika typer av lån för investering i bostadsfastig- heter (mark plus byggnader). Avhandlingen betraktar enskilt bostadbyggande och lånesituationen i Kam- pala, Ugandas huvudstad. Den belyser utbud av och efterfrågan på bostadslån för privatpersoner. Materialet på utbudssidan består av intervjuer och littera- turstudier. Efterfrågesidan har undersökts genom enkätstudier riktade till fyra olika inkomstgrupper. Resultaten indikerar att det finns faktorer som påverkar efterfrågan på bostadslån som inte tidigare varit helt uppmärksammade. De två undersök- ningarna bland medelinkomstgrupper tyder på att en huvudorsak till att inte ta ett långfristigt lån är inte begränsad till tillgång till sådana lån utan på risken att förlora fastigheten som utgör säkerhet för lånet ifall låntagaren inte kan betala tillbaka lånet i tid. Därför föredrar de flesta att ta kortfristiga lån, som inte är säkrade i deras egendom. Detta trots att de är dyrare än lån mot säkerhet i deras fastigheter. Resultaten från de två studier som gjorts i slumområden visar att efterfrågan på lån överhuvudtaget är liten vilket beror på höga räntor och den korta löptiden för krediter som de har tillgång till. Andra resultat är mer i linje med tidigare internationella studier, såsom ineffektiv och kostsam markadministration och fastighetsregistrering, vilket hindrar formalisering av rätten till fastigheten och dess användning som säkerhet. En allmän slutsats är att de som behöver och har råd med ett lån för in- vesteringar i mark och/eller bostad föredrar att ta kortfristiga lån i stället för ett större långfristigt lån säkrat i deras fastighet. På så sätt undviker man att utsätta sig för risken att förlora sin egendom på grund av en utmätningsprocess i fall man får svårigheter att betala tillbaka lånet i tid. Dessa resultat komplet- terar bilden av det som både forskare och finansiärer har uttryckt om hushålls val av lån. Så även om det finns hinder på utbudssidan, är det viktigt att också förstå problemen på efterfrågesidan. Acknowledgements First, and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor Professor Hans Lind who with invaluable guidance and helpful comments supported me throughout the pro- cess. His enthusiasm for my topic and tremendous expertise is very much appreci- ated. I would also like to thank my co-supervisors Professor Enrique Rodriguez and Hans Mattsson, for their revisions and advice. I am also very grateful to Dr. Stefan de Vylder for his comments on my whole work, and, to many other colleagues at the Centre for Banking and Finance and the Department of Real Estate and Construction Management. I would also like to thank all people I met in Kampala for sharing their views on the housing finance market. Firstly Pamela Hedstrom at IFC who gave me the best start I could get when she shared her views and introduced me to key persons in the mortgage market. All were very helpful and provided me with useful information and further contacts. To name a few; Dr. Anatoli Kamugisha, Vincent Agaba, Richard Oput, Rachel Musoke, Moses K. Kibringe, William. M. Walaga, Peter Sewagudde, Gloria Kunihira, Herbert Zake, Elisabeth N. Kabungo, Harriet. S. Kateregga, Allen A. Ayerbare, . , unfortunately I cannot mention everyone in this limited space. I am also deeply indebted to Centenary Bank that gave me permission to de- liver surveys in two of their branches in Kampala. Special thanks to goes to Viola Namukasa and Susan Itumba who distributed the surveys. Susan who not only assisted me at Centenary Bank but also guided me around in the Jomayi Estate. In handling the surveys in the slum areas, my warmest appreciation goes to Har- riet and her daughter Elisabeth. I am forever thankful to all that answered the questionnaires and shared their stories that I always will carry with me. Savings Banks Research Foundation also have my deepest appreciation for the support over the years. Byggnadsföreningen for support for studies at foreign in- stitutions and Helge Ax:son Johnsons Stiftelse for travel support. Nordic Africa Institute in Uppsala and INSEEC Business School in Paris for hosting me as a vis- iting researcher. Warmest thanks to Charlotte Lind for improving the English in the thesis. Lastly but not least, I am deeply indebted to my family – my parents Birgitta and Birger and my brother Rickard for your interest in my work and endless support. For that, you have all my gratitude and love. Stockholm, February 2017 Annika Nilsson Housing Finance in Kampala, Uganda: To Borrow or Not to Borrow ANNIKA NILSSON Doctoral Thesis Stockholm, Sweden 2017 KTH Centre for Banking and Finance Dept. of Real Estate and Construction Management TRITA FOB-DT-2017:2 SE-100 44 Stockholm ISBN 978-91-85783-75-5 SWEDEN Akademisk avhandling som med tillstånd av Kungl Tekniska högskolan framlägges till offentlig granskning för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen i Fastigheter och byggande tisdagen den 28:e mars 2017 kl 13:00 i rum F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, Stockholm. © Annika Nilsson, februari 2017 Tryck: Universitetsservice US AB Table of Contents List of Tables xi List of Figures xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background . 1 1.2 Basic framework . 4 1.3 Purpose, approach and research questions . 6 1.4 The choice of Uganda and Kampala . 7 1.5 Structure of the thesis . 9 2 Methods 11 2.1 The choice of data collection methods . 11 2.2 Analysis of data . 28 2.3 Reliability and validity . 28 3 Theories and earlier literature 31 3.1 The framework of financial repression . 31 3.2 Imperfect information and new institutional economics . 37 3.3 Intermediation of housing loans in the formal economy – crucial aspects 43 3.4 Intermediation of housing loans in the informal economy .
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