87,,I

Jauur-lueruqsruJlda.r ou su,\\ e.raqt 'aurrt ts-rU aqt J()C 'stueruqsrl(lElsa ssaursnq pue slrrerErruurr mau {c1 paqsrualclar uJrq s,ie,n1e peq {aqt tnq 'sellluntutuoJ ueqrnqns ot pue slrrurl .itrr Furpuedxa eqt Jo stJrlstrlo rqr ol sqof pue aldoad 3o trreurr.\onr rr{l {q patalclap ueaq peq ,{ltuetsuoJ spa-re Jarrur asaql 'tfrJtsrp sseursnq leJluJJ aqt ot tuarelpe ,{.lalerpaurur spooq.roqqFrau JO Jrroz lJrrul eqt.}o aurJlap IRrnlrruls u ',Seus palee^ar uorssardag tea-rt eqt Jo srstrt 1r;rr1t,(.l 3ucl1 aq1 rofeu ts.Iq sll tlq uorsuedxa ssaltuelar s.{tn aqt'ra,ra^roq '.s{)[.,6] eqt ig 'uB6I ssle^\ :6961 epP.M puz ra.,{e6 :tg6t tio11 :qZ,fOI u()rssrruruol uuld o8elqj) qr.rtorfi eJnlnJ a^rsseur eqt Jo.I uort)nJlsuol pue etlrtsa [EaJ ur luJru]S3,\rrr elenud pue )rlqnd areurpJool pue suJetted asn-puu1 adeqs ol se,r\ Suruueld ueqrn ro.] elor {rerur-rcl aqt terll os tuau,{o1dua pue uou -ulnclod ur sJsee-r:rur -Suruoafi:nq Surtepoturuol)e tueaur I48I .]o aJrJ olierrqt aql ra4ts fiurppnqa; 'lla^\ se apert lrpte-r pue rlesalorl^\ pue 'sucllJufllintutuor prIE uortel-rodsue.rl 'selr,\Jas lurrosJed pue SSeurs^tre go a8ue-r aplM B paJaJJo spq pup Suunt.tr'.gnuuru str ur peurs.rJ,\rp {tq8tq ueaq seq Luouorr eare oFerlq) eq.J. 'selr,\.rrs^ patr?lr.r pue ,{trnrlre .fiuuntre.Jnueru JO uors-uedxa snopuJrue-rt aqt uo paseq sB,\\ 1uau,{o1dtue prre uorlelndod ur qr,uo.r8 prcle-r stl '0U6I ,,(q 000'00!- puB '006I ur sqo[-Suunlre;nuuru petl o8urlq.J'0t]t ur uorlllur 009'00t, I € ,{q srural leraua8 eJoru rrr i.rr: pue'0161 rrl rrorllrut A'06ill ur uorllrru I 'gtgl ul 00093

pJtelal esua.Iap .{q paq-rosc,'' - re8zla;41 'I uqof puu ssre1l 'y cruIAJ .\\JU ltstot Jqt JO luJf-raci rr.

ruaudolaaa p o oqro qq&?aN 'PeJe JrIt{slIA{-pIu aql tII li:::' e :lleqrtll{ 'IrLryrJeW 'tEJ6 :r::- puD ffimotg uDtr,To{o4aw Io sr?l?Iod -roJrlu:) Surpeal .IO .,-rJlsod SuffiunqJ aql :oEnc?uIJ nI fiu?uuqd ssJursllg BruJO.lrle),, ruo.rl : : s.l?rrrJo.lrlP') Jo sJJlrenbpr: ; f J uroJJ l)JSeJrJUr sJlJhrr\ . ? Ug,Lc{VHl) -IapJOg Jql J() uorlr?urul ;rl:- - 'sauoz Sutssaro.td t.rodxa Lir' '-,. r24 ATOP THE URBAN HIERARCHY [' zone population and emplovment opportunities declined, as did real Chicago History: Threr estate values, and phvsical deterioration increased noticeabll'. In this Development context, the role of urban planning became not onll' the facilitation 'I-he of' overall rnetropolitan gr

new public and private ,,:. , 1950 to 1980 ancl, while the suburban population Ffrerv rapidly front 1950 to 1970, between 1970 and 1980 the entire metropolitan area be linked to expancling nr . . essentially stopped growing. Manuf-acturingjobs in the city of Chicago tial areas by an improrecl : , fell fronr a 1947 peak of 668,000 to 277,000 in 1982, the lowest tation, and suburban ir,, ... number since the l9th century. Suburban manufacturing employ- protected by a systen] of lc- "front ment picked up the slack for almost a generation, p;rou,ing by 3 15,000 Chicago's varcl." ::.-- reclaimed fbr reclelrti.r... jobs f rorn 1947 to the peak ,vear of' 1977. Since then region-rvide decline has set in; even the suburbs lost 32,000 manufacturing.jobs residential developmerlt: L, . The lrusiness exectrtir c. between 1977 ancl 1982 (Berry and Ctrtler 1976; Cutler l9B2; N{c- Plan of'Chicago wefe . Donald 1984). not the metropolis. N{anr oi r:.--' 'I'his new reality has precipitated a reexamination of' the basic industrial corporations 1r.., : assumptions of urban planning. No longer are land-use changes the n()t want the dirt. grirrrc. ..: only strategies and techniques used to zrccornrnodate grorvth. Nerv impinge on their honrc-r, debates and rnethods have centered on the issue of stinrulating citv Daniel Burnham, heacl (,: ., and metropolitan pclpulation and empklyment gr()wth by promoting known designer of.dort nt, " : business opportunities through financial support, education and of the Commercial (.lrih ...,, training, technical assistance, and other pr()grams. In the trerv lexicon center. 'fhis vision \r'uS tic.: of'"ecorxrmic development," land planning and development has lost be a retttarkably Su((r::r,:. policy position occupiecl so long in the city the prenrier public it for Despite vigorous b:rtrlr. ' : of-Daniel Burnhanr. Furthermore, the paramount political position and central area mantr 1.rt i . l held by the downtown c()rporate decision makers in the urban plan- other business interests ' : , ning process is being increasingly challenged by comntunity clevelop- trirrmphed. Downt()\\ r) r.:. . neighbor- ment organizations, particularly in the inner zone of city were eventually deveir,p. . : hoods. Consequently, new firrrns of' political and economic dated passengel telrrrir..,. - partnerships are being fbrged anrong a rvider varien' Michigan Avenue Briclg. : plo3,, eqr pue ,.alll{ rrFztr,{,, eqt dn pauado a8pr.rg anua.V ue8rqrrtrq -. eql :a^rrO -raIlq\,\ Ie^alrq aqr .]o uorlfnrtsrro) ateporuruolle ot Pater pue rrlqnd lo,{rar,IP.\ .rJ}r.'. : -olar sp.{r arnpord alesaloqlr Jqt islzrrrrurat ra.Suassed patup talJpru )llUoU())J pue lP.)l llllr: . -rlosuol pue 's8ulpllnq alu;o 's1red r

(loast"; a long and beautiful lakefront park rvas established; and a applied to many rrror-e > . . : vast arra)' of' street widening, bridges over the Chicago River, and {rom the city's center- t(.h. ,. other impntvements were initiated to reconstruct and secllre the 1942c, 1943; Mayer ancl \t , modern commercial core. Combined with new highways and fbrest The strategy of urban r.." : preserves designed to link the downtown to the spreading metropolis, federal programs that in,. . a total of nearly $300 million in public funds was spent in the two the interstate highwavs. !r.: : decades after 1909 to make the Chicago Plan a realitv (Chicago Plan downtown, rebuilding a t. Commission 1933; Nlayer and \!ade 1969; Walker 1950). ers, and further f'acilitarr:.- (lommercial Perhaps the most remarkable ;rspect of the Club's plan p;rowth (Weiss l98l). Br tl-rc . is that it contpletely ignor-ecl the inner zone of w

Halsted Street. Neighb

oE n t'tt1 Etttttuul L7,l 3 "ut f rl AH.)E\ N r28 ATOP THE URBAN HIERARCHY I land planning still had an important role to play, though no longer a third period of Chicago ;'.,:: preeminent role (Commercial Club of'Chicago 1984). should be approximatelr .: -Irue to tradition, however, the Clommercial Club's l9B4 plan con- visible until early in the I r - tinued to largely ignore the inner zone. The emergence of a porverful movement of' neighborhood-based advocacy and development organ- izations forced a change in the (lommercial Club's position by 1987. The Changing Structur Mayor Harold Washington's election in l9B3 and reelection in 1987, Economy his control of the Chicago City Council in 1986, and increased dominance in the Cook Count,v Democratic Party after his successful The rapid growth ol ( : reelection campaign, galvanized a new constituency for "balanced matched by that of'Anr ,,r:'.- growth," economic development policies designed to promote better Chicago's access to the (,:: jobs and housing fbr the inner zone (Citv of Chicago l9B4; N{ier, provided it with a ker cL, :. Moe, and Sherr l986). Black and Hispanic groups beczrme increas- Erie and Illinois-N'lichig.,:, ingly well orp;anized, often joining forces with workinp;-class and railroad construction. f .r. . .. middle-class white conrmunitl, organizations to oppose inner citv als and the export of finr-r -. "redlining" by financial institutions; to campaign for neighborhood mileage in the United Sr.,:.. lending through the Chicago Reinvestment Alliance; to block the transportation hub ancl t.:: - prospective money-losing and dorvntolvn-oriented \,!brld's Fair Initially, Chicago cler r. : through the Chicago 1992 Committee; and to support linkage pro- the lakes and railroaci-. grams and a variety of'other strategies to promote housing rehabili- serving local needs. .\ftc: tation and industrial and comrnercial development (NlcClor,v lg86; technology and busines. Metzger and Weiss l9BB; Squires et al. l9B7). manufiacturing center'. \c - During this period, the problems of-the inner zone had extended and remained prontirrr: to many suburban comnlunities, particularly in Cook County, u'hile packing, agricultural rn.r. :.. other parts of the outer ring, Inost notably DuPage Count,v, the North ufacture. Through thr .:.. Shore, and the area near O'Hare International Airport, continued to region also becarne a lc.i, ..; thrive economically. The suburban periphery was now ntore divided By the turn of the ccr.: .. than ever befirre between haves and have-nots, alonp; both class and Chicago's manuf-acttrr-in :,. racial lines. Economic development truly became a metr()politan-wide cago I'lan Comtnission 1','.- issue, ancl neighborhood organization and advocacy emerged as a The grorvth of manut.:- notable f'eature of regional politics and planning. War I. as fhctories sple.r(: . 'fhe eff'ect of all these initiatives is that both land planning and River, and as a larpJe ir, r I economic development planning in metrop()litan Chicilgo are slowly south side in the [,ake t ,, changing from ttre old downtolvn-suburban partnership to a three- manufacturing firnrs l)r-.,. -I'he way affair with greater participation by neighborhood orp;anizatiotrs process of decentr.r.. ., from a rlow greatlv expanded inner z()ne that includes nran.v older War II and resulted in ti..- suburbs. For the first time, there now exists the gentrine possibility outskirts and in strbrrri,- that targeted investment programs could actually benefit existing 1939). Iron and steel .rnr: . inner zone residents. Suctr an outcome would contrast sharply H,ith nant industries. n'hilc r.i.- pnst attempts at private-public rebuilding of these communities products advancecl u: r:. : through population displacernent and racial segregation. Since this period of industri:il clcr.. - pue qsrJJ Jarlrea JO aJJoJ Iro.^{ aql 'luaudola,rap lurJtsnpur gcl pouad slt{l JfuIS 'ucltle8ar8as p'.-,' 'srotles .. slqt Suunq uortrnpord tuelrodur se pe)ue,\pr? slrnpo-rd sellrunruruoJ esaql .IO :- . pallle pue 'slerruaqr 'luatudrnba lefr-rlfala allq^{ 'sarJtsnpur tueu qrr.lt ,{1d-reqs lsertuo) l)ln " -luop eql rueraq Surqsrlqnd pue Surluud pue Iaets pue uorJ '(OgOt Surtsrxa trleuaq ,{11enrrr' : " Moq)uoIAI :Lg6t repnfl :'ptql) orerr3 alrl sqrnqns ur pu€ slrrlstno ,{rrlrqrssod aurnua8 ee1 s1. i., s,.{1tl eqt uo stlrJtsrp lerJlsnpur JO uorteaJf eqt ur petlnseJ pue II rp.'11 raplo ,{ueru sapnl)ur lrrit -: plJo,ry\ go Suruur8aq aqt ol panurluor uortr?zrl€Jlualap.]o sserord aq1 suollezllle8ro pooqJoqL{r:r r . ',{1n lerluer eqt tuo{ JeqtJp.J atelol ot ue8aq sruru SurrnlreJnueur -eJJql e ot drqsraul-rccl r:, '6I6I rer.Iv'(1'7 arn8rg aas) uor8ar tarunlp.) aIeT eql rrr eprs rllnos ,{1.rro1s aie o8u.rrqJ rrrtrl, : s,,(1tr sts Jqt uo padola,rap xaldruclr Ieels pue uoJr a8rel e pue 'ra.rrg puu Burtrueld putsl rl]()(l .: . o8elq3 aqt.Jo seqruerq aqr 3uo1u pue tsa,n pea-rds serrot)p.J se '1 re,11 '3utit -:,- plro6 q8norqt pJrrurtuor o8errq3 ur -8ur-rntre3nuetu.]o qt,\\or8 "qJ c se pa8Jerua ,(rero.rpr: i',-:, '(OgOI app/y\ pue -raletr1 :ggOt lAoH :qZV6I rrorssrruruo:) tre14 o8er apr.{1,-uelrlodorlaur ts e rlr r' -' : -lql) 000'009 ,{puau prqleer peq serrtsnpur Sur,rnlregnrreur s,o8errq3 pue ssPIf, t{loq 3uo1e 'st{,'..-.1 ur pa,(olclua aldoad Jo requnu aqt ',rrntual aqt .]o urnt eqt {g papl^lp aJoru Mou se.r\ \.t):.. ',{rlsnpur laals puu uorr eq] ro.] Jetuer Surpual ts eurereq osle uor8ar ol panurluol'l-rodJry Iurr( .. 'aJntrp.Jn .. o8elq3 eql 'leor pue ero uorr .Io trodur aqt q8nclrqJ erro51 eqt '.(tuno3 a8u.1n(I -ueru aJntruJn] pup 'Frrrqlop s,uelu ',(raurqreu leJntlnlr8u '8ur1rzd allq^r ',{1uno3 loo3 rrr \i::" leau :,{rnluar q10Z ,{pea aqr q8norqt tuauruotd peureueJ pur? papuelxa puq euoz -rJrrrrr ] pouad stqt Surrnp pa8rarua sarJlsnpur IEJa^JS 'JaluJl Suunlre.Inueu Ieuorlpu e etue)aq o8ulq3 'uorlezrueFro ssatrrsnq pue ,(Solouqret :986t ,{ro13r1X) Juerudt -- 'speeu 'r: Ierrlsnpur ur sa8uer{l qtrm ',rp.AA II^ID aqr raUV l€rol .Surnras -IIIqPqJJ Sursnoq el()rr.r( ) rr: ol peluarro (lueruud ,{ruotrora ue qtlm 'speorler pue selel aql -ord a8elurl trodclns ot l', .: uodn luapuadap {tlr ler)reruruor e se padola,l,ap o8zrrq3 ',{11er1ru1 JIPC s,plJo A paluJr_r()-,i " 'luaurclclloAep lulrrsnpur slr Surrtreque raqlrnl pue qnq uorlelrodsuerl eqr Ilolq or :eluBrllY r'..:... roleru e,(trr aqr 8ur>1eu 'o-fierrqS peratua sal€ts palrull eqt ur a8ealru pooqroqqFrau ro.1 u.Hrrcll., ,{e.u1rer eqt Jo Jleq-euo ,{pea5 'strnpo-rd peqsruU 3o rrodxa aqt pue slu ,(ln rauur asoddo ot .[r,, -]' ,\{eJ -rral€ur pue JoqEI .;o 1-rodu! aqt patetrlrlp.J 'uortlnltsrrof peoJlreJ pue sselr-8ut>pom qtr\\ rr . puz erraruruor aIEI qtrm 3uo1e 'sleuel uu8rqrrl4l-srourllJ pue ar-rE -seJJ)ut JtueJeq sdtto.r,': - '.,' 'a8etue,rpe eql .IO luaudola^ep aqJ Jnuouo:ra {a1 R qlr.\r rr paprno-rd 'relhl :fB6t o8urtql ;,, '.- ue8rqrrlX eIeJ q8norqr apurt seIBT lear) aqt ot ssaJlu s,o8errq3 raDaQ atouo.rd ot pJirr:r.-.: 'etull leql ol dn p1-rtln aql uI {rrr a8rel raqto ,{ue 3o tuqt ,{q paqrluu peluzleq,, JoJ,{luanlni'.; '.: -un sEM ,{rnruar qr61 aqr Suunp o8errqS Jo qtmor8 prder aq1 In.lssJfJns srq reUP it.rr'4 pesPer)ul pue '9861 Lir ' lurouocg . '486I uI uollfalJe-r prrr -. . u4rlodorlat{ o8ucrq3 arp Jo ernlrnrlg Sur8uuqD aql '186I Lq uortrsod s.c1n1'1 ''-' -ue8ro tuaudola,\e p prrr ., -: P afue8.raurr :.; '{:nluar lngra,ttod Jo _ rslZ aqr ur ,(1rea Irrun rlqrsr^ -uor ueld ?86I s,qnl-1 ll'r-.: eq lou IILrl stplsar IIn] aqt 'apLr rea,{-gp e ,(laterurxordde aq plnoqs leqM.;o ree,{ qluaer.}q eqt ur ,{1tro sr Srrruueld o8elq3 3o pouad prlql

oE o tttl .utl E ututtoy 67,1 3 4 IH:)H\ )i - 130 ATOP THE URBAN HIERARCHY I'

Ckrman imnrigrants u'u> :... ern and easf ern Eurolte .,: South and immigranrs tr l9B4; Philpott l97B: Spc.,: exceeded 3 million. allcl .:. region's suburbs.

The impetus of'$':lrtinlc .

lacturing base in the re.tr. : the fbllowing three decricl.. manufhcturing that h:rcl l-,.- - system of expresswa\'s. r .: f south from Chicago's rcr 'l

N opened up new areas tr,t . -I-he devekrpment. cit\ ()r ( l Otl{are west limits and openecl t I :: InternatlonaL airport replaced Miclrvu. -. l ruI yvr v already developed :rrea ri^.,' commercial air traf'fic. B'. KEY T'O C'itrCAGO DISIRICTS busiest airport and arr in,r :' hub for the regioilarl ecor,, ' CBD Central buslness distrlct Cie OBR Outer business rlng tis 1985; Mayer ancl \\'.r, :. Lake 'Iable N North 4.1 shows the hi.r, : . S South Mlchlgan turing employment. :. WC West central \\'ith -- NW Northwest rnetropolitan population'."..1 FS Far south Southwest -l'he central-city r.c j., SW Southwest Suburba:-r share. persons by 1980, with { r:.. . city population f-ell br nrr,r'.- loss of l7 percent. In the ..,...

the city's black populati' : percent of the shrinkinr .'

population growth hits .^, . -

Hispanic population hur . decade, amounting to lJ : -.: c()nlmunity is roughlr +:l , - percent r'i.: and 7 Cuban..[-irt American countries. i: 600,000 by 1990, n'hich ,,, (kographic (iotrntl'. F igrre 1.1 Districts of'(look With these dernognrlrh. central-citv econonl\. \1,,: linrits in l9B2 was ar :r l, ,',..-.

century. I\y 1972, a nt:tioi,- . (}rorr in the suburbs. tl, .: . .sqJnqns seq luJru{oldrue Jfr,\Jas prrB IerlLreuu ul q]}\o-rr) aql ur ,ZL6I .{rnluat pelellueluol JIJ^\ sqof 8ur-rntrp.]nupur Jo ,ituoli:u e ig qlOa aql ur lurod raqlo iuu le uBqt lai\rl rr,\\ol ts ]e sR.\\ zg6l ur strrurl {tlJ .)qt urqtrrl tuaru,ioldura Frrrrnlrr.ynuBtr{ ..,(urouora ,{trr-lertuar eql ur a8rreqr .)rtse-rp u aruo) sr?rl s^e-:iueq: rrqclurForuap esJqt qtl^\ 'lelot ,0661 s,o8ulq.l Jo lur)rrd 0a aq plrlo,\\ rllrq^r .tq 000,009 qJeal cll palrelo'Id st uottulndocl ttuedsrH Jq.L 'serrtrntof uefrrrruv ,ueqnJ urlll-I Jeqto ruo-r.I Srrruror JJprrrtsLLreJ JL{t qtr.\\ ]uaf-racl 4 pue 'ue)rg ouand luarrad Z€ 'uufrxJl{ trreltad €f ,rlq8nor sl .rtrunurruo:) rruedsrpl s.o8errrl3 'Tetot s..itrr eqtJo lua:r.racl VI o)Furlunorue .al)e)ep tsBI eql ul 000'00L uEqt a.roru or pelqnop spq rrortzlndod :lruedsrg s.or3e.)rql tnq '0/61 elurs teq.f\atuos pJ,\\ols spq qtmor8 rrorlelnclod I)RIq.]o atr?r erl.I_'0B61 \q llrtot apr^u-,i1rr Furluuqs aqt.Io tuauad ,rrorllrru 0t Jo; petrrnolJu qlrqm Z.I o] rrortr?lndod s,llrr aql .luarlaclIlelq pa1cft-rt,{1-reau uorte.r8rru ru.lttsod,uuds JurRS Jql rrJ dl.io s^so{ e'086I pue 096l uaeMteq 000,009 rmr{r aroru,{q II"J uorrelndod,{trr -lPrluar atlJ'sqrnqns aqt ur pertsrol rrorllrru 7 rltrm'086I ,{q suosrad uorllrru 4 ot ,{1tq8r1s .nar8 uortelndod s,uor8ar aqJ_ .rreqs Atp-lertuar eql uPtp lalear.ii 'etIIIl ts-Ig Jtlt -I(U 'spM uorlelndocl uelrpdgrlaur aril.IO e.rBqs ueqrnqns eqt 'snsuel 046I aqt qtl,\\ .trrau,{Oldtua 8urln1 -)P.Jnueu prre rr()rtBlndod .]o su.relted rrrotslq eqr s,\{oqs I.t alqql '(tB6l pleuo0rr{ :6961 epE\\ pue ra,{ey41 :g86l sltao :u86I rrlln:):gz,ot -relln3 pue,i.r-rag) ,iurouora 1euor8e.r rql ]o.] qnq suorll?rrrrnruttr()f pue uor]el.rOdsur:rt tuutrodrur rrB pue tlcldJlp lsarsncl ,I,L6l .)rj.}B,rt s.pl-rom eql aru()leq peq a-rEF{,() ,{g rle ler)laruruo) Sur,uor8 Jqt teeur ot pasn rq tou plnol teqt er.rr: paclola,rep ,{pearle IIll uI 'Jpls lsa^\qlnos s^.{ltl eql tto tlorl-tty /e.npr1X parr:1dar t.rodlre '9q6I aq.L ttr I,tod-IIV llltlolleurettlJ areH.O pauad

I€I o8ottt1.> to|Euruuo14 AH)U\-H t. : r32 ATOP THE URBAN HIERARCHY

Table 4.1 Population and Manufacturing Employment in the 'lhble 4.2 Ernploynrenr \ Chicago SN,{SA, l g40-l 982 1 950- 1 980

Total Chicago City Balance of SMSA Population Agriculture 1940 4,569,643 3,396,909 1,172,935 1950 Mining 5,177,969 3,620,962 1,556,906 (lonstructi

picked tlp some of' the slack, but these.jobs have been concentrated The Central Business l either in the central business clistrict or in olrtlying suburban growrh nodes, and are often inaccessible to inner-city and minority 'Iable ..riients. The "Loop," Ohicag. . 4.2 illustrates the changing secr()ral distribution of employ- nomic anchor for the c:. . ment in the chicago metropolitan area since 1g50. Manufacturing, as functional center fol' g,,.,.' measured by enrployment shares, fell fl-om 3g percenr to 26 percent entertainment. Don-ntr )\., r ( of'the economic base betwee' lg50 and lg80 a.d is no longer the service activities, soliclitr:: largest sector. J-he service sector has trecome - the largest, g-r.r*ir.g and international businc.. from l7 percent to 27 percent of the local economy during the 30- vate planning - year span. for thi: .r: goals: expanding clort'nr,,',.. : fhis eco.omic transfbrmation has changed the nature and quality serving it f rom the elrt r', ., of emplovment fbr inner-zone residents and has produced new par_ borhoods. terns of clevelopment in the downt'wn core ancl sub'rban ring. In 'fhe establishrnenr lini: : the fbllowing secrions of this chaprer, we will explore the political two historical pcrio(l: ,,. : conflicts and planning responses that have occurred within the ditter- by Daniel Burnhanr's i'.' . ent areas of'the Chicago resion by exanrining the roles and actiyities The Burnham plan t.r. i.. , rql tuo{ Surrnlre.gnupru Jo lrxa eqt palerllllpl} ueld uruqurng eqI serlr^rt)R pue sJIoJ Jrlt ::: :' 'o8urrq3;o qnl3 Ierlraturuo3 aqt ro.y ueld 6061 s.tuequrng larueq iq -ra.]Jlp eql uqlrM pr.r.rn -]- - spM 'o8ullq3 rrr Suruuelcl o^u padzqs ts,rg aq1 go sporrad lcrrrotsrq lerrtrlod aql aroldxr III'.. -- ol peleil eq uer Og1; aql fo uorJelresard pue trrauqsrlqEtse aqJ u1 '8ut.t ueqJnqns prrr :. 'sp()()r{roq -led ,nau parnpo-rcl ser{ i,':,' -q8rau .{trr-rauur peqsrJanodrur eqt uroJ.} Sur.,rras .Jo luauqlporruJ tr ,{rrlenb pue erntuu eqt ir:- . -ard uaql pue tuarudola^ap pue ql.uor8 umolu.r\op Furprredxa :s1eo8 oml qlr,u. pardnrroard uaaq seq eare lertuer srql ro.I Suruueld aten -09 aql Suunp ,{ruorro.r: --' 'sseursnq -trd pue rrlqnd 'Lrntuel aqr rnoq8norq.I_ leuorleuJetur pue Surmor8 '1sa5re1 eqt Jui :, JoJ apou p sp uortrsod s,.{ln aqr Surz(;lpllos 'sallr,rrtlp afrnJas aql ra8uol ou sI Ieuorteu pue t)'.,, . 'tuetuurelJetue alerodrof Jo; elrs JrurJd e osle sr o8errq.t uMOJrrMOe tuauad gZ ol luauad \..- :. pue 'sseursnq 'lueurureno8 ro; Jalua) '09tj 'arnllnr 'arraruruof IpuorlfunJ se 'SuttntJPJnuEN I . : aqr IIJ.I{ sp sr pue pJJe uetrloclclrtaru JJrtuJ eqt JoJ Joqlue Jrruou -,{o1dua Jo uorlltqrJlSrp -:' -o)a aql sl '(egf) trr-rlsrp ssaursnq l€-rtuar s,o8errq3 ,,'doo1,, eq1 'SluapISeJ,{tFouru pull \-; -

qt.uor8 ueqrnqns 8ur \lur : ssaursng lJrrfsro l?Jlua) agl pateJlue)uol uaeq J.\cL{ . .

'luauruoJr,\ua llrnq aqr Surcleqs ul pue qt.f\(u8 lrruouora IIIA pue ,{;uag:ytr 'r1e1 'r-,r'.*' pue 1errs,{qd Furtelnunts ur sJolfe ate.rrrd pue rrlqnd snorre,\ Jo 'uot7o1n8o4 to snsuaS'snsua'1 :'.;1 086 t -096 I 009'Lgv 'rtotyo1n(o1J {o snsua.l'snsrre:) aqt lo ncaJnfl'a:rratuuro.;.}o trrarutrpcla6l 'r^'11 :a).tnol 006'66t 6'8gZ'g 0'z9fi'a 9'r r 9'z 8't 9g'z (sprresnoqt ur) luaurioldua letof 000'z9t 0'001 0'001 0'001 0'001 Irra:rad IPtoI 000'0zt (rtsnpul !"9 z'r pat.roda: tou 009'6gg I'V V'V 0'V 6'g luetIIuJaAoc L89,LLZ g'Lz 9'gz z'8r 6'9r salrAJJq v6tLZZ L'L 0'9 I'!' 9'V Jlelsa IeaJ pue JluPJnsur 'af uBurc vglrgl 6'91 0'9t t'vr 0'9 r aPerl Ilured I'9 ft't 6't I'V rpBrt alesaloqM 9'8 I'ft 9-'8 e'0 r sJrlrlrtn rrlqnd pue 299'960'V uorlplrunruurol' uorlel.todsue.rL 066'I I9't g',92 L'IT z'rs C'IC firrunlre.Jnu"htr 609'0Lg'7, z'v 8'r L'V 9't u()rllnJlsu()') 906'g9g'l I'0 I'0 I'0 I'0 Surur;,1 998'Zl I'I 9'0 9'0 L'0 6'0 a:nl1n:lr-rHy

086r 016 I 0961 096 I vsws Jo erueleg

086I-0961 'VSNS o8errqr eqt ur ,{rtsnpul {q sareqg trraur{oldurg z't- )lqr!J. eql ut luatu.ioldlr-l . t,g I o8nntlS.to/ Ettntunl4 .\H:)t{\ u l t34 AI()P THE, URBAN HIERARCHY t' urban core bv transforming the downto\\'n area into :r regional base River City developrnent \ for financial arrcl professional services. The sec-ond era \\'as influencecl gentrification strateg\ \r.l: by the Chicago Plan Commission's comprehensive efforts of the residential re-use of light i:. . -l-he 1940s. CBD sparvned by the Burnham Plan was redeveloped, and in the Printer's Row ancl Ri .. .I'he surrounding slum neighborh

o8n.try'1 n.[ E tttuunl 9gI rT AH]H\ H 1 r36 ATOP f-HE URBAN HIERARCHY Pi,;,

development efforts dtrriir- Table 4.3 Completed Commercial and Residential Development doubled in 1975 when D.,.. Projects and Annual Investment in Downtown Chicago, black, a white liberal, and :ri-. ,- 1979-1984 In 1979, black mobilizati, i bent successor, Michael Br-.,: Projects Investment (in millions) Mayor Byrne aligned herse i: ',,.

1979 ll $ 99.6 Party af ter her election, hor', c'. , 1980 L7 336.3 on issues relating to the cit'. 1981 26 466.5 A rnassive voter registrati, ,:. 1982 34 552.8 added 150,000 new ancl n. 1983 47 1,019.9 Congressman Harold \\.r:ir.: 1984 32 857.9 another machine candidat.. , Source: Mary K. Ludgin and Louis H. Masotti, Downtowrt Deuelopment: Chicago 1987- Daley, the son of'the firrnr.: : (Evanston: 1984 Northwestern Press, 1985), pp. 39, 42. primary. A record black t.r:. general election victorr r.,rc' i of-the "Chicago 2l Plan" in 1973, however, the full implementation paign was buttressed ltr ,:r- of a central-area strategy has been slowed by political conflict over status as the leading biarr, .:. downtown land use and development. The Daley coalition of machine with the links he forgecl '., : Democrats, trzrde unions, real estate developers, and dorvntown busi- neighborhoods such ars Hr,-:. : nessmen was unified by a common political platfbrm and economic critical to his success ( Ht ,i,. .: -h'.rr of'downtown redevelopment (Banfield l96l; Hirsch l9B3; Holli and l987; Kleppner 1985: . Green l9B4; Rakove 1975; Royko l97l). This coalition began to Washington's electior-r. .,. : dissolve amidst the neighborhood displacement and racial transition supporters to the cin c()Lri., .. that accompanied postwar urban renewal, thereby rveakening the opnlent and racial eqtritr. -.- machine's control over mLlnicipal government. planning consensus in C.hr'-., - Low-income and working class blacks and whites in the inner-zone nities adjacent to the C.BL) , : : neighborhoods of'the city firrmed the political base of the Chicago f'ear of gentrification anci :. Democratic machine during the 1950s, the beginning of the Daley -I'hese private planning plr)r'cr. , era (Allswang l986). constituencies \t'ere "demobilized" and since the "Chicago 2l I'1.rr. dissipated by the urban renewal programs of-the 1960s. N{any of'the Harold Washington's elert, : , 'I'he ethnic whites in the central area, with rising personal incomes and changing stnlctLlr.r , . mobilized by f-ears of'neighborhood racial transition, moved to the ther by the demise o1' tirc ; city's periphery and became the new electoral base of the Democratic corporate elite designecl u.. : political machine. Daley's vote among middle-class rvhites between boundaries of'the (,BD \, ..'. / 1955 and his last election in 197 5 gre\ from 38 percent to 7 4 percent. improvements proposecl l At the same time, the overall voter turnout in fclur uncontested recornmendations of- thr ,

Democratic mayoral primaries between 1959 and 1971 f'ell from 471, infrastructure for the clcr.. , 674 t<-t 375,219 (Allswang l986). the near south lakef r-ont 1.. ' The blacks, lorver-income ethnic whites, and the new groups of a community-basecl re>r.,: :'. Hispanics that were left in the central neighborhoods and ad-jacent neighborhood activists [(r r.,.-: areas became the target of community organizing and neighborhood process for the Fair- :rncl . :'-. -rseJ aruoJul-,!\ol .Io tueuaJeldslp lua^aJd pue rIE I eql Jo.] ssa)oJd pooqroqq8rau pue Surzrir:'_- : Srrruueld ,,u,uop-dot,, eql ol uolllsoddo asrer ol sJSl,\IlfE pooqJoqqFrau luarefpe pu€ spooqioqir,>.'- ,tq paurroJ sem 'dnor8 ,,{.rzronpe pue qrJPeseJ peseq-,{lluntutuol R go sdnor8 ,uau aqt pur ..:. ,aaprruruo:) oSerrq3 eq.I '(EB6l altrl-I) luor.Ielul qlnos reau ar{l 2661 iI4t rro ,,,{lrf eqt ultlll.\t {1t),, .t{au e l() luJtudole.\Jp Jqr -Io.} a-tnllnJlsuqul ulolJ IIaJ I[$l ptrr",,,-,, rrlqnd Sutpt.Lord {q ',,uEId 17, o8eltqj,, aql JO suolll?puetutuofeJ pelseluofun JnoJ Ul I-.,,-.:^' aq] uodn pllnq ot patdtualle ulrld eql uI pasoclclrd sluaulA'\oldrut 'luarrad VL ot tuar:ad it .-. 'p-Illml{lllos rrorlegodsuert ptlt? Ierlsl,qd aq.1. Ogl aql .}o salrepunoq ueaMleq salrqM ssltlf-elPI . .: allle ele-Iod:o:> aqf puedxa ol lool e se rIP..I aql ,IoJ ueld aqt pauFrsap lrlEJloruao aqt.]o ase(l ir. . s,o8errqJ) 'rIeC s,plro { AOGl pasodord aqr JO rs{turp eql ,{q raqt aql ol panou 'uorlrsrrl,n ':-- su,tr ul ra,nod arnlrnrts Sut8ueq) aql -rnl petq8ttq8tq n8erlql ;o pue sauro)ur Ieuoslad ri.: r . '(f 'le gOI le 'sarrnbg) uolllltso) Ierolrale s,uot8ttrqsP.M PIoreH eql .]o ,{uel,{.s0g6I Jr{] r, .' .]o aseq eql etu€)aq puE'patnporlul seM,,ueld 16 o8e-ltq3,, rql eluls pue (6pezrlrqouep,, J.rJ\.1 :i' ra.uod patzlntunff€ peq SlsaJalul asaql 'ssarcird Srnuueld alentrd ,{a1eq eqt Suruur-H:cl :,:: (luatuareldsrp Jo eql Ot Sseflp puu pue uollerqtrlua8 lO Jee.I lo lll?l o8errq3 aql Jo asBq Ir')n: . :stuor.I o U uo Suruueld umolumop pasoddo OgD aql ol luarelpe selllu auoz_rauur eqt ul sarlq -nruruol uIOr.] s^dnor8 poot{roqq8ltN 'o8errq3 uI snsuesuor Sutuueld ..., l,.J rr _- . u.\\olu^\op plo aqtJo eull)ep aql prlllu8rs ',(trnbe IEITPT pue luaurdrl aql Sulua{eam ,{qa-raqr ":-,. -le^ap urogleld P uo ,{1n aqt ol sralroddns pooqroqq8rau 3o Illunol uorlrsu"Jl [Er]eJ prrP trrf,Li;:-: slq .Io Iera^as Jo .{rolrtn aql Qrl.u 3uo1e 'uollrala s,uol8utqsr.14 ol ue8eq uorlrleof slr{J '(fgOI . _ sl^er1:986t rauddalY :Z,gOt pue rlloH :gg6t qls.rrH ii,... oqreruu') puu ,(1s,turo[ lpg6I uearo pue rlloH) ssarrns slq ol Il?]IlIrf uro3teld )rurouofa prrt ,;- '- se,u 'o8ellq) Jo ,{1tsra.,rtu11 aql reeu Ire.I ap{H su qrns spoot{roqq8rau -lsnq uMoJUMop pue 's,r:i, ': ur slereqll rllq.tt qrl!\ pu€ sttuedsrg qlrm pa8roJ eq slull aqr qlllv\ aurqJeu Jo uorlrleoJ \JIf (I : i Surpeal aql sP snlels 8rro1u ',{1tr aql uI uel)Itllod luapuadapur Ilelq re^o tJruuor lurrtrlod \c : : 'stEJfotua11 atlql{ Surrra;ap l,q passarllnq se,u u8ted s,uol3urqse.,14 uorletuauraldrur IInI Jr{t .:: l -rullf aSOqM 'uoldg pJEuJatJ uerrlqnclaU Je^() ,{-tolrt,r uollfale lereua8 Morreu slq ot uot8utqsP44 paqsnd lnournl llelq pro)a-I y 'Lrerurrd llle-Ilotueq gB6I eqt ut 'to,{eru Jaulro.} aql .}() uOS aql o3ottt73 :yuaut(o1a,uq leroLeru "{a1eq -lgq I pJerllrd iauroqll' S,JtelS i(tuno1 IooO 'aleptpuef aulqfetu Jeqloue puu aur,{g auef rano ,{rol]I^ ol uot8urqse6 ploreH uetussar8rto-1 6'l9g 6'6I0'I palladord 's11or aql ot srrlol ,(ltsotu pue Mau 000'0E I pappe lrelq 8'499 ,986I uee^uaq e^rrp uorlerlsriiar rato^ e^rsseu.I qllq^\ pu€ 616l v 9'99V 'Sursnoq rrlqnd pue 'artlod aql 'slooqrs ,(frl aqt ot Furtelal sanssl uo t'99t palEuaIIE 'JJ^JMotl 'uollfalJ Jaq Jel.]u ,{tre4 safupts laq qtIM sIlRIq PuP 9'66 $ )rtplJotueq aql JO suollfP.] aulqlettl qll^,\ Jlesraq peuFIIR aur,{g -ro,{e14 .aurLg (suor1lru ur) luautsanul euel .]o uorlfale aqt pus '.frpuelrg leeqlrtr\J 'rossellns luaq uI -runlur s,Leleo -'o leelap aql ol ,(a1 se,u uolluzlllqotu i)elq '646I 'a^rle^resuol )Iuqla ue puE 'leJaqII ellql\l. u 'Ilelq 'o8errq.l u.rrolu.4{oq[ rrr :::: ,(reurrd aerql perPJ ,{a1eq ueqM uI pelqnop e-slueuoddo E16l luaurdolanae :.g lnournl ratoA .s0t6l pul? s0g6l eql Suunp suo.I.]a tuaurdolanap Ipnuriri.

oEnttqS ?uruun1r1 Lgr "Lo.{ AH )HYX 1 -fHF, 138 AI-OP URBAN HIERARCHY r. 'rhe clents. effbrts of the comrnittee \\rere key as public fears gre\v yer's ascension will pt-ob.,' . over the large, rax-supported s,bsiclies being targeted to a shak' cultivated by Washingtolr. : \4brld's Fair that u'as projecting a budget deficit rvithout shorving clear- hood constituencies. rvhici^ : - civic benefits- I'olitical support fbr the firir clwindled, and it clied i' A proposal f

69l oEutnl1y .ut! Eutuunl4 r40 ATOP THE URBAN HIERARCHY however, will only intensifv patterns uneven development of in the Table 4.4 Location of \1. city. This was illustrated in l9B4 n,hen the School Board purchased t972-l 983 five townhouses in Dearborn Park to operate as a school fbr 30 to 55 students who lived in the Loop miclclle-class residential project. Tivelve blocks to the south, 139 students from the lon,-income Hilliard Homes public housing project attended school in eight dilapidated trailers. Chicngo, total The high level of neighborhood mobilization in Chicago during the Central business clistrict 1980s has altered the public-private dou,ntorvn coalition to such an Outer business ring extent that anv public spending targeted ro the central business North district must be packaged as a "partnership" that includes the citv's South low- and moderate-income residents. West Clentral Northwest Fhr south The Inner Zone Southwest Unclassifred

Since the industrial decentalization of the early 20th century, rhe Suhurban Cook, tf'this upheaval in the inner industrial and rvorking- south side highlight thc.. class zone has been harsh. Between 1972 and 1983, nearly 200,000 the home of three l:rrg. .: manufacturing jobs left the city, a decline of 4l percent. Trable 1.4 tional Harvester's \\-i:c ( l:'. -'' indicates that this drop was heaviest in the southern and \.{,estern 1980, Wisconsin Steel r..,,, sectors of'the city. In the same period, suburban Cook Countl' krst workersjobless. South \t, ' . over 50,000 manufacturing jobs. Again, Table 4.4 shows that the ment peak of' 15,000. h,,- suburban loss was most extreme in the collnty's southern and western have also reducecl the ',', : .: sectors because of-the presence of'older industrial suburbs such as survey found 22,151) pc:. :. (licero, Harvey, and Chicap;o Heights. and a massive unenrpi,,... ., The decline of'the steel industry, at one time an integral part of' 1-986; Markusen I !)Ertr the region's economic base, has been dranratic. -Betueen 1972 and Other industries in ti.. ... 1983, Cook Ciounty lost nearlv 27,000.jobs in prirnarl' metal inclus- in the lot'al antl tt.rti,,n.:, -rnd seulsnpuI o-rqseH I,861 rrI'.iruouo]a luuorterr prre lelol rrlt ur -snpur Ietau ,(reruucl rrr . 'fnr.'i-.: sa8rrerlr {q trnq uaJq osle a.\pq arroz -reurrr eqt ur SerJts^npur .rarlt() pue zL6I uaeMtag : '(qq$6l ues^n{relrj :986 I 3o lrzd ler8alur uB Jurrt r . o8errq3 Jo .itlC) ttrar-rad qg Jo Jtpr trraur,iolduraur eArSSpru u puts eprs lseaqtnos s.o8ellq3 uo pa,ioldruerrn suosrad 1gV'Z,A puno.],(arrns sE qfns sqJnqns lerrtslli).:: Z86l y'tue1d leers rrlqndag aqr tR arro.Ilro.\\ rqt pernpar oslp e^pq uJalSeM pue uJeqJnos S. \1.. '' s;3o{e1 ellq.t\'tno paseqd,illenper8 uaaq seq'000'ql .}o lead tuatu aql leql s.^ or{s }'I, JIClr.l -,{oldura II re6 plrot\-rsod e peq qlrq^r's1ro,1,1 qtnos 'ssalqof s-relro,u tsol Aluno.) IooD uPq,nt..' . -leets 00qg 8ur.tea1 'u,nop lnqs ,(1ldn.rqe sR,\{ IJaIS rrrsrrolsr1\ '086I uJalse.r puu uJeqtnos rl;. 'luauad uI 'slro^\ qlnos s,leals 'q'l puE 'leJls ursrrorsr^\ s.ralse^rBH Ir?uoll V'V elqe1- | | J. : -RUraluJ 'leats rrlqndaA-sllrur pater8atur a3:e1 aarql .]o rruoq aql 000'002 ,{Feau 'tB6l pir:' - ,{1-rau-ro1 sem rprs rseaqtnos at11 'sa8ueql aseql rqFrlqFrq aprs qtnos -8ur>1ro,tr pue lerJlsltprrr ,:'. s,o8errq.t rro sllrru Ieals {ldru1 'tuar:ad 0c ueqt J-roru .yo clorp e 'seut Sursnoq ueqJn ur sltlrrtl l e {q uo tq8noJq sJsri-) i;- . 'ft 'rl 'Z alqP.t 't t,-0[ -ultulp seq sualqo.rd ;r\-)... '.1.1 '8 alqeJ'uorlrpe 6461 :gl-6'clcl'; alqp.L'lt-91;'clcl'g alqp,1'rronrpr g-861 'FS/1,S aq.L 'panurluol a,ruq _i.i..' oiutry) )Ul ln ty(nl s'.trtl.t()ll .).trtl.ll ',\lr.nr.)Jq ltrarrr.iolclruq.I() tueurl-recle11 sI()tIIllJ :)).oto\ uollt?ururrJJsrp lurlE,r ]() .-: .: 9'tg- 910'66I' v}G'67,!. lPr(L -lH3 qtnos puB altsprr \\]--1 l aIe,\{ aq} uI ',{tn atlt.Jo i)','. G'Zg - I tu'l gl L'7, Paqrsssl)un asaqt;o ,{ueu petptse\Jir -: .: z'7,?, - LVg'7,2 L90'V8 qtn()q T'II- 16t'0t qgq'qL t{lroN Suunlre.3nueru ur do-rp :... -8urryo,n pup sur-lU h-rrr,rr'.: -' 0'lrz - I LL.8V 99t'99 lsJM - u'69 - zz9'0E 690'1,8 lsJ,rqtnoq uJJq sPq lJpJoq s.\tr) 11; I'OZ + 888'91 LIO,V9 tsJ^rqt-roN llIJlSIp SSaUrSnq IE-rtuJ--r . ' -, ( ( 2l ) )') 1 t Dq.nI q tI I 6'Lt - t90't rz 6LL't 6Z lul()l' aql 'Lrnluer qlgz .i1lce :.. . z'62- 90e r6a PrqrssEllufl g'ZV - uz9'-cz L8L,VY lsJA\r{l11oq 8'LV - r9z'92 LVg'8V qtn()s -tPd g',rg - I L!.'6(1, ggl'09 1Sa,\\q1.ION 9'LV - LE6'09 086'8q lB.rturJ lsaM g'9r 809'19 qlnos - 1t6'09 s,L1rl aql sapnllur tEr{t . :: . 8'89 t{1-roN - 6tu'If 8r!,'u9 sseursnq leJluef eqt ()t '. _ 0 t .3ur,r ssaursnq -ralno v'tL - 801't,9 6'18 uR qfns ol uollrleol rr \\, ,-.: .. g'ZE LZL,6 rzt'vr llrJlsrP ssaursnq IPltuJJ - aqt 8urlnp o8errq.) lrr '.r, .,' L'0v - z I0'u9z gZV'qEV 1u.t

chased the N{ilton Bradle,v Companr,. N{ilton Bradlev was the ou'ner of poverty in Ohicago. In r'.: of'a Playskool To,vs plant that had been a fixrure on Chicago's west three-fifths of the resiclen:. '., side fbr fifty years. Tivo weeks afler irs purchase of Bradler', Hasbro the unemployment l'atc '. ,. announcecl that it would ckrse the Plavskool plant, leaving 700 r'ork- lived in overcrcllvdecl h,,'..,. ers-two-thirds of whom \\ere black or Hispanic and rnanv of n'hom $6000 was the lon'est .t .:r.. were women-unemplo,ved. In 1980, the cin' of'Clhicago had spon- Park on the west siclc. -:l

sored a $l million Industrial Revenue Bond (IRB) ro finance rhe assassination of Rer'. \lar r:: . 'fhe plant's expansion. closing of the plant prompred the citl' to file a declined by 53 percent br . lawsuit against Hasbro/Bradley for breaching the IRB agreemenr. residents livecl belorv thc I f-he lawsuit was dropped in early l9B5 rvhen Hasbro agreed to keep rental housing stock \\.j- .: the plant rtrnning temporarih'and assist the laid-off workers rvirh.job addition, black workirrg-t,.,.. placement. Hon'ever, ferv of the Plavskool u'rlrkers were able to find investment in small busr.--. conrparable employment. The c;rse of'the Pla,vskool shutdorvn illus- with a minority popul.rri : trat.es the inability of local enrplovment sectors to absor-b ef-fectir,ell' percent of' the total hoLi-.: - manufacturing -job loss and the disproportionate impacts of trnem- accounting for nearlr Jt , : ::

ployment or) \\omen and minorities. Conflicts over lancl-ur. " The residential neighborhoods H'ithin the inner zone have been political conflict descnl,. . , harcl hit by industrial decline. Chicagci lost 5 percent of-its rental 'fhe displacement of 1,,,,. - ', ht-rusing stock, or 40,145 units, betu'een 1970 and 1980, and rnany postwar redevelopnrent ;,. .: other aging units not demolished or abandoned have fallen int<-r decav tial land in the inrrcr i' '. : and disrepair. In addition, an analy'sis of' 1982 mortgage lencling data segregation, land-Llse L(,i.: . 'li:lining by the National and Inlbrmation Center revealecl that the ulation that was clisprt .. . city of Chicago receivu-d clnlr, 23 percent of all conventional home residential racisnr. uncl : mortgages in the metropolitan area. the total dollar amount of cental city for the sul'rLr:; - housing lending activity in the cit1, f-ell by 73 percenr berrt'een 1980 rise public horrsing gh.r: . and 19u2. This lower an)ount \vas concentrated in areas adjacent to stretched for miles on tli. . the CBD at the expense of n,hite norking-c.lass and nrinoritl, neigh- st.rategy to resolve the r'.rr.,,. borhoods (National liaining and Inforr]rari()n Clenrer 1983). and Banfielcl lg55). Changes in the inner zone have had profiruncl implications for Community-based aclr,, ., blacks. The residential neighborhoods that surrounded cleclining zor'e during the l()bos .rr: . industrial districts became areas of rapid racial transition (Ilerrv and Areas Fcrundation. crc.rrr .

Cutler 1976; Berry 1979). Declining neighborhoods inherited bv sky, and the grassro(rti-, : ' blacks have promised little in the way of ernployment opportunities ment's "War on Rrret-t\ :l (Greenberg l9tl I ). An example of econornic decline on Chicago's $'est emerged as the rno,it ::-:'.. side is the empty International l{arvesrer factory. Sitting on a huge Daley machine when rt - 53-acre site, it once emplo,ved 14,000 u,orkers befbre closing in the the 1960s and earlr 197 - I late 1960s. ful of the "neighbot'h,,, ' . 'I-his As a result of these economic changes, areas of the citv's scluth and and subversive. h,'. ... west sides have become rvastelands of abandoned factories, burrred- communitv clrganizati, rr'.. , out housine, and ranrpant crinrinal violence (Brune and Camacho percentage of'the bl:rck ,. '. l9B3). f'hese neighborhoods hzrve the most extreme cor)centrations mayoral primaries fell ir' uoltfale eqJ, 'luaJrad ol urorJ serreurrd Jo 8I, luared 0g IIaJ 1ero,,(eu suolleJluefuoJ etuJ-Il\:) -. rrterlorure gl6l puz Eg6I aqt uaaMleq eto.\ Ilelq aqt lo a8etnauad oqfetuu) puu eunlgr :-..'- 'slrtrlod s,,{a1ug ro,l,etrq leJol)ala lelol otur suortezruz8lo ,ilrunruuot -pJuJnq 'sauol:reg pJrir if -.:. 'e,\rsre,\qns pe)ro.] aurq)etu peqluartua eql LuorJ ,\lrlrtsor{ slr{J puE ptle .;-_r qlnos s,.{lrl aql }o ^: ,{ressalauun sem tr SunlurqJ ,,'luJluJ.\our pooqJoqq8rau,, eqt .}o Itq -lsnrtsrp pue snorlrdsns se,n,{a1eq preqlrd 's0L61 ,rpea pue s0g6I aqt eq] ur Sursop eJolaq :.r.rv - uI suolllele pJleuruop puts pelloltuof 1r uaqA eurqfetu ,\rlBo .\.1()t IPlol a8nq 17 uo Furttr5 ,;.- . eqt ol e^rteurJtle pue uortrsoddo tuelgru8rs tsoru Jqt se pa8-raua 1sar,r s,o8ellq) uo euri.l.ri_ 'tloJ;a suorlr?zrue8ro pooqroqq8rau asaqJ ,,ilrero.1 uo Jp.M,, s,tuaur sarlrunlJoddo luaru iolrl .:.: -urano.8 leJapa.] orlt Jo suzr8ord petuarlo-stoorsser8 aqt pue ',{>1s Aq pelrJaqur spooq-r()(ii,- _ -ullv IneS lsrroaqt SurzrueS:o o8etrq3 ,lq patea-r) 'uorl€punoC seary ptte z(rrag) uortrsup-r1 p't ,:" qtrm Ierrlsnpul aql 3o rroddns eql s0l6I pue s0g6[ eqt Suunp euoz Sururpap papunoJ.nrs r:-.r. Jeuul aqt ur pJtr?JaJrlord suouezrue8ro .,t rero,rpe paseq-,tlruntutuo3 .t()l suorlertldur l)rnt(,i, , . '(gE6l plequPg pue '(gSOI .ratrrr') -r , .: uos;a.{ary :g8Ot qrsrrg) esn-puel oel eA{oSer ot ,,(Sarerls tlruuor Ier)er -q8rau ,{trrourtu pue sii'' - - s,aurqftsru orll S€,\{ 'apls r{lnos Jql uo salrru -lo.l paqftaJts lerrtrlod Ielol ol tuJfefpe seaJu ur p.rt;- :. : tuql sauo11 ro1Le1 traqod aqt se q)ns 'sorraq8 Sursnoq rrlqnd asu 086I uae,rteq tuar-rad -q8lq uortrnrtsuor rq-L '(6161 .{uag) sqrnqns 1. J() aqt roJ iln luluat .lo lunorue Jsllop letor :,- eqt adersa ot elqpun selrqm sselr-3ur>1ro,n pue 'rusrfeJ lertuaprseJ atuoq IeuOIluOAuol IIp l, ,{q paureJlsuoJ tnq IeMeueJ u€qJn ,{q pasradsrp s€,!\ teqr uorleln aql tPqt pJIeJ^r-r rrtrrr ) ,. -dod E llelq -Surr,ror8 ueamtaq pa8raura t)r[Juo) esn-pupl 'uor]e8ar8as tstep Surpual a8e8ttour (:\.,- suJetted Surtsrxe aqt ot Jn0 'auoz Jerrur eql ur puel IErfeJ .]o lerr ,{erap olur uellpJ e1\Erl : -ueprsar il:u ro3 uorlrladuor aqt peqrsuetur sueld ttrarudola,\epeJ remtsod ,(ueu pue '086I prrn ()_p: - ,{q eare IEJlua) eqt tuoJ.} sartrJourm eruoJrrr-,\\ol Jo lueurareldsrp aq1 Ielual str Jo lual:acl c t. 'Og3 eqt ur uuqrn rano rarTrea pJqrrlsap t)ruuor lemaurr lerrtrlod uJaq aAPq euoz Jeuul :r'.. - eql ol peJeJl eq rr8f euo7, rauur aql urr{]r,,\\ esn-puel JJ^o stfrlJuol) 'slre.rl snsuel s,VStr\is eqt.]o tuarrad gp {1-reau ro.} SurtunoJle -tueun Jo stredul Jlcrr.ir: atrdsap 'VShtrS o8errq3 aqt ur Surpual Surstrnq lplot eqt .JO luarrad ,{la,rrtrag;e q-rosqe ot S-rr,.-,:. g ,{1uo pe^ralar aroru ro tualrad uortelndod ,{lrrourtu R qtrm Ot .}o -snlll rr^r()plnqs Jo0IS ir.ld _ slreJl snsuel tr1 'Sursnoq pue sesseursnq rrr 'UU6I llerus luaurlsanur Puq Ol alqe eJeM SJJ),II ir'. -srp ruor; para.}Jns a^Bq spooqroqq8rau ssep-8ur1.roM l)€lq 'uorlrppe qo['qtr,u srelrom ;3o-prr1 r1. uI '0861 pur? uea^\taq peuopueqp sRM fiursnoq daa>1 096I l.)ols leluar ol paal8e orqseH i.r-\ . . eqt;o gE pue :OgOt ur eurl ,{rra,lod eqt,\{oleq stuaprsar tuarrad pa^ll 'lueruarr8e gUI eei .b'rrr:; , eqr Jo tuarrad gf :0861 pue 096l uarmteq tuarrad gE {q peurlrep u alu ot ,(tn aql palcluro.rri ..:, 'r[ '^e]I uorlulndod aqt '896I ul '8rly raqtnT uuret\l .]o uorteurssesse erlt erueuu ol (gUt) prr, ,: aqt Sur,ttollq slorr Lq patetse,\ap pa-re uE aqt uo 'rplr lrr^t IrE I -uods peq o8elrq'l ;o \ti- : plJgJei) lseg uf itrr Jql ur .\ue lsJ.Mol Jql sr?M j.. ^trunruuroJ J() 0009$ tuoqM .1o lueu ptru ,r1111'r ;; aruorur ipur,.; rrprpeu aqt puu :Sursnoq ur pa,\ll -Iro^\ ,tue1d , Jo l)ep,\\oJfJalo 964 8ur,rea1 , " sluaplsar Jqt .]o ql.lU-auo ltuarrad sp^r Jte-r tuJur,(oldulaun eql ()-rqseH '.ia1pnrg ,:. 0g .]o r\li{ : :086I ur aurl ,tuanod aqt .t{oleq 8ur,rr1 e.reM sturprsar aqt.}o sqtlg-aarqt lsarvr s,oselFlf uo a.ntt\ri ,- 'olielq:) 'ap1s qtnos aql uo ,(trunrutu()r puEIIeO Jql u1 rrl .{lrancld.lo JeuMo aql sEM dalpe.rg Lrr, .,,

E'I oE n.ttt1 i1 toJ' E t r tutml rl t44 ATOP'I-HE URBAN HIERARCHY P independent Democrat Harold \,!'ashington as mavor in lgB3 on a Reinvestment Act to leret.r. neighborhood and refbrm platfbrm signalled the gron inu mobiliza- talling nearly $Ztltl miili,,r. tion of the inner zone. N{a,vor Washington consolidated this new Nzrtional, [{arris, ancl \, r': political base in the l986 special Aldermanic elections, when four of year lending pool for h,,Lr-. his allies won in remapped black and Hispanic wards, giving hirn ment in inner-zone neiehl' control of the Cit.v Council. By 1988, independenr Hispanic politicians lo create a home intpt-,ric: had wrested control of the city's four Hispanic-majority wards from port from the city attcl :t.r:: the Democratic Party machine, completing aspect another of the is being administered br ., political transformation of Chicago's inner zone. the Chicago Energv Saret. In addition to their accomplishments in altering the city's political loan program financed lr'. climate, comnlunity-based organizations (CBos) plal' a vital role bv utility company. 'fhe f.r,n.:: organizing resiclents, pror,iding services, and undertakinp; der,elop- ion legislation, the Honrr ment proiects. These sroups have grown in sophisticatirtn and capac- grollps to document lencr ity, serving as a base for community action ancl der.'elopment that challenge merger atrd l-'r., often proves to be more accountable :rnd flexible in meeting local institutions for failing t, Ir'.= needs than government and business efforts. Across the countrv, state ments are perhaps the n. and local governnrents are designing a greater number of programs reinvestment regulatit.rn. that include and builcl upon the existing capacity of'CBOs. Banks, programs-which inclticlr . corporations, and foundations are targeting inner-city CBOs for bank foundation for cr r11"- €frants, technical assistance, and loans (\,!'eiss and N{etzger 1987, 1e88). played by CBOs in loatt p.' Weiss l9BB). The recognition of Ctsos by the Washington administration is 'fhe illustrated in the city of'Chicago's 1984 Developmenr Plan, "Chicago city of Chicago ir.r- 'Ibgether." ing to support these rrr..: Works l-he plan cited increased .job opportunities, bal- anced growth, and neighborhood-based planninp; and development corporations have ofgllni/c as its primary goals. Under Mayor Washington's leadership, the city cation proceeds for cot'p, :,, stepped up its effbrts in neighborhood business revitalization and tifamily housing prcr.ject- ..: housing retrabilitation, of'ten using CBOs as vehicles f

1988. irrg devel()pers operatir)i ::. : CBOs have alstt been able to successfully negotiate and implement instmmental in implen.rcr.'.. urban development proerams firr the inner zone in crlnjunction n,ith jects through the b:rnk , : private corporations and financial institutions, aided bv certain go\,- additional resources firr' ( 1,, ernment regulatory and f'unding supporr. Beru,een l9B4 and 1986, tives Support Oorp( )l'ilt i, ,r . ., the Chicago Reinvestment Alliance, a city-wicle neighborhoocl devel- an $l1.3 million Fttncl :, : I opment coalition, utilized the provisions of'the federal Communitv operations of- 30 neishi,. :. tq8ra lxau aql -ra^o suollezlue8ro pooqroqq8rau gg Jo suollerado Alrunruuro.) IPJapeJ eqt 1,, . eqr uoddns ol luaudola^a0 Allunurulo.) ro.I punC uoIIIIu g'lI$ uE -la,\ap poorlroqq8rau Jpr rr-. peqsrlqersa uortepunoc rnquvfet\ eql pue uonErodro:) troddns se^Il '9861 pue tB6I urar!\trf{ .. ,B86I .o8erlq3 -no8 ureuer ,{q 'Str,r''. _urlruJ Ie)oT aqr uI ul sogS -rol safrnoser I€uolllppe peple pet€raue8 suq ,{ttnttre stql IIV 'sue-rSord Iu€q aql q8norqt sllaf rllrm uorlfunfrrof ur auoz _r-.'. .."' -o-rcl Sutsnoq LlltuP.J-Illnu pu€ -alSuls :iulluetualdul uI I€lueulnrlsul luaualdul pue elerlo8arr ueaq r^uq '{qtr aqt ssoJfe spooqroqq8rau uI Sullerado sradole^ap FUI Surrnp serlrlrlle -snoq lgord-uou o \t ,sa)r,ueq Sursnog pooqr()qq8laN puP IloMlJN luaurdoT:.... or uolllluI palefoll| rir;'. q€qa6 o8elq3 aql '986I pu€ 7861 ueamlrq uoIIIItu 6'gI$ 8ur11erot 4'z$ uI pooq I' , .': slratbrd lurudola^rp sseursnq lletus pue atelse Ieer 97 paSulred .]leq-e-pul?-rnoJ pue Sururert qol-ur uorllrrii suorluzrue8-r() tuaurdola^ec pooqroqq8raN .]o uollelfossy oSeltqJ; aql lPqr sJlerurlse uorlEzr:l:'- aql uorlBrodroD luaudolanaq apr14-{tr3 aqr 'aldurPxa loc 'euo7' Jo '(gSOI rreqs pue '.aol\ '.rri;.. Jeuul aql ul straficrd fuaudolelepal tuatualdrul ol stueJSord uuol aql Lrrlod rrlqnd roJ sJllrrlo.r <:' ., Surzrytn uI salJnoser pue .IJuls pappll pue selll\ll)e rleqt papueclxe puP uorlPzrlElr^eJ sseursn.. . e^Bq sOgO 'sue-rSord aqt Japun pe)uPuIJ slraford Sursnoq {1tue.3tl ntr: aqt 'drqsrapeJl s.rr()tr-': . -lnu euloful-,,\\ol OluI suou)afur {lrnba ale:odrol JoJ speafoJd uollef luaudolanep pue Surutrr.t,-i : -rpul,s asler or punC ,{1rnbg o8errqj aql pezlue8ro e^uq suotlerorllor or 8ul -1eq 'sartlunrroddo qo[' ])r.:': 'stue;8o-rd Surpual pool{roqq8rau asaql troddns .r I€lol pue o8errq.),,'rnl.I luerudol; r:r -pun1 s1 prresrgl sgq ofierrq3 ;g ,{trr aqa lueudola^ap,{lrunurruor sI uollEJlslulutpp uo1fi11111., ,. '(fl86l ssre A uPol uI sOflD pa'(e1d pu€ raFztaN) ,\\el^ar uerSord pue 8ur-8e-lled '{q '486I .rafiztatr{ pue sslr\\ .{ltuntutuo) ro.} uollepunoJ alor aql ss IIa,n rs-lueurdolanap {ueq ro.] sOgD {tn-rauur b-rrn-r-. qtrea tuo{ sluaulllululof lueJF pasear)ul apnl)ul q)Iq.\\-suer8ord 'sIrmg 'sog) .yo .irr.rr:dr') - : aqr Jo aclors pue azrs eql or anp 'elpp ol suolteln8ar luJLulsaAulaJ sruerSord Jequnu ,rJtr.r:- sluaru Jo .{lruntuurol leJapal lo asn In}ssellns tsotu aqt sdeq-Iad eJE elels',{rluno) eql ssoJfy '.1: 'spJJu Alrr-rnruruof teeru or 8urpe; JoJ suollnlllsul -aarge eseq.I_ lrpeJ) Ielol Surlaaru ur elqrxelJ t','..' Sutqluerq pue ra8reu a8ualleqr sFurnes pue slueq Jo suorterrldde tBqt tuJtudolanap pu€ rrr,'1 : su-Ialled SurpuJI ol sdnor8 ot pue Salllunrutu()l Jleql uI luaunlop -reder pue uorlplrlsrr{do. ::. r. Suazlllf elq€ua 'tfv aJnsolf,slg aFzBf:oN etuoH aql 'uollelsr8al uot -dolanap liurlerrapurl aqJ '{uuduor l)rr:- -ued{,uof sll pue lfy lueulsa^uletl ,{ttunuuo3 '{trlttn ,{q alor IPlr^ E ,(e1d (s11g-r ,se3 .{q pelueuq uerSord uecll Iplol rofeu e sa1cloa.1 pue ,{lrt aqt lerrtrlod s,.{1rl aql 3ur.rJtr. .:: o8ertq3 aqt uortelresuor ,{Srarrr rroIIIItu 9l$ R 'punc sIaAEq ,{.3lau3 'JtI(tZ : -' qlr.4{ uoltrunfuor ul sOUS Jo ulnllJosuol e Lq paralslulupe Suraq st aql Jo l)adse Jeqloull r:'.i.-: ue-r8ord l€luaultuo3 aqJ 'sluJuruJanoS el€ls pue ,(lI) aql uIoJ.] lJod tuoJ.J spJe,fi Lluofeu-frrr;.ri. : ol -dns SurpunJ qtIM drqsreutred ueol lueulaloJdut euoq e aleeJf suElJrlrlod rruedsrg ttralr.:: : . paar8e {uug sIouIIII lelueulluo.1 'spooqroqqFrau auoz-JauuI uI luetu urq Surnr8 'sp;e,tr frrrEd.rij -dolanap Ielrlsnpul pue 'letrratutuol 'Sutsnoq roJ pod Surpual rea'{ Jo Jno.] ueq,tr 'suorlrala tn.:-'. -a^g E eteerf ot paarSe sluufl lsn-ra uraquoNl puE 'slrreFl '{leuol]ei{ Meu slr{l palsprlosuor lr,,:_-'. tsrlc .sIuBq lseSrel rnoJ s,o8e]tq3 uro{ uorllltu 002$ ,{Fuau liutllet -t?zlllqou Sut,lto-r8 aqt prr',- :' -ot sluatueeJ$e Surpual pooqJoqqfirau afie-ta,ra1 ()l l)V luotulsez\ulJU P UO g86l ur JO.\Prrr sr' ::

9Vr oEmtqJ n{ 8utuunl4 AH]U\ U 1l 146 ATOP THE URBAN HIERARCHY T'

years, with the goal of'leveraging $150 million in nerv private invest- contracts to minorit\'-orr nc . ment for the development of $85 million in housing pnrjects. in the inner zolre or 0\\'ncr. .: In addition to the strategy- of'recognizing and strengthening C,BOs The combined ef'forts , r as vehicles for inner-zone rel'italizatron, a variety of' public-private banks, corporations, :ln(i .:. . initiatives have emerged since the 1970s under the heading of'"eco- rebuild Chicago's innei' rr. : nomic development" to rebuild declining industrial districts and cre- the rapid economic e\ll.r:.. investment in the CBD :ui(: .: ate jobs for inner-zone residents. Under Dalel"s administration, in- rirrg. In some areirs. irr..:- ner-zone economic development $,as not a major policl'. 'fhe 1966 arrested the decline tri,I,{.:-.. Ccxrprehensive Plan called f or the creation of urban industrial parks, econonrit' l'esllut trrlirrq '', akrng with transportation development, to spur economic grolvth on plzrnning (Bluestone :rnri [] , the far south (Dan Ryan Expressway), southn'est (Crosstown Express- Fainstein et al. l9B3: \l.rr,. ". way), and northwest (O'Hare public transit line) sides of the city' Ttre key change has bcr:. (Chicago Plan Comrnission 1966). Chicaeo's first econonric develop- inner-zone residents :urcl -. . ment agency, the Mayor's Council of Manpo\!€r and Economic Advi- that can n

1985 and 1987, the citv governnlent awarclect $74 nrillion in citl' Cook Clounty, along r' rti, ., . ,,{rueHlIN ,a1c1 .rrrev , pue 'a8e4nq .}o IIE qlr,rr 3uo1e Ioo') Atrr rrr uorllrru f d$ peP i--" "itttno) 'sanrlod uuqrnqns sassedtttolua uot8a: oliultq.1 Jql 1o Sttt-t uccl.Ilrqlls JqI uJamleg .8un.-rr.,. : .]o uorlelnurrls aql sE.\\ '-r, -:' 8.tIU uuqrnqns aql -ruofr€ lrraurdolaAep Jrrrrr '. -puedxa eqt tUoJ.] p-rB.\un - pur? q1r.\\ :''r',1. ' ofietrq j lo.; roz(etrt'uert1qncla11 JPtluaptseJ JsUUr aql sPaJe . Llclrssod pue 'etlqm e Jo uoll)ala aql ol peal plnol pue st:radsord tttltl Jo lEr_u(t': Furteal:l oslc sr Jt{ - -)rler stq radut€q plnom alo^ Ilelq Papl,\lp y 'sdnol8 pooqroqqfirau ^tr) I pue ,Ltuoultu Sutttuna-t;cl a8ualleqr eql sJlP.J rcl.{ettt .\tJtl Jt{I 'sa)e-l slue1d Suunlrp.'nrrerrr nr;' :'. uurueallltutuol pJe,l,l lltzJlotuell {luncl'-; Ioo') uI pelea.}Jp eJa,,\\ tulrl aql Jo asn-JJ er{l sP r{-)r-1. .. . pa1-rodclns oqm uautaple l)trlq xIS Jql ]o -Ino.I ',{tol)t.r stq iiut,no11cr.l luarudolanep IeJOI qtr \\ ,,,- suolt)ele {trr lstU eql uI 'iltuntuulol I)EIq eql lIIds uotllala s,ra.i pesolJ eqt .]o alrs Jrlt .r(,t l .uaureplE : -MES .ro.4.e6 etrq,\1 Ieraqrl earql puu 'lrued.ltl rno.I 'IlPIq -.rnqns alqeredrrroJ Qlrrr :. . eI {q ro{eu roJ pauocldns sPM oq.\\ ttolsutqsP.rt\ ro^EI1 .irt '{11u asolr -anordurr Surdersprrul' \-':-- E ,SuRAE ,{qtour-1_ treuJeplv la.\o palJale s€,\\ ag 'ro,{u(u sP -IJ^.\\ES eql uI slJed lerJtsnpul '^..'.: l lruqra arlqm eql s-Iaqulatu gZ aqr aue8n-{ llela ot lolq uortrsodclo }o rrotssrurrucl3 JqJ_'lrr:rrrrj,,' - qrrm paurol- uaru:aple g s.{trl atlt xIS uaqm peralullds sem I]PIq 1 Jo ptllll ur aloJ enrssa.rfib-r' --- . '4il6I Jltll uI tlleap s.uot8urqsr'.,11 ro,{et{ ,{trrofi:ru [I]uno.1 uIIs sIH Jo aqt ,{q pazruuS;oeJ st?.\\ -.:, . qlPtuJaue elelpeultul aql uI papl\lp atlleleq sel)uenlllsu()f asaqJ. '(ggOI ssla6 puc;afizlrJ\tr :1861 'l€ IurJtsrlpul loJ sJlJo.] _.lsl.t : . la sarrnbs:9g6[ ltauuefl) auoz reuul aql uI sa]Iq.\\ sselr-iiut1ro,\{ puu ssaulsnq pelEllIuI ptlt? 'slruedstll 'Sllelq IIJJ\{IJQ paqsl[qE]sJ aJa\\ suolllleof 'sFutsolr 1ue1cl 1r.., oSurrq.l :.; - pue 'tuatulse,\ule-I pooq-Ioqq8tatt 'luaudola,rap pJIUII st? q)ns senssl Jo luautredaq eqt (uor.l uO 'tl trciddns ol luaruura'ro3 itrl tra-rtpal ot patdruarre pue a'Saterls IErJpil _Eurprnr: ;- -dolanap rrurouora , . IeJollela sII{ Jo lueulele aJof aql se aruaql slql Pa}PAIllnl uolbult{sP.M llp-rf,., ploreH 'sluaplsel euoz-Jeuul ol anJf.)I? ,l,11tlntre slqauaq aql fo attlos aql ol pelt Iaued uoqqrr-:' lllr{l Os SarUoflno eql Jolluotu ptIP sBaJR pJlSeAUIs^Ip pJl?.\\ol sa)JlrosJ-I )Iruorrofg aql se u$ou)1 r-:::' lllqncl qlr,,tr .IeIOJq ue) leql -lApY JItuou()J3 pUll .tJ\\,,,: .: leF-Iut ol srol)e lotJas ale,rt,td PIIB ^\ou Serlrlua luautdolalJp A{eu lo tIOIlEa-ll aql ptll? SluaPlseJ euoz-JauLII -do1a.tap lrluouora ls,re ., -: uolll?zlllqou IPlltIIod 8ut^tlrx8 aql uI ueaq suq aiiur:t1r ie1 aq1 ,{1rr aqt .;o saprs (arrr1 tii'.:' ;o 'lP (fgOI IrEquElS pue a11a,{o5 :ugil6l tresnlretrX lt-BOI ta ulalsuleC -sr^a-rdxg uMolssoJ3) ts:'r:' ' :986t uoltp.d pue,{e,ttol)aq) :ABtit uosrrreH puP rgolsanlg) Suruueld uo qIMOJF rrru

LVI o?ntttl i1 toJ' Strtttttol rT AHfd\ X i 148 ATOP THE URBAN HIERARCHY P

Will counties. The area \^est of the inner zone has experienced rapid growth in population and emplo,vment over the last tw'o decades, benefiting from the location of nelv industries, corporate headquar- ters, and office-financial-service-hotel complexes. The development of the suburban ring from f'arm hinterlands to a ne\v regional zone of economic development has been catalyzed by' a sprar.vling netrvork of highways and the presence of O'Hare International Airport (see Figure 4.2). Growth has been concentrated into three areas: the suburbs of north and northn'est Cook County near O'Hare Airport, the suburbs in the northwest "corridor" formed by the Tii-State and Northu'est Tbllways, and the western suburbs of DuPage County ad.jacent to the East-West Tbllway. The north and northwestern suburban communi- ties of Schaumberg, Des I'laines, Elk Grove Village, and Northbrook experienced large increases in population and private sector emplo,v- ment during the 1970s, rvhich more than doubled in some areas. lVoodfield Mall in Schaumburg is the retail base for the arezr and is Chicag<-r's largest regional shopping center in both sales and size (Cutler l982). In DuPage Cotrnt,v, u,here private sector employment gre\,\r bv B3 percent betrveen 1972 and 1983, the East-lVest lbllrvay "r:orridor" of growth is anchored on the east by Oak Brook and on the west b,v Naperville. Oak Brook is the site of' manv corporate heaclquarters, including N{cDonald's Corp. and Whste Management Inc., and the Oak Brook Mall, the region's second-largest shopping center". Ar- g()nne National l,aborator,v and Fermi Lab have stimulated high- technology development in the county. Naperville is one of the fastest- growing nrunicipalities in the nation with private research parks, laboratories, and office buildings locating in its vicinitl'. Naperville's population is projected to rise from 198,1's 56,000 to 100,000 by the end of the cent.ury. Betrveen l9B0 and 2005, DuPage Oounty's popu- lation is projected to grow from 658,858 to 930,000, and its employ- ment is predicted to rise from 274,600 to 444,000. State and local governments have respclnded to this explosion of' growth by irnproving infrastructure and transportation in order to rationalize existing development and sustain cont.inued expansion. The constrlrction of the DuPage County Tblhval will link the East- West Tbllway office corridor between Naperville and Oak Brook t

ol tepJo ur uorlEl-rodsrr|.i. : .l() uorsoldxa srqt ol Prl):r :. '00()'t i; -{oldrua slr pue '000'0t.tj . - -ndod s,,{lunoJ a8e4nq . eql ,{q 000'00I or 000'!r! . ;, ',{trurfr,\ s,alpuadeN Sti lri ,- - 'sIJed qlJBesal ale.rrtd i;.. . -lsJlseJ Jql J() Juo st Jllt \.ir ., \ -q8lq pelelnurls e.\eLI (i'.-l -JV 'Jeluar SurddorlS 1:.r-=::" eq1 pue ''lu1 tuaua8uu;'Ji -- 's-JeUPilbpeaq alercld,ro-) .^' ::" Lq lsa,u eql uo pue IL)(,,ig i JO,,JoprJJOJ,, Lp,4rl[ol ls.r11-.. ; gB ,uar8 1uaru,,{olciurr ,i,,- ^q ezls pue salPs qtoq rrl ,if ...: sI pue eeJe aql JoJ JSEri 'r:'.- ue31qcg4 'seeJB euros ur pelqltol) -.::-... -,{oldura Jolfes ate,rrld I)rrr' . IoorqquoN puu'a8r:111.\ ) . -IUlrtUtUOf UPqJnqnS tLIr.ir),, -. eql ol luarelpe ,{1rrno1 ],-:',i' ls4.ry\quoN puB elels-I.ll .::.

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6Vl o8nttrl i1 .tol Etttuuol 4 -fHE 150 ATOP URBAN HIERARCHY T' extension in DtrPage Counn', is being financed primarilv bv the state of suburban enviror)tl'lrr]. :.. 'I-he of Illinois. subrrrban. n'hite-collar constituencies of- nortirr,r'est growth in Naperville ha: i,..,

(look ancl DuPerge counties form an important part of' Govertror and sewers, as well as on ti -:r , James T'hompson's statervicle electoral base. local planners to consicir: : The Illinois f)eparrment of' Comrllerce :rnd Conrmtrnitv Affairs Overlapping political jtrrr. :

(DCCA) is the ke) economic development agencv for Governor and other crlnflicts o\er r^.- " 'I'hompson, who has been in oflice since 1976. DCCA, along rvith investment has continus,^ Governor 'fhompsor]'s "Build lllinois" initiative announced in 1985. office expansion in the ()r:'., have been critical of the development of Chicago's subut-battr ring. opment in the suburb.rn i.:,- Between lgfll and 1988. DCCA's appropriations in the state budget CBD, overall grou'th in ri. . grew by 462 percent, far outpacing ttre state's (]ener;rl Revenue Fund, near- f uture, existinq srclc-' which gre\4'bv onlv 33 percent. Dr-rring 1987, N'[cHenrv Countl'rvas ancl the "inner Zooe :..: . the largest per capita recipient of DCICA pr-o-ject spencling, rvith a per Chicago's central area. capita anlount over four times larger than of' Chicaso and Cook County combined. 'l-he western ancl sotrthern sectors of'Cook (lountv have not sharecl Conclusion in the grolvth experienced bv the other outlving aleas of the suburbart ring. (lomrnunities such as Cicero, Berrvyn, Blue Island, and N{ay- Fbr more tharr a cenrLir''. ( wood experienced declines in population and manttfacturine employ- its watchword, and nr:isrirc , ment during the 1970s similar to those of the inner-zotre neighbor- to facilitate and acc()rrul), : , hoods of Chicago. In adclition, some of these cornntunities have the essence of urltan plair:.. growing proportions of minority and lorv-irlcr()me residents, establish- In the 1980s, plar-rnir : . ing yet another link to the inner zone. Before his death, Harold balanced growth; nor .lLi.- Washington's growing involvement in Cook (lountv Democratic Party implicati<-lns of this nre.r..: . p

County. This northern tier of Cook (lounty townships successfully (lenlral Area Conrrrrittcc. : Iobbied the Thontpson adrninistration to create a separate service including these neu'lr-nt, ' .. 'Iraining district ancl Private Industry Council to adrninister the Job their problems mav be e\.c:.' Partnership Act program in their area. metropolitan Chicago. In aclclition to the political conflicts ()ver economic development in suburban Cook (lounty, land-use conflicts rvithin the suburban ring have arisen over the environmental disrupti<-tn caused by the rapid pace of'development. The initial plans fbr the DuPage Count..v'Ibllrvav called for the clernolition of the Morton Arboretur-n, but the efforts suoJJa aql rnq 'tunlr,roclr\ . ,(ent11o1. Atuno-r e8e4nq JLit : . prder aqt ,{q pesneJ uonclr' ..

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ro.] Furuuerd JO ssa)rns arnrnJ eqr or lBrruassa ;t^"#?Jiilt""tlii:il Sututera qo[ aqt JelSrrrrurJ::- Surssarppe pue sdnor-8 .{lrunuuor pazrlrqoru-d1,uau aseql .Eurpnlrur efrlJas aleredas e altsJ.r-r ,. . 3o su(e,u Surpug 'sraloruord ueqrnqns pue 'ae]tlurruo.) EJJV lerlua.) .i11nlssar.rns sdrqsu.r{ot \tir aqt 'qnlJ 'qlErp lerrrrruruoJ rqt roc slq.io aIE,\{ eqt ur surefi leIrrlod IOo3 uBqJnqns lo Sl)I.ll:.1 "-' uo {-pJeq ulBlururu ot Surlq8g JJE .\Jrlt ,\r()u pue 'qdunul tsatear.S se slsaJelut Jraql ,4\ar-\ 'srJ l;' -" Jraqt se.,lt .se)JnosaJ -ro,{eur s.o8etrq.) se uot8urqseM ploteH FurrralE ot Surtdtuaue ,{}uno) lor} ) ..-. Surlerolle spoqteur .\\au .Jo pue srgJueq Jrurou())a leuor8ar Jo eJtsqs -qns s,,{1unol aql go ,rpoc1 ,=': -: ra8rel e Jo.] .spooqroqq8rau "fiurptr:q JJe suortezrueS-ro .{lrunruu().) -ruo.);o pJeog ,{runo1 \1 r 1 . euoz Jauul etuoJul-aleJaporu prrts -611l lroJ.I Se1rleluasardar-a1qet JoJ seluprputsr Surt-roclclr'..'.: Surterro8eu eql re sluedrrrrred ,nau Furrp.] are tuaudola^ep uzqrn -dcllanapal euoz-Jauur .r(); :-: -qns pue uMoluMop .suon)p..} ro.I s^er)uJl'ltrts^uol lluJe^{od Srrrtaduor pUP SaI)UenlIlSUO) esat{l , ', .-' ,{ueu (q pareqap Suraq nltuaunr a.re Furueau srqt .}o suorlerrlclrur nt.te.1 .)lleJJotuJQ nlrrn()'; '-' ,uorsuedxa ,{l1od aqJ_ 'uortezrltstr^Jr tng tsnf tou lqt.nor8 palreleq plo.It?H 'tllBep srq aio.]rg :.. ,s0g6l lnq 'qt,trcl-r8 tsnf lou uearu ot aruor seq Suruueld rqt uI -qSIIqefSe'Sluepls-eJ Jttlo.)il'- " 'Furuuuld uuqrn Jo eluessa aql e^eq sarlrunru[lo] asJqt I -- seM 'uorsuedxa srrlJ lerrs,tqd ssalluelal eteporuuro)lE pup elelrlrfl,.] ot --rclqq8rau euoz-Jerrlrr Jr{t : --. ualBuapun JJa,4t sIJoM . alentrd pue )rlqnd enrsseru pue 'prcr.trqfleM slr -,{olclura Sutrnlrp.}ltuprtt ;- . ,,{rn1ue) I)u se,n qlmo-r.t ',{urlsapJo llrr e se,u o8errq.t ? ueqt aJour l()C -,{eW pue '{puelsl onlg 'ir..'., : ..'. rrBq.rrrqns Jql Jo spJ.rr: hr rr uorsnlJuoD l)Jrnqs l()rr JAur{ ,{trrrr, )') l

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t;: ,l-'f',l!.' t.: ,.ri.r-l r','.i1, ':l*.i i+i1$: ;:l1l 276 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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'ySI{S uDqJn uoto sttotlt)t,t. . :sala8uy so1 anorr-) uepleg-Euv etues-uraqeuv pue VSWS - .gg6l-Zg6 rlrerg 8uo1-sala8uy so-I :uottDanluJ Eunnmlrl lDltuuv 'luJtu -ullleg :'sset\tr,aFpr,r .- .^. -rrzdaq tuarudolanaq luau.tolduT eruto.]rlEJ :otrrJruerleg '(tsn8nv) ,,selq -pJ- aJnsolJ trreld,, 'Zg6l 'tuautredeq tuarudolanae tuaru,,(o1dug pruro3rluJ :uqsnv 'sa?43 tlaqi.it ; 'suorteled IelrtsnpuI;o tuauuedaq :otueruuJf eg 'otuto.{tlDJ u! loqv7 uolun 'sr-roda11 '6L61-tL6I 'suortela1 sau.rlJ lenuuerfl lerrtsnpul -Io tuaut"redaq eruroJtle:) TtoA maN aql, ..,, ;. '09-l 'dd'ssautsng nrutoJqn, 'Zg6l aIPTEJIIoD .,'2861 ',(luno3 a8uerg :trodag )rruouotE aurze8ery ssaursng eruro.]rleJ V,, Jo uorlErr, :: ..'UOIISJISIUIIUpY [Ir,--=' 'qnl:) IerlraurtuoJ ,.H ,ruequrng -qEIaN JnO a.\es S.r ri; :crHerrq3 'o8nnqS {o unld'606I 'uauueg 'H p:e,l\pE pue lrrueq ssaril ,{lrsranruS pro.}xo :IroA '0t5l-0ggl '3utuun14 ^reN .Lg6I.(aluetg ,:apng llrssnu :IroA .\\r.\ ,(ytunuuo.) puD npto lDurynpuJ ut yuau,ua(xq uV :unwnnd 'nmod 'gg6I .spr i;

' : itJ {t o 7 s g y1 {.t o 7 u a run t o p u n nE o o u o n 7 t;;" |;';:"X : e 1 f ;T :;? } #Ji fi 1 -smaN ,,'sulBd Eut.tr,,.i. r ',{tatroq le.^{aued,itrunruruo3 :oHerrq3 " '(:aruung) g ,. . . 'o8nttt1.l ut {,paao4 pu.n nDA 'tg6l 'oqletuel oprenpg puu ,ruo1 ,aun-rg r,,, sasudraluf tuerrirut g '.1clouy 'V pa{lV :IroA MrN 'l?rrr.r'y lo snurou{e '6L6I'rolllg .7q ,aa1u.uo,r11 '{leag ') 'O 'IlEd,(:nq,na1 .d,t,, ,; .-:. . .rouealg,luerlp:g :'sset{'uo1Brrrxa1'uot7ntoQ"r,o3 tuautSolaaae uDqtn aqJ g L6l 'v tJaqod uJ ,,.uouflru '1:odag pue,{an:ns letoH lr?nuuV ,'r14 ,rauuarfl 986l Surzueruurns aspaled ssard 'lg6l 'saterrossv uaqdats ,,'et€qocl qfJeasau \]:-:

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'(paqder8oaurrru) '_ ra{ur?fl IIaMplo3 :uot 'u8tsag plrD ypnpuDlq tttt! -sog rrg.Io parlrn ,'stalJr?tr{ ,selPrq rsaFrel 6l ul s8urpyrng a)g.IO :olen 'UOISSI[UIUOI Ueld or:l- i.'.

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'aa?/ra(ua4 - '09 'uorllas tuJruurelJJtug 'ga ,{ln[ 'satuta rln maN alJ ,{faN )nu()u,,',7 pre,rd11 starIAI upq-tnqnq .1g61 .1nr,.4 ,:a8rrqplol .,',{rrpqotr{ l,rerdg urH,\\,, '(aun[) Z 'ou'11 ry:.nr.,..'-' '(qrre11) 'ou 'uolsnoH ur uorllr-lilsu, ) t 'VUA uDu.raruy t{t1uat:q ...,{ruouorE 'S'n eqt.Jo rot)as alr,\ras aqJ_,, .lg6l .erfic1 .[ a8roa.t pue,llg ,E:aqzurn ptuotlDura]u 11. . '(paqsrlqndun) rru.1 lou.tno[ I .. tuarudolanag leuorFaa :,,(1rs-ranrun IrEIO ...Euuntrnrtsr5 roqeJ pue lerrde3 ot qreorddy lerrtaroaqJ_ v,, 'ag6I '^roleqs 'Q pue'ureqer.l .[,'q .y ,uosrlr1; uo2uauv ..'ql,{\oJt u1'- . 'lsamp|IN uDTtloQotTaN (-rre1 u1 tur'..: aqJ ''spa 'uolted IJp.) pue (e,uolleq3 ,{,r_reg u1 ,,.o8e:;rq,; ,.'1z1rdeJ ue1r1odo,r1Jl,{ ul surauzd asn puEJ puu stso:),r8-raug,,'!.g61 .Jnquv,srte1) '(paqsrlqnclun) JseD aqJ :tuatrrdr,i: :. lueg upuequel,{ asuql eqJ_ ,..116I Jo JunlJ(U MJN ur srulr{ 'ZL6I'uJJpX -Lrol:)altc[ ll(x sralrenbpeJH,, 'p.relaO :INI'sJJIl] poo.ualbrr3 'ssard,{trsranruil proJXO :Iro .sr?/?a),{o ttoqn1tr ,puEJlrI) ^\rN V.gL6I.IrRI4tr 'ssard J.IW JqJ. :a8puqrue3 '{4t3 ..pe ,uouroyog 's u?sns uJ ,,'elelq l1'. l ao4taQso.trl aqJ a JnqtJV uI ,..sartr) Jo stledsord pue .0961 '986I 'pealslluiY tI(){ l:-, Jlueruro.]real frruouoJE eqj,, .JnqapJJ .r i-r:e1 pue .V ,ta,r:e11 .uJei 'sloog rrsPg :Ir()\ i^rN'su?ld p|n) prto ?ulnt1Jl?,.i .'- a\doad ''pJ'suB.) uL.'lE^tauad upq{l alnlreC .tJaqJJH ,suBr) lu'ttllod Jo JqJ_,,-996l -unlsle pue seurrlurlu. 'ssJld AtrsJJ,\run srourllJ uJaqtnos :.llJ ,elupuoqrr?.) .oudq) MaN aqt ',{Eolouqral tpDlg aIfl./o (,ruou.ot;1 aqJ'l,g6l .srlefl .{qlorurl pue ,'d ,pla.lsnl lnttllod larueq 'ueu8uol i)l-t.q . '9 'rreut8rtcll :-r . : .uortfv qrtDasall lnuo6ag pltq uDqln {o ptunoflDuol]Dunl?t1, prre q)rpesed lo.J epua8y uV :uorteru,rog ,{trr plto6,, .Ug6I .J.}loM ztao{) pue ,trqof .uupruper.rC Eurqsel3 :tarrls pu(:i . 'sIOOg ualroqls :IroA ,ua1q '(1r3 )qt u s!s!r:) puD nmod.tg6l .:a8cry ,puelpar:g '(ttzg) altl ,,'Mer^Ja^O JrlotsrH uv :uotsnoH ur Euruue14,, .9.g6I .uaqdatg ,xog gdo1ua11oy4 utlo[',rtrp'.: -,] .7gGt-0t,5[ .sap]c -dola,rapag .rtLIO[rr,-'-- '- 'ssard rddrssrssry,rtr Jo itrs:a,rrun :uoslre[ patlun .]o aql ut {,tqo4 uoqtn pun a.[17 uDqrn :uDnnruV un1qoQo4arv .gU6l .q]auuey ,xoC '(^renlqa{) Z 'ou 'Eg uotlot)t\i!' ,>. Euruuel4 asil prre-1 j, , . -'.' 6 rnuDrulv rt71;7 ,,'>Fo1 MrN ur Sulsnopl :o; srue:Eo.riJ lrlqnd,,.frL6l .erel) ,xoc '1snSn1' '\:-\' -- - 'ssard aqJ :.ssEtrAI IIru aqt Sttnaaut -' 'a8prrquela::lt:cdtrrp.tlt nyt1d1apn1y111 .t,g6l .alntrrtrqlrv ro; uortepun(U Jo Illr'.::.::- -dolanapa; 3rl .\ruorr, '-'r :

-801 'Ig {'hl ..'sarueduo') Iprrtsnpul etp^rrd tse8reJ 0E rqJ,,.qzg6 "' '; , la 'uralsutP.C ul .. Jlr-r .ggU_ggZ ,9,(eW ,,'suorJprodro3 'g'11 rsa8,reJ aqt {:olra:r6[ eun]loC aqJ,, .ezg6I .dunljoi .Jo 'sluauaoolN lD)tltlod 'Lt ,. 'Z 'ou '97 Tnutnof TuawSopoaq {4tunuruo.) ,,.uo]snoH 'rl;-. ur SurzrueS:O ,{trunlurrro.t,, 'EU6l 'uotlJqs ,'5 ,ur.Eeag auuy qteg pue aof aqJ ,,'eJnllnilq ,Ia.\\, )({ i I8Z {,t1dot?oUqzg 282 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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a\il pun lustxlDtv ''spa 'sra.ues .{:re1 pue qquf tuPlllll uI ,,'leMJuad ueq{l ,,'uolllll4i I gg$ stso:) rBr{_l '.' elod aq1 :(tr3 alerodro3 ol tuorc,, 't861 'IIs,\\aluelx .]o lElrlsnpuI "true51 'gg-gt' gZ-tZ'91':aqutatdeg' atnzn8ny4J nnnbul ''spJ 'urEuJC 'U aof prtz ri: ntqQapolnld )rl.L .,uounlonad ratn$ s,uetualo.r ao[,, '7961 ']ueH 'JJoueqlIX o rI :uolsnoH puE lIo-IrJQ 'ssaJd sBx{.;o,tttsra,rrrrj :urlsnv 'sa!.x:) uaquns ''spr 'Jrru '6 Lalpe:B pue prPurag '1,{ pleqllu ta 'urelsurP.d 's uBsns ul .. ',. uI ,,'llequns aqr .IO elllng uaploc eqJ_ :uots.ol,, '986I '[ {-r-reg 'ueldey 'qry atP EuttnPnt1sry ''le le r\\ M :IroA .i!\aN '?lrrric 'uralsureC 'S uesnq u1 tlequns ot umolmo') uIOJC,, '9861 'U sIuuaCJ'ppn[ ,,'{tt3 ssJ,ld Prr- 'Alarlos l€,\\auJu {ltunruruc)3 :o8ertq3 'oinrt13 'oqleure3 ut ezlxlod puD arnq't861 oprenpg pue'uag'i1s,tero[ vaDos,,'salpnls uuq-Il ul '.- 'ssaJd Llts:antu11 pJoJxO :Ir(X ,rraN 'la?/?lotg snt8qn.t, 'q86I 'ssard,(lts:antu11 u()l J)uIJd sur1do11 suqof :Jrotul]lrB :'['51 'uorarurrd '(to7sg11 uDqtn maN aqJ ''pa'JJouq]S g oa-I uI ,,'Arnl -uJJ qluJalaurN Jql uI uollerluefuo)e(I ueqJ.r-l,, '9161 'qlauuax 'uos>1re[ puu rJqrerg selrPt{:) til 't 'ou 'c snntly 4u4 ,?zrN ,,'pJIJo A uortezrue8roag ,(espur-1 Jql araq/ ,, '9461 ',{uoqiuy 'uoslref ,{rre1 uI,,'sall?tuII:) ssatil st.q 'fl-6 'g-l 'l I tsn8ny 'uttnbul otqd1apolttlrl aU_L,.'lemaua; e roJ adopl ;o su8tg 'prollue-U uL, '996l 'tuol'plagul roJ ratua.-t lulof III\-p.I;'".: 'ssaJd o8elqJ; 3o,{tts:antu;1 -rtndloly lnulsnpul put) i , :o.Eerrq3 'o?nttqS ut sanlDA pltD7 .fb st"oa1 parputlH auo '?,t61 'retuoH 't.{og 'lelsnq)S pue uol'uls :I,ll\ '(aun[) 'os.Iefi :uopuo-I ./r'11 alrysq :,t\alnad ,{llJ,, '9861 'pe3 ':adoog nlsaoul patl fnntlr1' ,,'uotsnoH 'ulmun { uall\ :tlt -' 'sueuprag 'g ruEIIIl,{\ :'qllw 'sprde6 IIEH Jelad uI .,'IaIleJpLIttrl puerC 'o?nnq3 nuqtE 'tg6l 'spa 'sauof 'V,p ]arad puu ''f) ul^laW 'llloH 'satn1Jlttle 'suerupre-d 'fl tupllll,1,1 :'qll6 'sptde6 puerl) '€tl;I o?ntry2 1ot7n8g ptlD su',:.' :n(,n1q at17 fo Euryn14 aqJ'VB6I 'spa 'uaar3 W Inp.d pulr ''3 ul^lary 'llloH 'ssard Alrsra^rufl srourlll uJeqlnos :'lll ..'0961-088I'^11) IEI.Il:r-'p 'rlepuoqrv1 'rtottxpCI{ Imullod o8nnqS at11 :sto{,n1,y aqJ'LB6I '.t ul^letr\l 'llloH 'uorlrsuerl. IEIred 'a8uetl ) 'st|o(o.qaytr 'sraqder.BoJr) uefrJJruv .I() uorlelfossv :' 1;'O 'uol8ut aq? pun ut-\'?r.r t,I \ -qsEM 'sd?t!:) Eutnlnlmay'186I 'p"te8artreag 'V traqoll pue '1anet,rg 'quorloH rrerrJauJv 3o ,{:otst11 Jr{r r . 'sseJd r' 'Euruurul4 upqrn pue arntretrqlrv.IO IOOqls EUII(),i 'sqtnqng ytttt:t ttotyo? at8 as'a q Sutstt vTfn 'uorlelrassrp 'O'qd :sala8uy so1, sala8uy soj ut noqnEat8aq " Fi

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U.S. congress, House committee on \\hvs and N,Ieans, Subcommittee on \\Ieigler. RLt..c. F Tiade. 1976. Special Duh Ti"eatntent or ReBeal of Articles As.sembled or Fabricatefl Norton N ( :t, Abroad. Hearings, 94th Congress, 2nd Session. Nlarch 2l and 2b. \Veiler. (.,,111 . ' U.S. Department of Commerce. l96t'r. Horrsirtg Construttiort Strttistic.s 1889 to nlent: Pllr-,,:=. 1954. Washington, D.C.: Department of Commerce. ci\. 19U7. Stati.stical Ab.stract oJ'the Stntes. Lhited \4hshingron, D.C.: G6r,ern- \\reiss. \lart \ . ment Printing Office. Clarel. cr .:, : U.S. Department of'Housing and Urban Development. 1g74. Llrban Reneu,nl \brk: Per.{.,:r. Directrtry. llrrf ; U.S. Department of Labor. 1976. Emplorment arrd Ti'aining Report of the Presi- sin Pre:. (iovernment printing dent. Washingron, D.C.: Office. -.Weiss. \larc \ U.S. Housing and Home Finance Agencl'. 1962. Llrban Reneual Proiect Cfutr- Neighbor ir, , ,,: ncteristics. tcctn Plutili I' r .-. Urry, John. 1986. "Localitv Research: The Case of Lancast er." Regional Sndies l9,r' \: 20, no. 3 (June). ing C.ornnrLi:r. Vigman, Fred K. 1955. crisis oJ'the Cities. \\hshington, D.C).: public Affairs Land Rrlicr Press. Western Ecr-,n,,l-l Vogel, David. 1986. "The Future of'Nen \brk City as a Financial Center: An by ZIP Lodt. '. , Internatictnal Perspective." Paper prepared for the Workshop on Metropol- Econornic Rcre. Dominance, itan Committee on New lbrk Citl', Social Science Research l98lb Er Council, New York. Sherman Oak. Yrazo, Fhwn. 1987. "Houston's \Aieather Is Fine, If'you Don't Go out." Tlrc 1982c. \I, PhiladelBhia Inqttirer', Juh'25, l-A, 4-A. Oaks: \\'estern F \4hchter, Michael L., and Susan N{. wachter., eds. lgill. Tbttar-d a,\'ezl Li.S. Williants, Rar nl,,rl pennsylvania press. Industrial Polio? Philaclelphia: university o{- sity Press. 'ssJJd ,{ lrs 'sseJd erue.\l\. .: -rallufl pro.Ixo :Ir(X v'aN'atnl,Dtaf7 puD rustxtDl/f 'LL6I'puoru(ed 'suer1p,11 'S'n nalr{ D pil)moJ '1861 ',{ueduo3 qJJEesJd rnuouolg uJa}salA :sleo 'DatV u"ureqs {7uno2 E sa1a8uy so7 aW ur ssttsl.tats Suun1tnlnuDry'rzfl6 dqJ *'fno ol) l.uoQ no.\ i I '(ueduo3 qrreasad frruouofg uJatseg :sIEO ueuraqs 'uo8ag (4uno3 a?uotg-sa1a?uy so7 aqt m s?utplntg atlflq as!A-!H'qeg6l qfreasau a)uarfs lerfoq . -1odorta4 uo doqsq-ro^\\ '.{ueduo3 qfJuased fnuouorg tr.i uv :JatuJS E si. uratse4\ :sI"O ueuraqs 'DatV {,1uno3 g sa1a8uy so7 'ntutottln) u! sapo7 dlz {q l€rfuBurl DtDe nuq?g puo sa)oy nV 1gbt 'EZ86I ',(ueduor qlrpeseg lrruouorg uratsa4\ srlqllv rllqnd :'3'o 'Lr('l-- '^fllod puB-I Jo elnlrtsul ulofur-I :'sset! 'a8puque3 ,,'tuJrudolanaq l,trunuuol 8ul r'-r -lueurC pue Surrerto8ap :stueruaer8y Eurpua-I pooqroqr{8laN,,'il86I satpnt S 7ouo8 ay,,' JeJsBf [r '? 'ou 'gg uoqnttos'sy EutuuDld uDJl -rDqJ pafot4 -, 4aav aql.{o loutnof ,,'sdrqsraut:e.4 paterto8aSl puz 'SuruuBId po()qroqq8raSi f)mauaq utt,., 'tuarudolanaq ,{3

'Jr.._ . aqt ot "spe'uredg auqcleq pue n,ls'T ,{a1-rrqg u1 ol 588t STUSUDIS ttotl)tt t.. . urng ,,'erqdyap'Ilqd 'rJj''.? -tselurJd Surzrturtdg ul alog s,pooqroqq8laru rqJ,, '0961 'p€ruo:) ':a1ra14 '92 pue f6 q-ri:,', pato)x,rqDl 1,, ',(uedruo3 ry uotJoN n palqaass\-' \ . : 'croTsz uO aallllutuofqns 'SUI?JJr. . M 1V\ :IroA ma51 H rDaA-)}€ y :on1Q\apnllqd 'zg6l 'pe 'u llassnd "{a13ra14 '{toyutaa'UnAl'uoq)npotd ''spa ':adrots leeqlrhl puz uo)S '[ ua11y u1 tuaruuJe^O{) :'3'o 'u()t;'.' . ..'suor8ag JO uortfnpoJd Jqt pue uortfnpoJd leuor8ag,, '9861 '[ 'ry 'raqqa14 'Mod T radreg :IroA ..rleN 'ssaltrapt!,M uDqrn aq.L'ZL6I -39 SurrulJd luaruu-rJ \t ,.', '(reqotrg) 'ou 'VL mamay uDruaav aqJ 'Lrotsrg I lDrttotsxH ,,'096I-VLL1 'snaty puo sa?DIS 'sFtrrttt:;t : ueqrn ro3 Surplo.IJElS y :zrqdlapellqd ara plrol\ arlt 'qgg6l A IIV JL, 'J)SJOBuurrr:.l -.- 'ssaJd '8151-6€51 'snaty puD ' :.' ., eruenl.{suuad.}o L1rsra.tru11 aq1 :erqdlrpullqd 'Qr3 aToartd aqJ 'pgg6I. 'ssaJd AlIsrsA :tgOt ,{24 :9961 iz;1 : , !,,'. : 'sqmqns 'Z96l 'sspg -Iun prE^JEH :'sseIAI 'a8puquel rD)?aarJq rueg ':au:e.r11 ..'tuau,{oldruE eary prrr' -. 'ssard o8errq3 3o ,{trsranruS : 'tuaruurano7 :o8errq3 unqtn ut uoq)uni 7uruuq4 dqJ'096I'V uaq(ry 'raIIp.A\ '0ZIZ'2602 '9902 '9trt,1 : 'sseJal p-Jnoreu14 :o8errq3 'satta?Jos p7tnry rtt ytt{rto3 puD uotJDztunqtn 'pe -Qoyg qto,y lo sts(,1nuy' tl r.: - 'xo3 'X uI .,'rrorJezrueqJnqng go s8uruur8ag eqt pue ,{:ntua3 qluJJtaurN Jql uI ernllnrls ueq.rn Jo uortBruro.]sue{l aqJ,, '816I 'v p.mr{lrx 'JaIlP.M :'3'O 'uotSutqsp-lA 'c)8,6[ - t67, {,qrlnfioUE& 294 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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