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Daniele Montanino Università Del Salento & INFN
Daniele Montanino Università del Salento & INFN Suggested readings Notice that an exterminated number of (pedagogical and technical) articles, reviews, books, internet pages… can be found on the subject of Neutrino (Astro)Physics. To avoid an “overload” of readings, here I have listed just a very few number of articles and books which (probably) are not the most representative of the subject. Pedagogical introductions on neutrino physics and oscillations: • “TASI lectures on neutrino physics”, A. de Gouvea, hep-ph/0411274 • “Celebrating the neutrino” Los Alamos Science n°25, 1997 (old but still good), http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?number25.htm • Dubna lectures by V. Naumov, http://theor.jinr.ru/~vnaumov/ Recent reviews: • “Neutrino masses and mixings and…”, A. Strumia & F. Vissani, hep-ph/0606054 • “Global analysis of three-flavor neutrino masses and mixings”, G.L. Fogli et al., Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 57 742 (2006), hep-ph/0506083 Books: • “Massive Neutrinos in Physics and Astrophysics”, R. Mohapatra & P. Pal, World Scientific Lecture Notes in Physics - Vol. 72 • “Physics of Neutrinos”, M. Fukugita & T. Yanagida, Springer Links: • “The neutrino unbound”, by C. Giunti & M. Laveder, http://www.nu.to.infn.it/ A NEUTRINO TIMELINE 1927 Charles Drummond Ellis (along with James Chadwick and colleagues) establishes clearly that the beta decay spectrum is really continous, ending all controversies. 1930 Wolfgang Pauli hypothesizes the existence of neutrinos to account for the beta decay energy conservation crisis. 1932 Chadwick discovers the neutron. 1933 Enrico Fermi writes down the correct theory for beta decay, incorporating the neutrino. 1937 Majorana introduced the so-called Majorana neutrino hypothesis in which neutrinos and antineutrinos are considered the same particle. -
As Etapas Rumo À Bomba Atômica
O maravilhoso ano de 1932 Cauê Priscila Suzana Poucos Físicos interessados 1900 •Planck 1913 •Bohr A partir de 1913 o interesse pelos estudos da Física Moderna aumentou 1928 • Dirac – Sensação de que havia se atingido um ponto crítico na física. • Corbino, Roma, (Enrico Fermi e Enrico Persico),incentivo a ciência na Itália, 1929 Palestra “As Novas Metas para Física” • Física Atomica – “Campo promissor para os físicos teóricos e experimentais” • Emilio Segre – Era uma época que precisa “atacar” o núcleo. • Era preciso de uma nova ideia. • Atomos tinham apenae elétrons e prótons (nucleo de H) • As Descobertas em 1932 era tão importantes quanto as de 1865 • Neutrons • Deutério • Pósitron • Aceleradores • Teoria dos Raios β • Radioatividade artificials A descoberta do neutron • 2 anos. • Rutherford ja tinha a ideia duma particula sem carga. (Conferencia de Baker)1920 • 1928 – Walter Boethe • Be→α(Po) com H tambem. • Libera “raios gama”, de Energia alta. • Raios penetrantes. A descoberta do neutron • Irene Curie e Frederic Jolit • Refizeram utilizando amostras de polono extremamente forte. • Conseguindo ejetar eletrons da camada de parafina. • Efeito Compton, os “raios gama” deveriam ter seção de choque altissima energia. A descoberta do neutron • Chadwick(Cavendish)– Rutherford. • Chawick: refez o experimento (He e N) • Concluiu que a radiaçao penetrante tinha comportamento neutro, e chamou de NEUTRON. • Publicou e ganhou o Nobel. • Portas Abertas para outras particulas. Descoberta do Deutério • Harold Clayton Urey • 29 abril 1893 - 1981 • Quimico • Orientador: Gilbert Newton Lewis • Conhericdo por Deutério, experiência de Urey-Miller • Premios: Nobel de Quimica (1934) Deutério • Isótopo de Hidrogênio de massa 2 • Núcleo formado por um próton e um nêutron • separaram do hidrogênio por destilação fracionada a -259°C. -
Science, Scientific Intellectuals and British Culture in the Early Atomic Age, 1945-1956: a Case Study of George Orwell, Jacob Bronowski, J.G
Science, Scientific Intellectuals and British Culture in The Early Atomic Age, 1945-1956: A Case Study of George Orwell, Jacob Bronowski, J.G. Crowther and P.M.S. Blackett Ralph John Desmarais A Dissertation Submitted In Fulfilment Of The Requirements For The Degree Of Doctor Of Philosophy Imperial College London Centre For The History Of Science, Technology And Medicine 2 Abstract This dissertation proposes a revised understanding of the place of science in British literary and political culture during the early atomic era. It builds on recent scholarship that discards the cultural pessimism and alleged ‘two-cultures’ dichotomy which underlay earlier histories. Countering influential narratives centred on a beleaguered radical scientific Left in decline, this account instead recovers an early postwar Britain whose intellectual milieu was politically heterogeneous and culturally vibrant. It argues for different and unrecognised currents of science and society that informed the debates of the atomic age, most of which remain unknown to historians. Following a contextual overview of British scientific intellectuals active in mid-century, this dissertation then considers four individuals and episodes in greater detail. The first shows how science and scientific intellectuals were intimately bound up with George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty Four (1949). Contrary to interpretations portraying Orwell as hostile to science, Orwell in fact came to side with the views of the scientific rig h t through his active wartime interest in scientists’ doctrinal disputes; this interest, in turn, contributed to his depiction of Ingsoc, the novel’s central fictional ideology. Jacob Bronowski’s remarkable transition from pre-war academic mathematician and Modernist poet to a leading postwar BBC media don is then traced. -
The Physics of Neutrinos
SACLAY–T12/xxx The Physics of Neutrinos Renata Zukanovich-Funchal, Benoit Schmauch, Gaëlle Giesen Abstract These are the lecture notes of the course given at IPhT. 1 Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Panorama of Experiments 3 2.1 Early discoveries . .3 2.1.1 The β-decay problem . .3 2.1.2 Discovery of the first neutrino . .3 2.2 Towards the Standard Model . .4 2.2.1 Discovery of the second neutrino . .4 2.2.2 Discovery of neutral currents . .5 2.3 The quest for neutrino oscillations . .6 −1 3 2.3.1 Atmospheric neutrinos (Eν ∼ (10 − 10 ) GeV) . .7 2.3.2 Accelerator neutrinos (Eν ∼ (1 − 10) GeV) . 11 2.3.3 Solar neutrinos (Eν ∼ (0.1 − 10) MeV) . 11 2.3.4 Reactor neutrinos (Eν ∼ (1 − 10) MeV) . 12 2.4 First hints of a new mixing . 13 2.5 Other properties of neutrinos . 13 2.5.1 Anomalies . 13 2.5.2 Limits on Neutrino masses . 13 2.5.3 Are ν 6=ν ¯?.................................. 14 1 Introduction "Some scientific revolutions arise from the invention of new tools or techniques for observing nature; others arise from the from the discovery of new concepts for understanding nature [..] The progress of science requires both new concepts and new tools". These two quotes of Freeman Dyson illustrate perfectly the research in neutrino physics. On one hand the theoretical work needs revolution and invention. On the other hand, the experimental approach towards this field is extremely complicated and has to overcome the difficulties due to the very small mass and interaction probability of neutrinos. -
User:Guy Vandegrift/Timeline of Quantum Mechanics (Abridged)
User:Guy vandegrift/Timeline of quantum mechanics (abridged) • 1895 – Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovers X-rays in experiments with electron beams in plasma.[1] • 1896 – Antoine Henri Becquerel accidentally dis- covers radioactivity while investigating the work of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen; he finds that uranium salts emit radiation that resembled Röntgen’s X- rays in their penetrating power, and accidentally dis- covers that the phosphorescent substance potassium uranyl sulfate exposes photographic plates.[1][3] • 1896 – Pieter Zeeman observes the Zeeman split- ting effect by passing the light emitted by hydrogen through a magnetic field. Wikiversity: • 1896–1897 Marie Curie investigates uranium salt First Journal of Science samples using a very sensitive electrometer device that was invented 15 years before by her husband and his brother Jacques Curie to measure electrical Under review. Condensed from Wikipedia’s Timeline of charge. She discovers that the emitted rays make the quantum mechanics at 13:07, 2 September 2015 (oldid surrounding air electrically conductive. [4] 679101670) • 1897 – Ivan Borgman demonstrates that X-rays and This abridged “timeline of quantum mechancis” shows radioactive materials induce thermoluminescence. some of the key steps in the development of quantum me- chanics, quantum field theories and quantum chemistry • 1899 to 1903 – Ernest Rutherford, who later became that occurred before the end of World War II [1][2] known as the “father of nuclear physics",[5] inves- tigates radioactivity and coins the terms alpha and beta rays in 1899 to describe the two distinct types 1 19th century of radiation emitted by thorium and uranium salts. [6] • 1859 – Kirchhoff introduces the concept of a blackbody and proves that its emission spectrum de- pends only on its temperature.[1] 2 20th century • 1860–1900 – Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann produces a 2.1 1900–1909 primitive diagram of a model of an iodine molecule that resembles the orbital diagram. -
A Selected Bibliography of Publications By, and About, Lord Ernest Rutherford of Nelson
A Selected Bibliography of Publications by, and about, Lord Ernest Rutherford of Nelson Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 03 July 2021 Version 2.103 Title word cross-reference (100) [Tho84]. 1:0 − µ [Gro89]. $1.50 [Dav37]. 1=2 [Hei71]. 180◦ [EFKS96]. $23.00 [Dys05]. $25.00 [Dys05]. $4.75 [Ble57]. $50 [Pip01]. 5 × 1 [Yuh92]. $7.00 [Bat72]. + [SSWB80a, Sad81]. 10 [LMC97]. 12 [RR95]. 14 [RR95]. 16O 32 4 o + [RR95]. [RRKH94]. [MDJF83, ZB74]. [Mon66]. 0:18 [WVH 99]. 0:25 + + + [TJRS03]. 0:47 [GRS 91]. 0:53 [GRS 91]. 0:75 [TJRS03]. 0:82 [WVH 99]. 1 + + + + + [KKK 99]. 1−x [KKK 99, PAF 98, Win94]. 1:7 [WVD 96]. 1:8 [LFA 04]. 2 [CSN+00, DMV+96, IFSI94, Ish83, NJS+03, NFM+07, OaHNM98, LFA+04, + REJ86, Tho84, YKH 84]. 3 + + + + [Cat93, HGM 94, IFSI94, KKK 99, OaHNM98, RSdS 89, WZS 91]. 4 + + + + [WZS 91, YKH 84]. 5 [ESRDV84]. x [KKK 99, PAF 98, Win94]. a [YKH+84]. α [Fea77, FR13g, GM09, GF10, GR12, Hei68, LMC97, OaHNM98, Rut05a, Rut05e, Rut05k, Rut05n, Rut05m, Rut06i, Rut06c, RH06a, Rut06h, RH06b, Rut06m, Rut06l, Rut06j, Rut07g, Rut07h, Rut07j, RG08d, RG08b, RG08a, RG08e, Rut08c, Rut08d, Rut08f, RR08e, RG09b, RG09a, RR09b, 1 2 RR09a, Rut09f, RR09d, RG10, Rut10f, Rut10g, Rut11i, Rut11j, RN13, RR13a, RR14, Rut19b, Rut19e, Rut19f, Rut19g, Rut19h, RC21a, Rut21e, RC22, Rut23m, Rut23n, Rut23o, Rut24l, RC25, RC27, Rut27l, Rut27a, Rut27b, Rut27c, Rut27d, Rut27h, RWL31a, RWL31b, Rut31d, Rut31c, RLB33, RWLB33, RK34, Rut66b, Rut66a, Rut10a, Rut12, WR31, vdB07]. -
Pion Production in Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions
Pion Production in Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions DISSERTATION submitted for the award of the degree of Master of Philosophy in PHYSICS by QUDSIA GANI under the supervision of Dr. Waseem Bari DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS UNIVERSITY OF KASHMIR SRINAGAR – INDIA (2013) Dedicated to My Parents POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS UNIVERSITY OF KASHMIR, SRINAGAR Dated.................... CERTIFICATE Certified that the Dissertation entitled ”Pion production in neutrino- nucleus interactions” embodies the original work of Ms. Qudsia Gani carried out under my supervision. The work is worthy of consideration for the award of M. Phil. Degree in Physics. (Dr. Waseem Bari) Supervisor (Prof. S. Javid Ahmad) Head of the Department iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All thanks to ”Almighty Allah”, who bestowed me with courage and zeal, patience and perseverance and dedication and determination to complete this task on a topic of immense current general interest. I express my sincere thanks and indebtedness to my supervisor, Dr. Waseem Bari, Senior Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, University of Kash- mir, for his keen interest, constant encouragement, vigilant supervision and excellent guidance throughout the course of this study. His deep insight, sug- gestions, comments and interest helped me to complete this project success- fully. I am highly indebted to my friends namely Raja Nisar and Gowhar Hussain Bhat (research scholars pursuing their doctorate) who helped me in writing this dissertation with admirable competence, patience, care and un- derstanding. Thanks are also due to Mr. Asloob Ahmad for helping me in typing of this manuscript. Words cannot express the deep gratitude towards my parents for their whole-hearted support and blessings. -
Symmetries and Their Breaking in the Fundamental Laws of Physics
S S symmetry Review Symmetries and Their Breaking in the Fundamental Laws of Physics Jose Bernabeu Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Valencia and IFIC, Joint Centre Univ. Valencia-CSIC, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain; [email protected] Received: 22 June 2020; Accepted: 29 July 2020; Published: 6 August 2020 Abstract: Symmetries in the Physical Laws of Nature lead to observable effects. Beyond the regularities and conserved magnitudes, the last few decades in particle physics have seen the identification of symmetries, and their well-defined breaking, as the guiding principle for the elementary constituents of matter and their interactions. Flavour SU(3) symmetry of hadrons led to the Quark Model and the antisymmetric requirement under exchange of identical fermions led to the colour degree of freedom. Colour became the generating charge for flavour-independent strong interactions of quarks and gluons in the exact colour SU(3) local gauge symmetry. Parity Violation in weak interactions led us to consider the chiral fields of fermions as the objects with definite transformation properties under the weak isospin SU(2) gauge group of the Unifying Electro-Weak SU(2) U(1) symmetry, which predicted × novel weak neutral current interactions. CP-Violation led to three families of quarks opening the field of Flavour Physics. Time-reversal violation has recently been observed with entangled neutral mesons, compatible with CPT-invariance. The cancellation of gauge anomalies, which would invalidate the gauge symmetry of the quantum field theory, led to Quark–Lepton Symmetry. Neutrinos were postulated in order to save the conservation laws of energy and angular momentum in nuclear beta decay. -
Cambridge E-Books Title Author Collection Name Volume Edition
Cambridge E-Books Title Author Collection name Volume Edition The 2005 Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements Ronald A. Brand, Paul Herrup 1 Edited by Evencio Mediavilla, Santiago Arribas, Martin Roth, Jordi 3D Spectroscopy in Astronomy Cepa-Nogué, Francisco Sánchez 1 A. W. H. Phillips: Collected Works in Contemporary Perspective Edited by Robert Leeson 1 Edited by Vincenzo Antonuccio- AGN Feedback in Galaxy Formation Delogu, Joseph Silk 1 The Abolition of the African Slave-Trade by the British Parliament Thomas Clarkson 2 1 The Abolition of the Death Penalty in International Law William A. Schabas 3 Herbert Cole Coombs, Foreword by Aboriginal Autonomy Mick Dodson 1 Absolutism and Society in Seventeenth-Century France William Beik 1 An Account of Some Recent Discoveries in Hieroglyphical Literature and Egyptian Antiquities Thomas Young 1 Account of the Harvard Greek Play Henry Norman 1 An Account of the Present State of the Island of Puerto Rico George D. Flinter 1 Accountability of Armed Opposition Groups in International Law Liesbeth Zegveld 1 Accounting Principles for Lawyers Peter Holgate 1 Achieving Industrialization in East Asia Edited by Helen Hughes 1 Acquiring Phonology Neil Smith 1 Across Australia Baldwin Spencer, F. J. Gillen 2 1 Archibald John Little, Edited by Across Yunnan Alicia Little 1 Across the Jordan Gottlieb Schumacher 1 Across the Plains Robert Louis Stevenson 1 Acta Mythologica Apostolorum in Arabic Edited by Agnes Smith Lewis 1 Acts of Activism D. Soyini Madison 1 Fenton John Anthony Hort, Edited by Brooke Foss Westcott, Thomas The Acts of the Apostles Ethelbert Page 1 Acute Medicine J. -
Meraklısına Parçacık Ve Hızlandırıcı Fiziği
Meraklısına Parçacık ve Hızlandırıcı Fiziği Bora Akgün,∗ Gökhan Ünel,y Samim Erhan,z Sezen Sekmen,x Umut Köse,{ Veli Yıldızk 06/03/14 Bu kısa kitapçık yazımı bitirilirken meydana gelen Soma felaketinde yaşamını kaybeden maden işçilerine ve verecekleri eğitim ve yetiştirecekleri aydın nesiller sayesinde yersiz ölümlerin "kaza ve kader" olmaktan çıkıp "tarih" olmasını sağlayacak olan öğretmenlere adanmıştır. Özet Yakın zamanda, özellikle Higgs parçacığının keşfi sayesinde CERN laboratuvarına ve orada gerçekleşen hız- landırıcı ve parçacık fiziğine karşı yoğun bir ilgi ve merak oluştu. Bu merak yersiz değildir, çünkü parçacık ve hızlandırıcı fiziği, bilimin ve teknolojinin sınırlarını zorlayan, her an yenilikçi buluşlarla beslenen çok hareketli ve renkli bir bilim dalıdır. İşte tam bu sebepten öğrencilerin, gençlerin ve içinde keşif heyecanı taşıyan herkesin evrenın en temel yapıtaşlarını bulmayı amaçlayan bu dalı yakından tanımalarının yararlı olacağını düşünüyoruz. Bu amaçla CERN deneylerinde görevli Türk fizikçiler olarak 23-27 Şubat 2014 tarihleri arasında CERN Türk Öğretmenler Programı’nın birincisini düzenledik. Türkiye’nin çok farklı yerlerinden gelen ortaöğretim ve lise öğretmenlerine CERN’i, hızlandırıcıları, algıçları ve tüm bu teknolojiyi kullanarak anlamaya ve keşfetmeye çalıştığımız parçacık fiziğini tanıttık. Etkinliğe katılan öğretmen arkadaşlarımızın ilgisi ve edindikleri bilgileri öğrencilerine, meslektaşlarına ve tüm meraklılara yaygınlaştırma heyecanları bizlerde de bu konuda somut katkıda bulunma isteği uyandırdı. Etkinlik -
User:Guy Vandegrift/Sandbox Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
1/9/2016 User:Guy vandegrift/sandbox Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia User:Guy vandegrift/sandbox From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia < User:Guy vandegrift Condensing Wikipedia's Quantum mechanics timeline See also v:How things work college course/Quantum mechanics timeline This "timeline of quantum mechancis" shows some of the key steps in the development of quantum mechanics, quantum field theories and quantum chemistry.[1][2] Contents 1 19th century 2 20th century 2.1 1900–1909 2.2 1910–1919 2.3 1920–1929 2.4 1930–1939 2.5 1940–1949 2.6 1950–1959 2.7 1960–1969 2.8 1971–1979 2.9 1980–1999 3 21st century 4 References https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Guy_vandegrift/sandbox 1/15 1/9/2016 User:Guy vandegrift/sandbox Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 19th century 1859 – Kirchhoff introduces the concept of a blackbody and proves that its emission spectrum depends only on its temperature.[1] 1860–1900 – Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann, James Clerk Maxwell and others develop the theory of statistical mechanics. Boltzmann argues that entropy is a measure of disorder.[1] Boltzmann suggests that the energy levels of a physical system could be discrete based on statistical mechanics and mathematical arguments; also produces a primitive diagram of a model of an iodine molecule that resembles the orbital diagram. Image of Becquerel's photographic 18871888 – Heinrich Hertz discovers the photoelectric effect, and also demonstrates experimentally that plate which has been fogged by exposure to radiation from a uranium electromagnetic waves exist, as predicted by Maxwell.[1] salt. The shadow of a metal Maltese 1888 – Johannes Rydberg modifies the Balmer formula to include all spectral series of lines for the hydrogen Cross placed between the plate and atom, producing the Rydberg formula. -
Mark Oliphant and the Invisible College of the Peaceful Atom
The University of Notre Dame Australia ResearchOnline@ND Theses 2019 Mark Oliphant and the Invisible College of the Peaceful Atom Darren Holden The University of Notre Dame Australia Follow this and additional works at: https://researchonline.nd.edu.au/theses Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 WARNING The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. Publication Details Holden, D. (2019). Mark Oliphant and the Invisible College of the Peaceful Atom (Doctor of Philosophy (College of Arts and Science)). University of Notre Dame Australia. https://researchonline.nd.edu.au/theses/270 This dissertation/thesis is brought to you by ResearchOnline@ND. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of ResearchOnline@ND. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Frontispiece: British Group associated with the Manhattan Project (Mark Oliphant Group), Nuclear Physics Research Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Mount Pleasant, Liverpool. 1944. Photograph by Donald Cooksey. General Records of the Department of Energy (record group 434). National Archives (US) Arc Identifier 7665196. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7665196 Reproduced for non-commercial purposes. Copyright retained by The University of California. DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Mark Oliphant And the Invisible College of the Peaceful Atom A thesis submitted in the fulfilment of a Doctor of Philosophy Darren Holden The University of Notre Dame Australia Submitted February 2019, revised June 2019 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As this work has attempted to demonstrate: discovery is not possible in isolation.