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Trevisanb2015m-1A.Pdf Lakehead University Knowledge Commons,http://knowledgecommons.lakeheadu.ca Electronic Theses and Dissertations Electronic Theses and Dissertations from 2009 2015-06-15 The petrology, mineralization and regional context of the Thunder mafic to ultramafic intrusion, Midcontinent Rift, Thunder Bay, Ontario Trevisan, Brent E. http://knowledgecommons.lakeheadu.ca/handle/2453/628 Downloaded from Lakehead University, KnowledgeCommons Lakehead University The petrology, mineralization and regional context of the Thunder mafic to ultramafic intrusion, Midcontinent Rift, Thunder Bay, Ontario Brent E. Trevisan A thesis submitted to the Department of Geology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Masters of Science December 2014 ABSTRACT The 1108 Ma Thunder mafic to ultramafic intrusion is a small, 800 x 100 x 500 m, Cu- PGE (platinum group element) mineralized body, located on the outskirts of Thunder Bay, Ontario, and associated with the early magmatic stages of the Midcontinent Rift (MCR) based on geochemical similarities to mafic and ultramafic rocks of the Nipigon Embayment and an unpublished 207Pb/206Pb zircon age of 1108.0 ± 1.0 Ma. The Thunder intrusion is similar to the other known mineralized early-rift MCR intrusions; however, it is the only known occurrence hosted by the metavolcanic and metasedimentary assemblages of the Archean Shebandowan greenstone belt. Major textural and geochemical differences can be used to subdivide the intrusion into a lower mafic to ultramafic basal unit and an upper gabbroic unit; the similar trace and rare earth element ratios of the two units suggest a single magmatic pulse that has undergone subsequent fractional crystallization and related cumulate phase layering. The estimated parental composition of the Thunder intrusion has a mg# (MgO/(MgO + 0.9*FeOT)) of 57 which represents a more evolved magma than other early-rift mafic to ultramafic intrusions. This may indicate the involvement of multiple staging chambers during the accent of the parent magma. Trace and rare earth element patterns are consistent with an ocean island basalt source but with indications of contamination such as high Th concentrations and the presence of a negative Nb anomaly. The ԐNdT values from the intrusion range between - 0.7 and + 1.0, with no trends 87 86 indicative of wall rock participation, whereas the Sr/ Sri ratios range from 0.70288 to 0.70611 and trend towards wall rock values of 0.70712 and 0.70873. The weak correlation between ԐNdT 87 86 and Sr/ Sri is also a feature of the Nipigon Sills where it has been interpreted to be due to shallow-level crustal contamination whereas plots of MgO and SiO2 versus ԐNdT indicate contamination at depth by an older crustal source. ii Ni-Cu-PGE sulphide mineralization (20 m of 0.22 wt. % Cu, 0.06 wt. % Ni, 0.25 ppm Pt and 0.29 ppm Pd) is hosted by feldspathic peridotite in the lower mafic to ultramafic unit adjacent to the footwall of the Thunder intrusion. Sulphides typically occur from 1 - 5 modal %, rarely up to 30 modal %, with textures ranging from medium- to fine-grained disseminated, globular and rarely net-textured. Pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and rare pentlandite with common secondary marcasite-pyrite replacement occur along with trace michenerite, kotulskite, merenskyite, sperrylite, hessite, electrum and argentian pentlandite. Whole rock geochemical data displays fractionated Ni-Cu-PGE patterns with depletion of iridium-platinum group elements (IPGE) relative to platinum-platinum group elements (PPGE). Sulphide δ34S values from the Thunder intrusion range from -2.0 to +3.8 ‰ and are similar to values for the metavolcanic host rock that range from -3.1 to +2.3 ‰. Two samples from the basal mineralization zone sulphides yield Δ33S values of 0.066 and 0.122 ‰ and one sample from the metavolcanic wall rock yields 0.149 ‰. The δ34S and Δ33S values for the Thunder intrusion fall within range of typical upper mantle. The sulphur source appears to be of mantle origin, however, the assimilation of crustal sulphur is a possibility but hard to distinguish as the wall rock S isotope and S/SeT signature is similar to that of upper mantle. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study is a collaborative project between Lakehead University, the Geological Survey of Canada and the Ontario Geological Survey as part of the Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr project, Targeted Geoscience Initiative-4 (TGI-4) with funding provided by the Natural Resources Canada’s Research Affiliate Program (RAP). In-kind whole rock geochemistry analyses were provided by the Ontario Geological Survey Geoscience Laboratories in Sudbury. I want to first and foremost thank my Lakehead University supervisor Dr. Pete Hollings for all his assistance and guidance during my MSc studies. When applying to Lakehead University’s MSc program, I approached Dr. Pete Hollings and said word for word: “I am interested in a project encompassing igneous petrology and associated ore deposits, and Thunder Bay regional geology”. As luck would have it, he was able to find me a project that suited my interest. The Thunder intrusion was a perfect candidate satisfying all that I asked for. I want to thank my TGI-4 supervisor Dr. Doreen E. Ames from the Geological Survey of Canada for all her assistance and guidance during my MSc project. Having a ‘third-party’ supervisor really helped in sense of sticking to the TGI-4’s research objectives and seeing the MSc project to its fullest potential. Next I would like to thank Dean Rossell from Rio Tinto. Apart from his involvement with facilitating access to the mineral claims, Dean provided valuable input throughout my MSc study by an exploration standpoint. Big thanks to Dr. Jim Miller from the University of Minnesota Duluth who presented me with the opportunity to run a field trip out to the Thunder intrusion in contribution to the UMD’s Precambrian Research Center workshop series on Cu-Ni-PGE deposits of the Lake Superior Region in fall 2013. This workshop helped out significantly with advancing my research and understanding of Ni-Cu-PGE magmatic sulphide exploration. Special thanks to the following individuals for their volunteered and in-kind assistance throughout my MSc study: Jason Freeburn from Lakehead University’s Geography Department, Rob Cundari, Mark Puumala, Dorothy Campbell, and Stuart Dunlop from the Resident Geologist Program, Ontario Geological Survey, Geoff Heggie from Panoramic Resources Ltd., and Anne Hammond and Kristi Tavener from Lakehead University’s Geological Laboratories. A shout out to the “Gabbros” of CB 3032: Ben Kuzmich, Wes Lueck, and Ayat Baig for being such great colleagues and friends. We all started our MSc’s around the same time and encouraged each other to finish. Last but not least, the rest of my colleagues for making LU a friendly working environment; and, Julie Vilcek, Mom and Dad, friends and family for all their support. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ v LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... xiii 1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives .............................................................................................................................. 4 2. REGIONAL GEOLOGY ......................................................................................................... 5 2.1 The Superior Province ........................................................................................................... 5 2.2 The Shebandowan greenstone belt ........................................................................................ 7 2.3 The Quetico Subprovince ...................................................................................................... 9 2.4 Paleoproterozoic sedimentary rocks.................................................................................... 10 2.5 Mesoprotereozoic sedimentary rocks .................................................................................. 10 2.6 The Mesoproterozoic Midcontinent Rift ............................................................................. 12 2.6.1 Overview, geologic setting and structure ..................................................................... 12 2.6.2 The Keweenawan Super Group .................................................................................... 16 2.6.3 The Midcontinent Rift Intrusive Supersuite ................................................................. 19 2.6.3.1 Subvolcanic intrusive complexes ........................................................................... 19 2.6.3.2 Alkaline and carbonatite intrusions ......................................................................
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