Dynamic Aspects of the Human Eye Lens Molecular Chaperones Alphaa- and Alphab- Crystallin Studied by NMR Spectroscopy

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Dynamic Aspects of the Human Eye Lens Molecular Chaperones Alphaa- and Alphab- Crystallin Studied by NMR Spectroscopy Technische Universität München Fakultät für Chemie Lehrstuhl für Fest – Körper NMR Spektroskopie Dynamic Aspects of the Human Eye Lens Molecular Chaperones alphaA- and alphaB- Crystallin studied by NMR Spectroscopy Maria Stavropoulou Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät für Chemie der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Johannes Buchner Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Prof. Dr. Bernd Reif 2. Prof. Dr. Sevil Weinkauf Die Dissertation wurde am 31.08.2017 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät für Chemie am 09.11.2017 angenommen. ii Technische Universität München Fakultät für Chemie Lehrstuhl für Fest – Körper NMR Spektroskopie Dynamic Aspects of the Human Eye Lens Molecular Chaperones alphaA- and alphaB- crystallin studied by NMR Spectroscopy Maria Stavropoulou Author‘s Declaration iii Author’s Declaration This thesis is submitted in line with the regulations of the Technical University of Munich in partial fulfilment of the degree of Doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.). This thesis does not contain any material published by another person except where due reference is made in text. The experimental work described in this thesis is original work and has not been submitted for a degree or diploma at any other university. September 2017 Maria Stavropoulou Zusammenfassung iv Zusammenfassung Kleine Hitzeschockproteine, einschließlich beider alpha-Kristallin-Gene der menschlichen Augenlinse, alphaA- und alphaB-Kristallin, spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Proteinhomöostase, weil ihre ATP-unabhängige Chaperon-Aktivität eine unkontrollierte Proteinaggregation verhindert. alphaA und alphaB haben ~58% Sequenzhomologie und bilden heterogene und hochdynamische oligomere Ensembles bis zu einem Molekulargewicht von 1 MDa. Ihre monomere Untereinheit setzt sich aus der zentralen alpha-Kristallin-Domäne (AKD) und den flankierenden N- und C-terminalen Regionen (NTR bzw. CTR) zusammen. Die CTR beherbergt ein hochkonserviertes IXI-Motiv, das wesentlich ist für die Oligomerisierung. alphaA kommt am häufigsten in der Augenlinse vor. Im Gegensatz dazu wird alphaB ubiquitär in mehreren Geweben exprimiert. Hier zeigen wir unter Verwendung moderner NMR- Spektroskopie, dass der alphaB-Komplex aus asymmetrischen Bausteinen zusammengesetzt ist, und dass alphaB durch seine inhärente strukturelle Plastizität mit einer breiten Palette von strukturell unterschiedlichen Klienten interagiert. Interaktionsstudien mittels Immunogold markierter und negativ kontrastierter Proben bestätigten, dass alphaB das Fibrillen bildende AlzheimerAbeta40-Peptid vorzugsweise an seinen Kanten bindet, während die Bindung eines amorph aggregierenden Klienten durch den partiell unstrukturierten NTR erfolgt. Darüber hinaus deuten Phosphorylierungs-imitierende alphaB-Mutanten darauf hin, dass Phosphorylierung zu einer Verminderung des Molekulargewichts führt. Obwohl die CTR von α- Kristallinen hochflexibel, unstrukturiert und Lösungsmittel zugänglich ist, zeigen CTRs hoch- aufgelöste Lösungs-NMR-Spektren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit führen wir NMR- Untersuchungen über die Konformation und Dynamik des ungeordneten CTR des menschlichen alphaA Proteins durch, das zwei natürlich vorkommende Cysteine enthält, die für seine Redox- Empfindlichkeit verantwortlich sind. Wir haben das Rückgrat von 15N, 13C-markiertem alphaA, sowie die Seitenketten, zugeordnet und beobachteten mehrere zusätzliche NMR-Signale für Reste in der Nähe von Prolin 160, 167 und 171. Wir stellten fest, dass alle detektierten Konfomere unstrukturiert sind und die zusätzlichen Resonanzen aus der cis-trans-Peptidyl- Prolyl-Isomerisierung um die I159-P160 (IPV-Motiv), K166-P167 und A170-P171 Peptidbindungen entstehen. Die Population der cis-P160, cis-P167 und cis-P171 Konformation beträgt bei physiologischen Temperaturen etwa 6%, 15% bzw. 5%, und die cis-P160 Konformation zeigt insbesondere eine Tendenz zur Ausbildung einer beta-Strang- Konformation. Zusammengefasst zeigen diese Daten eine potentielle Rolle für die cis-trans- Prolin-Isomerisierung bei der Regulierung der Oligomerisierung von kleinen Hitzeschockproteinen. Weiterhin haben wir paramagnetische Relaxationsverstärkungs- Experimente durchgeführt, durch die wir bestätigen konnten, dass sich ein geringer Anteil von ca. 15-20% des CTR von alphaA in einem Domänenaustauschzustand befindet, und dass sowohl transiente inter- als auch intramolekulare Wechselwirkungen mit benachbarten Oligomeren ausgebildet werden können. 15N Relaxationsexperimente zeigten auch, dass die oxidierte Form von alphaA geringfügig flexibler ist als die reduzierte Form, und dass im Allgemeinen alphaA, reduziert oder oxidiert, im Vergleich zu alphaB, in ihrer CTR dynamischer zu sein scheint. Unsere Untersuchungen wurden schließlich erweitert durch biochemische und NMR Daten über ein verkürztes Konstrukt des menschlichen alphaA Proteins, die zeigen, dass die Gesamtgröße von alphaAox(62-166) im Vergleich zu alphaAred(62-166) erhöht ist und höhermolekulare oligomere Ensembles gebildet werden, die in einem tetrameren Zustand zu sein scheinen, entsprechend eines Molekulargewichts von 80 kDa, wohingegen alphaAred(62- 166) womöglich nur als Dimer vorliegt. Summary v Summary Small heat shock proteins (sHsps), including the two alpha-crystallin genes of the human eye lens, alphaA- and alphaB-crystallin, play an important role in protein homeostasis, because their ATP-independent chaperone activity inhibits uncontrolled protein aggregation. alphaA and alphaB have ~58% sequence homology and they form heterogeneous and highly dynamic oligomeric ensembles of molecular weights up to 1 MDa. Their monomeric subunit is organized into the central alpha-crystallin domain (ACD) and the flanking N- and C-terminal regions (NTR and CTR), respectively. The CTR harbours a highly conserved IXI-motif important for oligomerization. alphaA is mostly predominant in the eye lens. By contrast, alphaB is ubiquitously expressed in several tissues. Here, by using state-of-the-art NMR spectroscopy, we show that the alphaB complex is assembled from asymmetric building blocks and suggest that alphaB with its structural plasticity interacts with a wide range of structurally variable clients. Interaction studies using immunogold-labeling negative stained samples demonstrated that alphaB binds the fibril-forming Alzheimer’s disease Abeta40 peptide preferentially to its edges and an amorphously aggregating client by the partially disordered NTR. Phosphorylation- mimicking alphaB mutants suggest that the protein upon phosphorylation yields a decreased molecular weight. Although, the CTR of alpha-crystallins is highly flexible, unstructured and solvent accessible, CTRs give rise to well-resolved solution-state NMR spectra. Here, we report solution-state NMR investigations of the conformation and dynamics of the disordered CTR of human alphaA, which contains two naturally occurring cysteines responsible for its redox sensitivity. We assigned the backbone of 15N, 13C-labeled alphaA, as well as the side chains, and observed multiple additional NMR signals for residues in the vicinity of prolines 160, 167 and 171. We determined that, while all observed forms are highly disordered, the extra resonances arise from the cis-trans peptidyl-prolyl isomerization about the I159-P160 (IPV motif), K166-P167 and A170-P171 peptide bonds. The cis-P160, cis-P167 and cis-P171 are populated to 6%, 15% and 5%, respectively, at physiological temperatures and cis-P160 in particular shows a tendency to adopt beta-strand conformations. These findings indicate a potential role for cis-trans proline isomerization in regulating the oligomerization of sHsps. We further carried out paramagnetic relaxation enhancement experiments, where we could confirm that a small amount of ca. 15-20% of the CTR of alphaA is in a domain swapping state, and that it can form both, transient inter- and intra-molecular interactions with neighbouring oligomers. 15N relaxation experiments showed that the oxidized form of alphaA is slightly more flexible than the reduced, and in total, alphaA, reduced or oxidized, appears to be more dynamic in its CTR compared to alphaB. Our investigations were finally extended by biochemical and NMR data on the truncated construct of human alphaA, which showed that the overall size of alphaAox(62-166) is increased compared to alphaAred(62-166), and it forms higher molecular weight oligomeric ensembles that appear to be in a tetrameric state, corresponding to a molecular weight of 80 kDa, while alphaAred(62-166) seems to be only dimeric. vi ‚ἕν οἶδα, ὅτι οὐδέν οἶδα‘ Σωκράτης ‚I know that I know nothing‘ Socrates Acknowledgement vii Acknowledgement The completion of my dissertation and subsequent PhD has been a long journey. Many have questioned whether I would finish my dissertation, as they have doubted my commitment to it. I, on the other hand, except for losing confidence so many times, except for computers crashing and experiments not working, I needed to work as much as possible, and however the pure frustration in general, I knew I’d compete my PhD. I just had to do it in my own time and on my own terms. At any rate, I have finished, but I could not have succeeded without the invaluable support, patience and guidance of several people. In one way or another, each one individually contributed, so it is to them that I owe my deepest gratitude. Since my first day in TUM, I have
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