By Suad Mustafa Muhammad a Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT of ORIENTAL STUDIES in Partial Fulfillment of the R
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Race, Rebellion, and Arab Muslim Slavery : the Zanj Rebellion in Iraq, 869 - 883 C.E
University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5-2016 Race, rebellion, and Arab Muslim slavery : the Zanj Rebellion in Iraq, 869 - 883 C.E. Nicholas C. McLeod University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Part of the African American Studies Commons, African History Commons, Ethnic Studies Commons, History of Religion Commons, Islamic Studies Commons, Islamic World and Near East History Commons, Medieval Studies Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, and the Social History Commons Recommended Citation McLeod, Nicholas C., "Race, rebellion, and Arab Muslim slavery : the Zanj Rebellion in Iraq, 869 - 883 C.E." (2016). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2381. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/2381 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The nivU ersity of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The nivU ersity of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RACE, REBELLION, AND ARAB MUSLIM SLAVERY: THE ZANJ REBELLION IN IRAQ, 869 - 883 C.E. By Nicholas C. McLeod B.A., Bucknell University, 2011 A Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Louisville In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts In Pan-African Studies Department of Pan-African Studies University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky May 2016 Copyright 2016 by Nicholas C. -
The Abbasid Dynasty: the Golden Age of Islamic Civilization The
The Abbasid Dynasty: The Golden Age of Islamic Civilization The Abbasid Caliphate, which ruled the Islamic world, oversaw the golden age of Islamic culture. The dynasty ruled the Islamic Caliphate from 750 to 1258 AD, making it one of the longest and most influential Islamic dynasties. For most of its early history, it was the largest empire in the world, and this meant that it had contact with distant neighbors such as the Chinese and Indians in the East, and the Byzantines in the West, allowing it to adopt and synthesize ideas from these cultures. The Abbasid Revolution The Abbasid Dynasty overthrew the preceding Umayyad Dynasty, which was based in Damascus, Syria. The Umayyads had become increasingly unpopular, especially in the eastern territories of the caliphate. The Umayyads favored Syrian Arabs over other Muslims and treated mawali, newly converted Muslims, as second- class citizens. The most numerous group of mawali were the Persians, who lived side- by-side with Arabs in the east who were angry at the favor shown to Syrian Arabs. Together, they were ripe for rebellion. Other Muslims were angry with the Umayyads for turning the caliphate into a hereditary dynasty. Some believed that a single family should not hold power, while Shiites believed that true authority belonged to the family of the Prophet Muhammad through his son-in-law Ali, and the Umayyads were not part of Muhammad’s family. All these various groups who were angry with the Umayyads united under the Abbasids, who began a rebellion against the Umayyads in Persia. The Abbasids built a coalition of Persian mawali, Eastern Arabs, and Shiites. -
Hussain Ali Tahtooh
3=;;5?3819 ?591A8=<@ 25AC55< A75 1?12 C=?94 1<4 8<481 !)?4 1<4 *A7%.A7 1<4 '&A7 35<AB?85@" 7VTTDLP 1NL ADKUQQK 1 AKHTLT @VEOLUUHG IQS UKH 4HJSHH QI >K4 DU UKH BPLWHSTLUZ QI @U$ 1PGSHXT '.-, 6VNN OHUDGDUD IQS UKLT LUHO LT DWDLNDENH LP ?HTHDSFK0@U1PGSHXT/6VNNAHYU DU/ KUUR/%%SHTHDSFK#SHRQTLUQSZ$TU#DPGSHXT$DF$VM% >NHDTH VTH UKLT LGHPULILHS UQ FLUH QS NLPM UQ UKLT LUHO/ KUUR/%%KGN$KDPGNH$PHU%'&&()%(.++ AKLT LUHO LT RSQUHFUHG EZ QSLJLPDN FQRZSLJKU COMMII' hAl1 J1:IATroNH 1IITWEJN THE ARAB WORLD AND INDIA (.IRI) AN]) 4Th / 9111 AND 10TH CENTURIES) By ' Hussahi All. Tahtooh fl.I., Baghdad M.A., Mosul A llIofll!3 nulitnitted fo! the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the lJiilveislty of St. Andrews. • AiiIro'n December 1986. AI3STRACT 1:1,13 t)IeIlent woik Is mainly concerned with the commercial relations I)etweon the Arab world and India In the 3rd and 4th / 9th and 10th centurIes. The thesis consists of an Introduction and five chapters. The lntwdiictloit contains a brief survey of the historical background to the A,iih-Iiidkin trade links In the period prior to the period of the research. lt also Includes the reasons for choosing the subject, and the t1I[ficiiltles with which the research was faced. The intro(1(I(II Iin niso conta his the methods of the research and a study of the ma lit S ( 3LIt (iCS (1iipter One deals with the Arab provinces, the main kingdoms of India, Iho political situation in the Arab world and India, and its effecis iiii the Enhliject. -
Land Reclamation and Irrigation Programs in Early Islamic Southern Mesopotamia Self-Enrichment Vs
chapter 15 Land Reclamation and Irrigation Programs in Early Islamic Southern Mesopotamia Self-Enrichment vs. State Control Peter Verkinderen The countryside is in the first place the locus of agriculture. Since taxation of agricultural lands amounted for the lion’s share of the early Islamic empire’s income, and its city-based culture was largely dependent on food (and other products) produced in the countryside, it was imperative for the empire to try and keep the countryside under control. This paper will focus on a rather small region in southern Iraq, the area between the Persian Gulf and the great marshland called al-Baṭāʾiḥ.The epicenter of this region was the city of Basra, which was founded by the invading Muslims as a base for their expeditions into southern Iraq and beyond. They established their camp on the edge of the desert plateau, ca. 20km west of the present- day Shaṭṭ al-ʿArab (which was called the “One-eyed Tigris,”Dijla al-ʿAwrāʾ, at the time), and this encampment soon grew to become a miṣr, a garrison city, and one of the main metropoles of the early Islamic empire. Rural areas are heavily underrepresented in early Islamic non-documentary sources, and documentary sources from the early Islamic period are available in great quantities only for Egypt. For Iraq, close to no documentary source material has survived. However, what Iraq lacks in documentary sources is partly made up for by the extraordinary amount of attention the legal literature spends on the status of the land of the Sawād and related questions. -
Iraq Tribal Study – Al-Anbar Governorate: the Albu Fahd Tribe
Iraq Tribal Study AL-ANBAR GOVERNORATE ALBU FAHD TRIBE ALBU MAHAL TRIBE ALBU ISSA TRIBE GLOBAL GLOBAL RESOURCES RISK GROUP This Page Intentionally Left Blank Iraq Tribal Study Iraq Tribal Study – Al-Anbar Governorate: The Albu Fahd Tribe, The Albu Mahal Tribe and the Albu Issa Tribe Study Director and Primary Researcher: Lin Todd Contributing Researchers: W. Patrick Lang, Jr., Colonel, US Army (Retired) R. Alan King Andrea V. Jackson Montgomery McFate, PhD Ahmed S. Hashim, PhD Jeremy S. Harrington Research and Writing Completed: June 18, 2006 Study Conducted Under Contract with the Department of Defense. i Iraq Tribal Study This Page Intentionally Left Blank ii Iraq Tribal Study Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CHAPTER ONE. Introduction 1-1 CHAPTER TWO. Common Historical Characteristics and Aspects of the Tribes of Iraq and al-Anbar Governorate 2-1 • Key Characteristics of Sunni Arab Identity 2-3 • Arab Ethnicity 2-3 – The Impact of the Arabic Language 2-4 – Arabism 2-5 – Authority in Contemporary Iraq 2-8 • Islam 2-9 – Islam and the State 2-9 – Role of Islam in Politics 2-10 – Islam and Legitimacy 2-11 – Sunni Islam 2-12 – Sunni Islam Madhabs (Schools of Law) 2-13 – Hanafi School 2-13 – Maliki School 2-14 – Shafii School 2-15 – Hanbali School 2-15 – Sunni Islam in Iraq 2-16 – Extremist Forms of Sunni Islam 2-17 – Wahhabism 2-17 – Salafism 2-19 – Takfirism 2-22 – Sunni and Shia Differences 2-23 – Islam and Arabism 2-24 – Role of Islam in Government and Politics in Iraq 2-25 – Women in Islam 2-26 – Piety 2-29 – Fatalism 2-31 – Social Justice 2-31 – Quranic Treatment of Warfare vs. -
Violent Order
Violent Order © 2016 Orient-Institut Istanbul ISTANBULER TEXTE UND STUDIEN HERAUSGEGEBEN VOM ORIENT-INSTITUT ISTANBUL BAND 11 © 2016 Orient-Institut Istanbul Violent Order: Religious Warfare, Chivalry, and the ʿAyyār Phenomenon in the Medieval Islamic World D. G. Tor WÜRZBURG 2016 ERGON VERLAG WÜRZBURG IN KOMMISSION © 2016 Orient-Institut Istanbul Umschlaggestaltung: Taline Yozgatian Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ISBN 978-3-95650-185-2 ISSN 1863-9461 © 2016 Orient-Institut Istanbul (Max Weber Stiftung) Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung des Werkes außerhalb des Urheberrechtsgesetzes bedarf der Zustimmung des Orient-Instituts Istanbul. Dies gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen jeder Art, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfil- mung sowie für die Einspeicherung in elektronische Systeme. Gedruckt mit Unterstützung des Orient-Instituts Istanbul, gegründet von der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, aus Mitteln des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung. Ergon-Verlag GmbH Keesburgstr. 11, D-97074 Würzburg © 2016 Orient-Institut -
The Abbasid Dynasty: the Golden Age of Islamic Civilization The
The Abbasid Dynasty: The Golden Age of Islamic Civilization The Abbasid Caliphate, which ruled the Islamic world, oversaw the golden age of Islamic culture. The dynasty ruled the Islamic Caliphate from 750 to 1258 AD, making it one of the longest and most influential Islamic dynasties. For most of its early history, it was the largest empire in the world, and this meant that it had contact with distant neighbors such as the Chinese and Indians in the East, and the Byzantines in the West, allowing it to adopt and synthesize ideas from these cultures. The Abbasid Revolution The Abbasid Dynasty overthrew the preceding Umayyad Dynasty, which was based in Damascus, Syria. The Umayyads had become increasingly unpopular, especially in the eastern territories of the caliphate. The Umayyads favored Syrian Arabs over other Muslims and treated mawali, newly converted Muslims, as second- class citizens. The most numerous group of mawali were the Persians, who lived side- by-side with Arabs in the east who were angry at the favor shown to Syrian Arabs. Together, they were ripe for rebellion. Other Muslims were angry with the Umayyads for turning the caliphate into a hereditary dynasty. Some believed that a single family should not hold power, while Shiites believed that true authority belonged to the family of the Prophet Muhammad through his son-in-law Ali, and the Umayyads were not part of Muhammad’s family. All these various groups who were angry with the Umayyads united under the Abbasids, who began a rebellion against the Umayyads in Persia. The Abbasids built a coalition of Persian mawali, Eastern Arabs, and Shiites. -
Important Coins of the Islamic World
Important Coins of the Islamic World To be sold by auction at: Sotheby’s, in the Upper Grosvenor Gallery The Aeolian Hall, Bloomfield Place New Bond Street London W1A 2AA Day of Sale: Thursday 23 April 2015 at 2.00pm Public viewing: Nash House, St George Street, London W1S 2FQ Monday 20 April 10.00am to 4.30pm Tuesday 21 April 10.00am to 4.30pm Wednesday 22 April 10.00am to 4.30pm Or by previous appointment. Catalogue no. 73 Price £15 Enquiries: Stephen Lloyd or Tom Eden Cover illustrations: Lot 166 (front); lot 98 (back); lot 13 (inside front); lot 154 (inside back) Tel.: +44 (0)20 7493 5344 Fax: +44 (0)20 7495 6325 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mortonandeden.com This auction is conducted by Morton & Eden Ltd. in accordance with our Conditions of Business printed at the back of this catalogue. All questions and comments relating to the operation of this sale or to its content should be addressed to Morton & Eden Ltd. and not to Sotheby’s. Online Bidding This auction can be viewed online at www.the-saleroom.com, www.invaluable.com and www.sixbid.com. Morton & Eden Ltd offers an online bidding service via www.the-saleroom.com. This is provided on the under- standing that Morton & Eden Ltd shall not be responsible for errors or failures to execute internet bids for reasons including but not limited to: i) a loss of internet connection by either party; ii) a breakdown or other problems with the online bidding software; iii) a breakdown or other problems with your computer, system or internet connec- tion. -
The Formation of Islam Religion and Society in the Near East, 600–1800
The Formation of Islam Religion and Society in the Near East, 600–1800 Jonathan Berkey’s book surveys the religious history of the peoples of the Near East from roughly 600 to 1800 CE. The opening chapter examines the religious scene in the Near East in late antiquity, and the religious traditions which preceded Islam. Subsequent chapters investigate Islam’s first century and the beginnings of its own traditions, the ‘classical’ period from the accession of the fiAbbasids to the rise of the Buyid amirs, and thereafter the emergence of new forms of Islam in the middle period. Throughout, close attention is paid to the experiences of Jews and Christians, as well as Muslims. The book stresses that Islam did not appear all at once, but emerged slowly, as part of a prolonged process whereby it was differentiated from other religious traditions and, indeed, that much that we take as characteristic of Islam is in fact the product of the medieval period. This book has been written for students and for all those with an interest in the emergence and evolution of Islam. Jonathan P. Berkey is Associate Professor of History at Davidson College. His publications include Popular Preaching and Religious Authority in the Medieval Islamic Near East (2001). THEMES IN ISLAMIC HISTORY comprises a range of titles exploring different aspects of Islamic history, society and culture by leading scholars in the field. Books are thematic in approach, offering a comprehensive and accessible over- view of the subject. Generally, surveys treat Islamic history from its origins to the demise of the Ottoman empire, although some offer a more developed analysis of a particular period, or project into the present, depending on the subject-matter. -
An Archive of Black Iraqi Identity in Diaa Jubaili's Al-Biṭrīq Al-Aswad
humanities Article Messages in Bottles: An Archive of Black Iraqi Identity in Diaa Jubaili’s al-Bit.r¯ıq al-Aswad Chip Rossetti Independent Researcher, Cranford, NJ 07016, USA; [email protected] Abstract: The novel al-Bi.tr¯ıq al-Aswad [The Black Penguin] by the Iraqi author Diaa Jubaili is a rare example of a contemporary Arabic novel that centers the experiences of Iraq’s Black population, most of whom live near Basra in Iraq’s south. The novel’s mixed-race narrator recounts his life story in the form of letters addressed to international figures, highlighting the life of his family on the margins of Iraqi society and his later involvement with the real-life civil rights group, the Movement of Free Iraqis. This article draws on Stuart Hall’s dual conception of cultural identity in diaspora to frame the characters’ search for a Black Iraqi identity as a dynamic engagement with memory, one that represents a counternarrative in the face of legacies of African slavery and legal discrimination. Keywords: Iraq; Blackness; fiction; refugee; racism Citation: Rossetti, Chip. 2021. Introduction Messages in Bottles: An Archive of The relative dearth of contemporary Arabic novels that center Blackness and anti- Black Iraqi Identity in Diaa Jubaili’s Black racism is a reflection of a greater silence about race—as well as the tangled historical al-Bitr¯ıq al-Aswad Humanities . 10: 82. legacy of slavery—within Arabic societies. While the connection between slavery and race https://doi.org/10.3390/h10020082 in the Middle East was not as rigid and -
The Ibāḍī Traders of Bilād Al-Sūdān
The American University in Cairo School of Humanities and Social Sciences The Ibāḍī Traders of Bilād al-Sūdān. A Thesis Submitted to The Department of Arab & Islamic Civilizations In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts By J.H. van Riel Under the supervision of Dr. C. Gomez-Rivas May 2012 The American University in Cairo Contents. • Introduction. 2. • Chapter 1: The Ibāḍī community in the Maghreb. 12. • Chapter 2: The early Ibāḍī community in Basra and its trade connections. 24. • Chapter 3: The Ibāḍī community within trans-Saharan trade networks. 37. • Chapter 4: The Ibāḍī impact on trans-Saharan trade. 54. • Conclusion. 69. • Bibliography. 74. 1 Introduction. The great Saharan desert, the biggest desert on earth (measuring approximately 9,000,000 km2), has always been seen as a natural and formidable barrier between the people living to its north and the people living to its south. It may seem as a barrier, but in reality it was not so. Although the Sahara seems daunting – it stretches all the way from Mauritania to the Red Sea (approximately 5,600km) and from the Libyan Sirtica to Lake Chad and the River Niger (approximately 2,000km) – it is lined with oases that make it possible to hop from one oasis to the next. Therefore it has always been possible to cross the Sahara, as did numerous travelling scholars and men of religion, raiding warriors and profit-seeking traders carrying ideas, influences, warfare and goods and commodities into and across the desert. The romantic images of the Sahara show it as a vast mass of sand dunes, this is incorrect; only one-fifth of the Sahara is covered with these sand dunes and only one-fifteenth of the Sahara consists of the dreaded and avoided “deserts within desert”, this is considered to be the “land of fear” due to its deep sand; the Libyan Desert, the Téneré of north-East Niger and the great Ergs of the Algerian Sahara. -
MYSTERIES of the SUFI PATH the Sufi Community in Jordan and Its Zawiyas, Hadras and Orders Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan National Library Submission No
MYSTERIES OF THE SUFI PATH The Sufi Community in Jordan and Its Zawiyas, Hadras and Orders Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan National Library Submission No. (2020/12/5184) Abu Rumman, Mohammed Sulaiman Mystiries of the Sufi Path: The Sufi Community in Jordan and Its Zawiyas, Hadras and Orders. Translated by William Ward, - Amman: Friedrich Ebert Foundation (374) pages Deposite Number: 2020/12/5184 Descriptors: Sufi Orders/Sufism/Islamic Groups The author bears full legal liability for the content of his work. This work does not reflect the opinion of the Department of the National Library or any other government authority. Publisher: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Jordan and Iraq Office Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung – Amman Office PO Box 941876, Amman 11194, Jordan Email: [email protected] Website: www.fes-jordan.org Not for sale © Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Amman Office All rights reserved. This book may not be reprinted, stored, reproduced, or transmitted in whole or in part, in any form or by any means, including by electronic means or computer – such as photocopying, recording, or using any information storage and retrieval system – without prior written authorization from the publisher. The views contained in this study do not necessarily reflect the views of Friedrich- Ebert-Stiftung. The writer is personally responsible for the content of the portion he or she wrote. • Cover design:Huda Khalil Al Sha’ir • Design of interior: Eman Khattab • Printer: Alam Alfiker Printing Press • ISBN: (978-9923-759-21-9) MYSTERIES OF THE SUFI PATH The Sufi Community in Jordan and Its Zawiyas, Hadras and Orders Dr. Mohammed Abu Rumman FOREWORD By Tim O.