IN PURSUIT of HEGEMONY: Politics and State Building in Sri Lanka

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

IN PURSUIT of HEGEMONY: Politics and State Building in Sri Lanka IN PURSUIT OF HEGEMONY: Politics and State Building in Sri Lanka Shyamika Jayasundara-Smits This dissertation is part of the Research Programme of Ceres, Research School for Resource Studies for Development. © Shyamika Jayasundara-Smits 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the author. Printed in The Netherlands. ISBN 978-94-91478-12-3 IN PURSUIT OF HEGEMONY: Politics and State Building in Sri Lanka OP ZOEK NAAR HEGEMONIE: Politiek en staatsvorming in Sri Lanka Thesis to obtain the degree of Doctor from the Erasmus University Rotterdam by command of the Rector Magnificus Professor dr H.G. Schmidt and in accordance with the decision of the Doctorate Board The public defence shall be held on 23 May 2013 at 16.00 hrs by Seneviratne Mudiyanselage Shyamika Jayasundara-Smits born in Colombo, Sri Lanka Doctoral Committee Promotor Prof.dr. M.A.R.M. Salih Other Members Prof.dr. N.K. Wickramasinghe, Leiden University Prof.dr. S.M. Murshed Associate professor dr. D. Zarkov Co-promotor Dr. D. Dunham Contents List of Tables, Diagrams and Appendices viii Acronyms x Acknowledgements xii Abstract xv Samenvatting xvii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Literature Review 1 1.1.1 Scholarship on Sri Lanka 4 1.2 The Setting and Justification 5 1.2.1 A Statement of the Problem 10 1.3 Research Questions 13 1.4 Central Thesis Statement 14 1.5 Theories and concepts 14 1.5.1 State building 14 1.5.2 Hegemony 14 1.5.3 State-in-Society Model 17 1.6 Analytical Framework 19 1.7 Methodology 20 1.8 Data Collection Methods 20 1.8.1 Theoretical Orientation: Critical and Interpretative 24 1.8.2 Data Analysis: Mixed Methods 24 1.9 Challenges and Limitations 25 1.10 Organisation of the Thesis 25 Notes 26 2 SINHALA-BUDDHIST NATIONALISM: ITS TRAJECTORIES OF TRANSFORMATION AND FUNCTIONS IN POLITICS OF STATE BUILDING 28 2.1 Introduction 28 2.2 Nationalisms and ethnic interpretations 28 2.3 Class origins of Sinhala-Buddhist nationalism 33 2.3.1 Anti-Colonial Nationalism: bourgeois leadership 35 2.3.2 Marching towards independence: a search for new allies and new enemies 42 2.4 Post-colonial factional politics and the functions of Sinhala-Buddhist nationalism 43 2.4.1 Sinhala-Buddhist nationalism as the vanguard of elite politics 46 2.4.2 Bandaranaike’s politics: Left going Right 50 2.4.3 The ethnic caricature in politics and ‘classless’ Marxist politics: whose left? 51 v vi IN PURSUIT OF HEGEMONY: POLITICS AND STATE BUILDING IN SRI LANKA 2.5 JVP Marxism and JHU Chauvinism: turncoat Lefts aiding the Hegemony of the Right 53 2.5.1 Hela Urumaya and the Newest Sinhala-Buddhist ‘Karumaya’ in politics 56 2.6 Buddhism betrayed?: How and by Whom? 58 2.7 Tamil ethno-nationalism: its functions in Sinhala-Buddhist nationalist politics 59 2.8 Concluding remarks 64 Notes 65 3 MUTTI (POTS) AND PANDAM (TORCHES): PATRONAGE POLITICS 69 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 Patronage in the Sri Lankan Literature 70 3.2.1 Where did patronage politics come from? 71 3.2.2 Development of a political party system in post-independent Sri Lanka and the use of patronage for party building 76 3.2.3 Dynamics of political party development and strengthening of mass political clientelism 80 3.3 Early processes of state building through ‘mass clientelism’ 84 3.3.1 Challenges in retaining the old clienteles: elite hegemony building at stake? 88 3.4 Clientelism and state policies: how sacred is the sacred cow? From welfare politics to warfare politics 93 3.5 The post-1977 period: state economic policies and transformation of the nature of the political patronage system 100 Jayawardene Regime (1977–1988) 100 Premadasa Regime (1989–1993) 107 Kumaratunga Regime (1993 - 2004) 108 Rajapaksa Regime (from 2005) 111 3.6 Concluding remarks 115 Notes 117 4 SOURCES OF FUNDING FOR PATRONAGE: USE, ABUSE AND MANIPULATION OF STATE INSTITUTIONS 122 4.1 Introduction 122 4.2 State institutions under the British: a quasi-patronage? 123 4.3 The state apparatuses as sources of finance for patronage politics: 1948–1977 126 4.3.1 Resistance and struggle for political hegemony: Elite civil servants vs. political elites 129 4.3.2 Financing patronage through Socialist rhetoric and the politics of state reforms 132 4.3.3 The ghost of socialism: the institutionalisation of political patronage 136 4.4 The ghost of liberalism: patronage politics in the state institutions in the post-1977 period 140 4.4.1 Other recent trends: mega cabinets and increasing horizontal patronage 151 4.4.2 Devolution of power: centralisation of decentralisation and decentralisation of patronage in the state sector? 154 4.4.3 Unreformability of the state sector 157 4.5 Ape (our) Syndrome, fluid identities and fluid politics 160 4.6 Concluding remarks 161 Notes 162 5 HEGEMONY BUILDING AND STATE BUILDING: CONFLICT, WAR AND PEACE IN SRI LANKA 165 5.1 Introduction 165 5.2 Kumaratunga and the agenda of peace by peaceful means 167 Contents vii 5.2.1 Kumaratunga challenged: crisis in the coalition 170 5.2.2 Negotiations with the LTTE (1994–1997): internal political party dynamics 171 5.2.3 PA, the beginning and the end of peace by peaceful means 172 5.2.4 Kumaratunga’s second term and majority-minority politics 174 5.2.5 Political turmoil in the south and the context of the general election in 2001 176 5.2.6 Saving Kumaratunga: the PA–JVP memorandum in September 2001 178 5.3 The 2001 general elections: the people’s verdict dismissed! 179 5.3.1 2002-2003 political negotiations with the LTTE under the UNF government: experimenting (neo) liberal peace 180 5.4 Working around politics of peace: re-shifting the discourse 182 5.4.1 Shifting opinions: international actors and new faces of nationalism in Sri Lanka 183 5.5 Kumaratunga strikes back: from liberal peace to limited war 185 5.5.1 Complexities, threats and opportunities: tsunami politics 187 5.5.2 Complexities, threats and opportunities: the split in the LTTE 187 5.6 The rise of Rajapakse: from total war to victor’s peace and dynastic politics 188 5.6.1 Rajapaksa and the saga of the All Party Representatives Committee (APRC) 190 5.6.2 Total war and military defeat of the LTTE: triumph of the discourse of Sinhalese hegemony 191 5.6.3 What is next? State (re)building by military doves and persecution of peace hawks 194 5.7 Play of discourse or play of morality? 197 5.8 Concluding remarks 197 Notes 198 6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 203 Appendices 208 References 211 List of Tables, Diagrams and Appendices Tables 3.1 Major occupational groups in Sri Lanka 1921–1970 (% working population) 80 3.2 Party profiles of UNP and SLFP 81 3.3 Improvement in physical quality of life in Sri Lanka: 1946–1981 95 3.4 Change in external resources 1945–1975 97 3.5 Population size and rate of growth in Sri Lanka 1871–1981 97 3.6 Government expenditure on social welfare 1955–1975 98 3.7 Differences between traditional and broker clientelism 104 3.8 Military expenditure (% of GDP) 2007–2010 113 3.8.1 Defence expenditure 2007–2011 (in Rs. million) 113 4.1 Europeans and Ceylonese, including the others in the Ceylon Civil Service 125 4.2 Growth of public service, number of employees (1948–1980) 135 4.3 Types of Bureaucracies 138 4.4 Comparison between the First and the Second republican constitutions 143 4.5 Percentage distribution of employed population by employment status – 2009 144 4.6 Distribution of Semi-Government sector employees by Status of Appointment 2001–2007 145 4.7 Public and private sector employment: male and female distribution 1998–2008 (‘000) 146 4.8 Distribution of Semi-Government sector employees by sex 2001–2007 146 4.9 Total employment in each sector from 2005–2009 148 4.10 Distribution of number of Semi-Government employees by major occupational group 2007 148 4.11 Distribution of Semi-Government sector employees by institution 2007 149 4.12 Public sector employment 2007–2009 149 4.13 Unemployment (2003–2008) 150 4.14 Registered unemployed female graduates (1994–2001) 150 4.15 Ethnic composition of occupational categories of males 18–30 years of age 151 5.1 Votes (percentage) secured by UNP and SLFP, General Elections 1994–2004 177 5.2 Colombo Consumers' Price Index (CCPI) & Greater Colombo Consumers' Price Index 177 viii List of Tables, Diagrams and Appendices ix Diagrams 1 Analytical Framework 19 2 Structure of Government (as of 2008) 141 Appendices 1 Map of Sri Lanka 208 2 List of key respondents (information rich cases) 209 3 Training syllabus 209 4 Distribution of percentage of employment in the main sectors in the economy (2000–2010) 210 Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank APRC All Party Representative Committee CIABOC Commission to Investigate Allegations of Bribery and Corruption CNC Ceylon National Congress COPE Committee of Public Enterprises CP Communist Party CPA Centre for Policy Alternatives CWC Ceylon Workers Congress DDC District Development Councils DUNF Democratic United National Front EPDP Eelam People’s Democratic Party GOSL Government of Sri Lanka GST Goods and Services Tax ICES International Centre for Ethnic Studies IDEA Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance IMF International Monetary Fund IPKF Indian Peace Keeping Force ISGA Interim Self-Government Administration JHU Jathika Hela Urumaya JVP Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna LMSL Lanka Marine Services Limited LSSP Lanka Sama Samaja Party LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam MEP Mahajana Eksath Peramuna MOU Memorandum of Understanding MP Member of Parliament
Recommended publications
  • “ the Ceylon Government Gazette” January to June, 1956
    [Supphmtnt to Ike “ Ceylon Government Gazette ” o f October 12,1956] INDEX TO /'S'* “ THE CEYLON GOVERNMENT GAZETTE” JANUARY TO JUNE, 1956 No. 10,875 t o No. 10,946 PART I: SECTION (I) — GENERAL PAGES PAGES PAGES PAG8S Posts and Telecommunications vil ii Honours by the Queen Vl-Vlj Accounts of the Government Customs Pi ice Orders v!l of Ceylon » * Education, Department oT in Honours b ; the Queen (Birthday) — Proclamations by the Gover-Genoral vii Appointments, &c. i-u Indian Labour vii Electrical Undertakings, Depart Publications 4 vil Appointments, &o , of Registrars u ment of Government —* Industries, Department of VI! Public Works Department .. viil Buddhist Temporalities — Excise Department — vil Irrigation Department Railway, Ceylon Government vih Central Bank of Ceylon » in VII Forest Department Joint Stock Companies Registration vih Ceylon Army — General Treasury — Miscellaneous VII Rural Development and Cottage Ceylon Medical Council . — Government Notifications . hl-vi Notices to Mariners Vil Industries, Dept of vil! Ceylon Savings Bank u Survey Department — Health, Department of — Notices under the Excise Cottage Industries, Dept of ~~ Ordinance Vil University of Ceylon . vm Accounts of the Government of Boudewyn, Ipz H G . 78 De Silva. S i t , 207 Goonewardena, H C 724 Ceylon Buidei, V D , 639, &40 De Silva, S W A , 383, 1198 Goonewardene, 8 B , 236 Busby, F G 0 , 642 De Silva W A , 1014 Gratiaen, E F N , 721 Statement of Assets and Liabilities, De Soysa, M A , 568 Grero P J , 383 Devapura, L P , 383 Greve, Temp Major M M . 1185 &c, of the Government of Ceylon Devendra, N , 1104 1164, 1196 as at December 31, 1955, 1071 Caldeia, Ipr A It F, /8 Gulasekharsm, C C J 709 De Zoysa E B K , 593 Gunadasa, H W , 1198 Canoga Retna, J M K , 236 De Zoysa, L ii 383 Canagasabai, V , 1164 Gunaratna, A , 383 Appointments, 4c De Zoysa, M P 721, 1163 Gunaratnam, 8 C 383 Canon, T P C .
    [Show full text]
  • Minutes of Parliament Present
    (Ninth Parliament - First Session) No. 62.] MINUTES OF PARLIAMENT Thursday, March 25, 2021 at 10.00 a.m. PRESENT : Hon. Mahinda Yapa Abeywardana, Speaker Hon. Angajan Ramanathan, Deputy Chairperson of Committees Hon. Mahinda Amaraweera, Minister of Environment Hon. Dullas Alahapperuma, Minister of Power Hon. Mahindananda Aluthgamage, Minister of Agriculture Hon. Udaya Gammanpila, Minister of Energy Hon. Dinesh Gunawardena, Minister of Foreign and Leader of the House of Parliament Hon. (Dr.) Bandula Gunawardana, Minister of Trade Hon. Janaka Bandara Thennakoon, Minister of Public Services, Provincial Councils & Local Government Hon. Nimal Siripala de Silva, Minister of Labour Hon. Vasudeva Nanayakkara, Minister of Water Supply Hon. (Dr.) Ramesh Pathirana, Minister of Plantation Hon. Johnston Fernando, Minister of Highways and Chief Government Whip Hon. Prasanna Ranatunga, Minister of Tourism Hon. C. B. Rathnayake, Minister of Wildlife & Forest Conservation Hon. Chamal Rajapaksa, Minister of Irrigation and State Minister of National Security & Disaster Management and State Minister of Home Affairs Hon. Gamini Lokuge, Minister of Transport Hon. Wimal Weerawansa, Minister of Industries Hon. (Dr.) Sarath Weerasekera, Minister of Public Security Hon. M .U. M. Ali Sabry, Minister of Justice Hon. (Dr.) (Mrs.) Seetha Arambepola, State Minister of Skills Development, Vocational Education, Research and Innovation Hon. Lasantha Alagiyawanna, State Minister of Co-operative Services, Marketing Development and Consumer Protection ( 2 ) M. No. 62 Hon. Ajith Nivard Cabraal, State Minister of Money & Capital Market and State Enterprise Reforms Hon. (Dr.) Nalaka Godahewa, State Minister of Urban Development, Coast Conservation, Waste Disposal and Community Cleanliness Hon. D. V. Chanaka, State Minister of Aviation and Export Zones Development Hon. Sisira Jayakody, State Minister of Indigenous Medicine Promotion, Rural and Ayurvedic Hospitals Development and Community Health Hon.
    [Show full text]
  • Dammika Ranatunga Prospects Or Finances
    Shipmanagement: How I Work projects that did not improve the SLPA’s Dammika Ranatunga prospects or finances. Dammika was Chairman of Sri Lanka Ports Authority brought in to cleanse the Augean stables. Although Ranatunga steers clear of mentioning his predecessor by name, or By Shirish Nadkarni “I have to wear that belt whenever directly denigrating the projects with which I walk. In fact, I will have to shortly the former Chairman was associated, it hen Dammika Ranatunga undergo surgery for a slipped disc in the is a matter of public record that Priyath stands up slowly and sacro-lumbar region,” says the 53-year-old Bandu Wickrema, who was Rajapaksa’s awkwardly from behind Dammika, who is also an international nominee to what is essentially a political hisW massive desk at the Sri Lanka Ports cricketer, having represented Sri Lanka appointment, left the SLPA in disgrace. Authority (SLPA) headquarters to greet in two Tests in 1989 and four one-day What’s more, an investigation was you, you cannot escape the feeling that internationals in 1990, as a right-hand carried out into Wickrema’s personal you are in the presence of Sri Lanka’s middle-order batsman and occasional finances for allegedly having amassed most successful cricket captain, who offbreak bowler. wealth disproportionate to his known delivered the 1996 World Cup to his sources of income. He and his wife were delirious countrymen. questioned in mid-March last year by Indeed, the resemblance between the Central Intelligence Department Arjuna Ranatunga and his equally stocky, over alleged money laundering in deals portly elder brother Dammika is startling, When I took over as done by Wickrema with, among others, and seems to have got accentuated with Chairman, it took me China Communications Construction every passing year.
    [Show full text]
  • Results of Parliamentary General Election - 1947
    RESULTS OF PARLIAMENTARY GENERAL ELECTION - 1947 No. and Name of Electoral District Name of the Elected Candidate Symbol allotted No of No of Total No. of Votes No of Votes Votes Polled including Registered Polled rejected rejected Electors 1 Colombo North George R. de Silva Umbrella 7,501 189 14,928 30,791 Lionel Cooray Elephant 6,130 E.C.H. Fernando Cup 501 A.P. de Zoysa House 429 H.C. Abeywardena Hand 178 2 Colombo Central A.E. Goonasinha Bicycle 23,470 3,489 102,772 55,994 T.B. Jayah Cart Wheel 18,439 Pieter Keuneman Umbrella 15,435 M.H.M. Munas House 8,600 Mrs. Ayisha Rauff Tree 8,486 V.J. Perera Elephant 5,950 V.A. Sugathadasa Lamp 4,898 G.W. Harry de Silva Pair of Scales 4,141 V.A. Kandiah Clock 3,391 S. Sarawanamuttu Chair 2,951 P. Givendrasingha Hand 1,569 K. Dahanayake Cup 997 K. Weeraiah Key 352 K.C.F. Deen Star 345 N.R. Perera Butterfly 259 3 Colombo South R. A. de Mel Key 6,452 149 18,218 31,864 P. Sarawanamuttu Flower 5,812 Bernard Zoysa Chair 3,774 M.G. Mendis Hand 1,936 V.J. Soysa Cup 95 Page 1 of 15 RESULTS OF PARLIAMENTARY GENERAL ELECTION - 1947 No. and Name of Electoral District Name of the Elected Candidate Symbol allotted No of No of Total No. of Votes No of Votes Votes Polled including Registered Polled rejected rejected Electors 4 Wellawatta-Galkissa Colvin R. de Silva Key 11,606 127 21,750 38,664 Gilbert Perera Cart Wheel 4,170 L.V.
    [Show full text]
  • Minutes of Parliament Present
    (Eighth Parliament - First Session) No. 70. ] MINUTES OF PARLIAMENT Wednesday, May 18, 2016 at 1.00 p.m. PRESENT : Hon. Karu Jayasuriya, Speaker Hon. Thilanga Sumathipala, Deputy Speaker and Chairman of Committees Hon. Selvam Adaikkalanathan, Deputy Chairman of Committees Hon. Ranil Wickremesinghe, Prime Minister and Minister of National Policies and Economic Affairs Hon. Wajira Abeywardana, Minister of Home Affairs Hon. (Dr.) Sarath Amunugama, Minister of Special Assignment Hon. Gayantha Karunatileka, Minister of Parliamentary Reforms and Mass Media and the Chief Government Whip Hon. Ravi Karunanayake, Minister of Finance Hon. Akila Viraj Kariyawasam, Minister of Education Hon. Lakshman Kiriella, Minister of Higher Education and Highways and the Leader of the House of Parliament Hon. Daya Gamage, Minister of Primary Industries Hon. Dayasiri Jayasekara, Minister of Sports Hon. Nimal Siripala de Silva, Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation Hon. Navin Dissanayake, Minister of Plantation Industries Hon. S. B. Dissanayake, Minister of Social Empowerment and Welfare Hon. S. B. Nawinne, Minister of Internal Affairs, Wayamba Development and Cultural Affairs Hon. Harin Fernando, Minister of Telecommunication and Digital Infrastructure Hon. A. D. Susil Premajayantha, Minister of Science, Technology and Research Hon. Sajith Premadasa, Minister of Housing and Construction Hon. R. M. Ranjith Madduma Bandara, Minister of Public Administration and Management Hon. Anura Priyadharshana Yapa, Minister of Disaster Management ( 2 ) M. No. 70 Hon. Sagala Ratnayaka, Minister of Law and Order and Southern Development Hon. Arjuna Ranatunga, Minister of Ports and Shipping Hon. Patali Champika Ranawaka, Minister of Megapolis and Western Development Hon. Chandima Weerakkody, Minister of Petroleum Resources Development Hon. Malik Samarawickrama, Minister of Development Strategies and International Trade Hon.
    [Show full text]
  • Visits to Qatar SL and Maldives
    Report on Visits to Qatar, Sri Lanka & Maldives By Prof. I M Dharmadasa (Dharme) (13 – 31 July 2010) I normally make at least one visit every year to Sri Lanka to continue and monitor my on-going solar energy research activities and renewable energy application projects. This work commenced in the early 1990s through an HE-Link programme and it has successfully sustained to date with the collaboration of Sri Lankan universities, other institutes and also Government Ministries. The research and application programme has extended to many other countries through SAREP network and my visit in July 2010, covered three countries; Qatar, Sri Lanka and Maldives. The main events, which took place during these visits are summarised in this report. Qatar (13 - 15 July 2010) My solar energy research group at Sheffield Hallam University is establishing a strong collaboration with the "Education City" in Qatar, through the activities with Qatar University. This city has great interest in solar energy research and applications, and therefore the collaboration with Dr. Saud Ghani at Qatar University is developing rapidly. A joint research proposal has been submitted to Qatar Research Fund (QRF) for the third cycle, but was not successful due to few shortcomings. This first visit to Qatar University was made to discuss and rectify these shortcomings, observe the facilities available in the Qatar University and to arrange a re-submission after improvements to the QRF-fourth cycle call. Planned public awareness activities did not take place due to the summer vacation of the University. This opportunity enabled to discuss the future research activities, application programmes and the development proposal with the main collaborating staff member.
    [Show full text]
  • Reforming Sri Lankan Presidentialism: Provenance, Problems and Prospects Volume 2
    Reforming Sri Lankan Presidentialism: Provenance, Problems and Prospects Edited by Asanga Welikala Volume 2 18 Failure of Quasi-Gaullist Presidentialism in Sri Lanka Suri Ratnapala Constitutional Choices Sri Lanka’s Constitution combines a presidential system selectively borrowed from the Gaullist Constitution of France with a system of proportional representation in Parliament. The scheme of proportional representation replaced the ‘first past the post’ elections of the independence constitution and of the first republican constitution of 1972. It is strongly favoured by minority parties and several minor parties that owe their very existence to proportional representation. The elective executive presidency, at least initially, enjoyed substantial minority support as the president is directly elected by a national electorate, making it hard for a candidate to win without minority support. (Sri Lanka’s ethnic minorities constitute about 25 per cent of the population.) However, there is a growing national consensus that the quasi-Gaullist experiment has failed. All major political parties have called for its replacement while in opposition although in government, they are invariably seduced to silence by the fruits of office. Assuming that there is political will and ability to change the system, what alternative model should the nation embrace? Constitutions of nations in the modern era tend fall into four categories. 1.! Various forms of authoritarian government. These include absolute monarchies (emirates and sultanates of the Islamic world), personal dictatorships, oligarchies, theocracies (Iran) and single party rule (remaining real or nominal communist states). 2.! Parliamentary government based on the Westminster system with a largely ceremonial constitutional monarch or president. Most Western European countries, India, Japan, Israel and many former British colonies have this model with local variations.
    [Show full text]
  • Sirimavo Bandaranaike Ranasinghe Premadasa And
    sc Sirimavo Bandaranaike v. Ranasinghe Premadasa and Another 1 SIRIMAVO BANDARANAIKE v. RANASINGHE PREMADASA AND CHANDANANDA DE SILVA SUPREME COURT G. P. S. DE SILVA, C.J. P. RAMANATHAN, J. S. B. GOONEWARDENE, J. P. R. P. PERERA, J. AND A. S. WIJETUNGA, J. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION PETITION NO. 1 OF 1989 19 JUNE 1989 TO 30 JUNE 1992 Presidential Election Petition - General intimidation - Non-compliance with provisions o f the Presidential Elections Act No. 15 of 1981 - Failure to conduct a free and fair election in accordance with the provisions of the Presidential Elections Act - Presidential Elections Act No. 15 of 1981 ss. 91 (a), 91 (b) - Interpretation ofs. 91 (a) - Burden o f pro of-ss. 101, 102 Evidence Ordinance. The election to the office of President of Sri Lanka was held on 19 December 1988. There were three candidates namely Sirimavo R. D. Bandaranaike (Petitioner) of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), Ranasinghe Premadasa (1st respondent) of the United National Party (UNP) and Oswin Abeygunasekera of the Sri Lanka Mahajana Party (SLMP). The petitioner received 2289860 or 44.95% of the votes, the 1st respondent 2569199 or 50.43% of the votes and Abeygunasekera 235719 or 4.63% of the votes. The first respondent won by a Majority of 279339 votes. Of the eligible voters 55.32% voted. The 2nd respondent as Commissioner of Elections declared the 1st respondent elected to the office of President of Sri Lanka. The petitioner by petition filed on 09 January 1989 challenged the election of the 1st respondent on the following grounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Minutes of Parliament for 08.01.2019
    (Eighth Parliament - Third Session) No. 14. ] MINUTES OF PARLIAMENT Tuesday, January 08, 2019 at 1.00 p.m. PRESENT : Hon. J. M. Ananda Kumarasiri, Deputy Speaker and the Chair of Committees Hon. Selvam Adaikkalanathan, Deputy Chairperson of Committees Hon. Ranil Wickremesinghe, Prime Minister and Minister of National Policies, Economic Affairs, Resettlement & Rehabilitation, Northern Province Development, Vocational Training & Skills Development and Youth Affairs Hon. (Mrs.) Thalatha Atukorale, Minister of Justice & Prison Reforms Hon. Wajira Abeywardana, Minister of Internal & Home Affairs and Provincial Councils & Local Government Hon. John Amaratunga, Minister of Tourism Development, Wildlife and Christian Religious Affairs Hon. Gayantha Karunatileka, Minister of Lands and Parliamentary Reforms and Chief Government Whip Hon. Ravi Karunanayake, Minister of Power, Energy and Business Development Hon. Akila Viraj Kariyawasam, Minister of Education Hon. Lakshman Kiriella, Minister of Public Enterprise, Kandyan Heritage and Kandy Development and Leader of the House of Parliament Hon. Daya Gamage, Minister of Labour, Trade Union Relations and Social Empowerment Hon. Palany Thigambaram, Minister of Hill Country New Villages, Infrastructure & Community Development Hon. Navin Dissanayake, Minister of Plantation Industries Hon. Gamini Jayawickrama Perera, Minister of Buddhasasana & Wayamba Development Hon. Harin Fernando, Minister of Telecommunication, Foreign Employment and Sports Hon. R. M. Ranjith Madduma Bandara, Minister of Public Administration & Disaster Management Hon. Rishad Bathiudeen, Minister of Industry & Commerce, Resettlement of Protracted Displaced Persons and Co-operative Development ( 2 ) M. No. 14 Hon. Tilak Marapana, Minister of Foreign Affairs Hon. Sagala Ratnayaka, Minister of Ports & Shipping and Southern Development Hon. Arjuna Ranatunga, Minister of Transport & Civil Aviation Hon. Patali Champika Ranawaka, Minister of Megapolis & Western Development Hon.
    [Show full text]
  • Malathi De Alwis
    Malathi de Alwis Education UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, Division of Social Sciences, Chicago, IL. PhD in Socio-Cultural Anthropology, June 1998 MA in Socio-Cultural Anthropology, June 1989 MOUNT HOLYOKE COLLEGE, South Hadley, MA Bachelor of Arts degree in Asian Studies, June 1985 Awards & Honours Visiting Fellow, Programme in Women’s Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. January 2008. International Marie Jahoda Chair in Feminist Studies, Ruhr-Universitat-Bochum, Germany, October 2000-February 2001 (declined) Ron Lister Postdoctoral Fellowship, University of Otago, New Zealand, Fall 2000 Sylvia Forman Prize for best essay in Feminist Anthropology, Association for Feminist Anthropology, 1997 Ruth Murray Memorial Prize for best essay in Gender Studies, University of Chicago, 1996 Committee on Southern Asian Studies Dissertation Write-up Fellowship, 1994--1996 Dissertation Research Fellowship, 1992--1993 Mount Holyoke College Class of 1905 Fellowship for Dissertation Research, 1992--1993 MacArthur Dissertation Research Fellowship, University of Chicago, 1991--1992, Summer Travel Fellowship, June-August 1990 Visiting Fellow, International Centre for Ethnic Studies, Colombo, 1992--1994 American Institute of Indian Studies Fellowship for Language Study in Madurai, June-August 1990 University of Chicago Fellowship for Graduate Study in Anthropology, 1987--1991 Magna cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa, 1985 International Scholarship for Undergraduate Study, Mount Holyoke College, 1982--1985 National Award for best short story, Association of English
    [Show full text]
  • Transitional Justice in Sri Lanka: Rethinking Post-War Diaspora Advocacy for Accountability
    International Human Rights Law Journal Volume 1 Issue 1 DePaul International Human Rights Law Article 2 Journal: The Inaugural Issue 2015 Transitional Justice in Sri Lanka: Rethinking Post-War Diaspora Advocacy for Accountability Mytili Bala Robert L. Bernstein International Human Rights Fellow at the Center for Justice and Accountability, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/ihrlj Part of the Asian Studies Commons, Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Human Geography Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, International Relations Commons, Law and Politics Commons, Military, War, and Peace Commons, and the Rule of Law Commons Recommended Citation Bala, Mytili (2015) "Transitional Justice in Sri Lanka: Rethinking Post-War Diaspora Advocacy for Accountability," International Human Rights Law Journal: Vol. 1 : Iss. 1 , Article 2. Available at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/ihrlj/vol1/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Law at Via Sapientiae. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Human Rights Law Journal by an authorized editor of Via Sapientiae. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Transitional Justice in Sri Lanka: Rethinking Post-War Diaspora Advocacy for Accountability Cover Page Footnote Mytili Bala is the Robert L. Bernstein International Human Rights Fellow at the Center for Justice and Accountability. Mytili received her B.A. from the University of Chicago, and her J.D. from Yale Law School. The author thanks the Bernstein program at Yale Law School, the Center for Justice and Accountability, and brave colleagues working for accountability and post-conflict transformation in Sri Lanka.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter Iv Sri Lanka and the International System
    1 CHAPTER IV SRI LANKA AND THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM : THE UNP GOVERNMENTS In the system of sovereign states, individual states interact with other states and international organizations to protect and promote their national interests. As the issues and scope of the interests of different classes of states vary, so do the character and patterns of their interactions to preserve and promote them. Unlike the super powers whose national interests encompass the entire sovereign states system, the small states have a relatively limited range of interests as well as a relatively limited sphere of foreign policy activities. As a small state, Sri Lanka has a relatively small agenda of interests in the international arena and the sphere of its foreign policy activities is quite restricted in comparison to those of the super powers, or regional powers. The sphere of its foreign policy activities can be analytically separated into two levels : those in the South Asian regional system and those in the larger international system.1 In the South Asian regional system Sri Lanka has to treat India with due caution because of the existence of wide difference in their respective capabilities, yet try to maintain its sovereignty, freedom and integrity. In the international system apart from mitigating the pressures and pulls emanating from the international power structure, Sri Lanka has to promote its national interests to ensure its security, stability and status. Interactions of Sri Lanka to realize its national interests to a great extent depended upon the perceptions and world views of its ruling elites, which in its case are its heads of governments and their close associates.2 Although the foreign policy makers have enjoyed considerable freedom in taking initiatives in the making and conduct of foreign policy, their 2 freedom is subject to the constraints imposed by the domestic and international determinants of its foreign policy.
    [Show full text]