International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666 Vol.1 Issue.1, June, 2014

Determinants and Indices of Human Development in District of

Dr. D.Thirupathaiah, Lecturer in Economics, S.K.R.B.R College, , Guntur - district, A.P. Abstract

The concept of development should extended to be more comprehensive and go beyond the mere material dimension of increase in per capita income, complemented by the non-material dimension like levels of education, status of health and access to basic amenities. The results show a wide disparity between the Mandals of . The causes for disparities shows the need of hour to take necessary steps to improve literacy rate, health conditions and reduce per capita disparities among the districts of Coastal. Key words: Human Development, capita income, Basic amenities, Disparities

Introduction physical capital formation, human resource development has also been Many statistical investigations playing a useful role in economic carried out in the western countries development. In the recent, have shown that output increased at economists has shifted from economic a much higher rate than can be growth to human development. It is explained by increase in physical fact that many of the developed inputs like labor and physical capital. nations are back ward in human The reason is that the quality of development compared with the less human beings as a productive source developed nations. Thus, now the has been consistently improving due economics of all the nations are to improvement in education and giving priority to human development health services, skills development along with GDP growth of the etc. Therefore, side by side with

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nations. In , state level human capability can be seen as the calculations have also taking in this central feature of the process of regard. The accepted notion of what development. After consistent debates constitutes economic development and discussions, this development has undergone a paradigm shift in approach has been converging with recent times. the notion of human development The concept of development Objectives has been extended to be more The main objective of this comprehensive and go beyond the paper is to discuss and highlight the mere material dimension of increase importance of human development in in per capita income, complemented economic development with help of by the non-material dimension (like some eminent studies of philosophers levels of education, status of health and economists. Further, factors and access to basic amenities). involved in measuring the HDI, Thus development, apart from GEMI, Guntur district coefficient of income, relates to general well-being variations and its reasons have also and economic capabilities of the discussed. people. Sen (1999) says that besides Methodology income and wealth we have reason to value many things which ensure real Secondary source of choices and opportunities to lead the information has used in the analysis. kind of life we would value living. It is Coefficient of variation (CV) method argued that development should is operated to find out inter state facilitate every human being to live, variation in HDI, GDI and Gender as she/he likes: expanding the Empowerment Measure Index potential capabilities of every human Human Development Index being (HDR, 1990). He says that It is fact that human development is a process of expanding development is determined by many the real freedoms that people enjoy. factors. Education including adult Therefore, development can be seen education, primary education, in terms of expansion of the real enrolment ratio of girls and boys, freedoms where the expansion of

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health indicators like infant mortality calculated for 360 households in 12 rate, birth rate, fertility rate, hospital mandals obtaining data on the basis deliveries, immunization etc. On the of field survey. The survey is carried economic front, per capita income has out in 4 mandals in each of the three also one of the important indicators revenue divisions – Narasaraopet, in this regards. On the other hand, and Guntur Divisions – by the human development index is a selecting two villages in each mandal. simple composite measure that 30 households have been selected in gauges the overall status of a region each mandal from the two sample in terms of three basic dimensions - villages. long and healthy life, knowledge and Human Development indices decent standard of living - of human have been calculated for each development. household and an analysis has been long and healthy life: Life made household-wise and mandal- expectancy at birth wise and division-wise in order to examine the intra-district variations Access to knowledge: Mean in Human Development. Also the years of schooling and Human Development Indices have Expected years of schooling been analysed for different caste A decent standard of living: groups both mandal and division GNI per capita wise. Basing on the three An analysis of Human parameters, human development has Development Index for different been measuring in the nations. These mandals and the respective ranks factors have also influences by reveals wide variations. It may be different factors such as socio observed from the data that Guntur economic conditions of the area. mandal of Guntur Revenue division Following the methodology of UNDP occupies the first rank with a HDI and Centre for Economic and Social value of 0.724 followed by Studies (CESS), Hyderabad, Human of development Indices (HDI) are Narasaraopet division which has (second rank) an HDI value of 0.705.

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Similarly, Kolluru mandal of Tenali needed to develop education is these revenue division occupies the third mandals. rank with a HDI value of 0.698 while The revenue division wise the last three ranks are bagged by analysis of HDI reveals that the PCI , and index values varies between 0.608 of scoring HDI values of Sirigiripadu village and 0.799 of 0.641 and 0.647 respectively. Narasaraopet the division average In other words two mandals being 0.693. The education index from Narasaraopet and one mandal varies between 0.548 and 0.647 for from Guntur revenue divisions different villages and averages at occupy the last three ranks. Thus 0.593for the revenue division as a gross disparities are found in HD whole. It may be observed that the within each revenue division and also villages of Petasannigandla, within the district. Simon Kuznets Voppicherla Sirigiripadu pointed out that this is an essential Kambampadu for having human feature of a developing economy. development indices less than the Tracks of high levels of human division average indicating the need development and low levels of human for special focus. development are found within each of In Tenali revenue division the the revenue divisions in Guntur PCI is 0.725. the education index for district. the Tenali revenue division averages Further analysis of PCI shows at 0.637 while Kuchinapudi, that the mandals of Bellamkonda Balusulapalem, Kolluru and Nuzendla and Karempudi are having Muttupalli are having PCI less then index less than the district average. the division average the villages of Similarly the mandals of Karempudi, Kondavudi Balusudpalem Veldurthi and Nuzendhra in Kuchinpudi and Nuhupalli have Narasaraopet division and Tadepalle obtained education indices less than and Bellamkonda mandals in Guntur the division average. These villages revenue division are having education may be given thrust in the overall index less than the district average. economics development and This implies that a special strategy is

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specifically education development of compared to the OC households. The education. HDI scores of SC and ST households are much below the divisional An analysis of Human averages which needs to be corrected development indices in Guntur through a suitable policy by the revenue division shows a HDI value district authorities. The HDI analysis for the Guntur revenue division at among different mandals revenue 0.680. The villages Rajupalem, divisions and different caste groups , Bellamkonda and reveals wide disparities in Human Bodanam have Human development Development in Guntur District. This Indices less than the division average. may be due to disparities in income Similarly the villages of Rajupalem, levels and levels of educational Kolanukonda, Bellamkonda and attainment. Bodanam have less than the division of PCI while the villages of The indices of HD revenue Rajupalem, Kolanukonda, division - wise obtained on the basis and Bodanam have less than the of field data reveal that the Tenali division average index. division is faring better than Guntur and Narasaraopet divisions in that The caste-wise Human order by having values 0.687, 0.680 development for the three revenue and 0.662. Similar variations are also divisions have recorded considerable evident with reference to PCI and differences in the HDI values across education index. This implies that three revenue divisions. It is to be there is a need to improve the HD in noted that in all the three revenue the revenue divisions of Narasaraopet divisions Open Category households and Guntur, by initiating more obtained first rank of Human economic development projects. Development followed by Backward Class households, Scheduled Caste Determinants of Human and Scheduled Tribe households Development respectively. It is pertinent to note Though HD is a that not only the households comprehensive term encompassing belonging to BCs, SCs, and STs are the level of income, education and lagging behind in that order

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health conditions of the people and at chosen as quantitative variables and the same time it is a complex caste and drinking water facilities are phenomenon. It is influenced by taken as qualitative variables. For the various factors like heredity, social qualitative variables of caste and environment, caste, religion, sex, drinking water facility OC and tap income levels, education levels, water variables are chosen as medical and health facilities, drinking benchmark categories and all the water, housing facilities, freedoms of other caste (BC, SC and ST) and various types which are necessary for drinking water variables (bore-well, the well being and dignity of the well) are compared with these people. But all these factors are not variables etc., On a priori it is quantifiable to be used in an expected that positive and increasing analytical and empirical study. values of these variables in the Therefore, the UNDP, the Planning regression analysis indicate increased Commission in India and several importance and is considered as a research organizations have determinant of HD. The analysis has estimated HD indices and indentified been carried out for all the 12 sample the determinants of HD in the mandals, three revenue divisions and framework of the three dimensions of for the District. The results of the HD viz., per capita income, literacy determinants analysis are presented and life expectancy. In view of the below. existence of considerable differences The empirical analysis at in HD indices at mandal, revenue mandal level reveals that education division and district levels in Guntur and income variables have emerged district, an attempt is made to as important determinant of HD in identify the determinants responsible almost all the 12 sample mandals. for these differences by using a >60 years population variable has regression dummy variable model. In emerged as significant only in this model the HDI is hypothesised to Veldurthi and mandals and depend upon both qualitative and has becoming insignificant in the quantitative factors. Education Index, remaining mandals. This implies that Income Index and >60 population are health dimension needs to be

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improved in all the 10 mandals other variable well water is significant only than Veldurthi and Ponnur mandals. in the Guntur division while The caste variable BC has emerged as insignificant in the other two revenue a significant variable in Nuzendla, divisions. This implies in order to Cherukupalli and Bellamkonda improve HD in Guntur district mandals while the SC factor has protected safe drinking water facility become a significant determinant in needs to be provided. Nuzendla mandal only. The ST factor The results of the empirical has become significant factor of HD analysis at the district level reveal in Narasaraopet, Veldurthi, Ponnur that the education and income Cherukupalli Kollur, variables have become significant and mandals and has determinants while the variable >60 become insignificant in Karempudi, years population has become Nuzendla, Guntur, Tadepalle and insignificant. Similarly the Bellamkonda mandals. The variables quantitative variables of BC, SC, and of Bore-well, well water not been ST caste have emerged as significant significant determinants of HD in any determinants while the water of the 12 mandals. The only exception variables have become insignificant. is Ponnur mandal in which well water This implies that the district needs to has become a significant determinant. provide more and more medical and The empirical analysis at the health and drinking water facilities to revenue division level reveals that increase the HD further. education and income variables have Policy Suggestions emerged as significant determinants of HD in all the three revenue The following suggestions are divisions. The variable >60 made in view of the findings of the population has become an study. insignificant factor in all the three 1. The study reveals that several revenue divisions. households in some sample In all the three revenue mandals have obtained incomes divisions the castes of SC and ST less than 20000 per annum. As have become significant while the income is considered to be a an

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important indicator that agricultural activities such as influences Human Development, small scale and tiny industries, it is to necessary augment the agro-based and food processing income levels of these households units may be encouraged in these by providing wage employment areas. opportunities as well as 5. The proportion of BC, SC and ST encouraging them to participate communities the employment of self help-groups. organized sector is less in 2. It is necessary to apply corrective comparison with OC measures through public communities. The government expenditure programmes in all and Non-Governmental the backward mandals in view of Organisations (NGO) can the glaring disparities found in undertake skill developed the study across mandals. The programmes targeted at these mandals of Nuzendla, communities so that they would Bellamkonda and Veldurthi need get more opportunities. special attention. 6. A large proportion of households 3. Similarly, the target group belonging to BCs, SCs and STs approach with regard to are deprived of the basic implementation of governmental minimum household amenities. projects benefits the SC and ST There is a need to empower these households in view of substantial communities especially STs by disparities in social-economic undertaking income and indicators comparative to the employment generating other communities in the district. programmes. 4. More than 64 per cent of the 7. It has been observed in the field households depend on agricultural study that there are no schools for and allied activities. This may be primary and secondary education the reason for the low level of level in the some villages in the household’s incomes in some of mandals of Nuzendla, the backward mandals. Non- Bellamkonda and Veldurthi. As a

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result the households are not the UNDP/NORAD supported MV sending their wards. Therefore at Foundation Project, March. least primary schools need to be HRD report (2007), published in established which will increase 2010, Prepared for Government of the enrolment ratio in those Andhra Pradesh, by Centre for backward mandals. Economic and Social Studies 8. In view of the glaring intra- Rajan, S. I. and P. district Human Development Mohanachandran (2007) District Indices, it is necessary to gear up Level Infant Mortality Rate the provision of rural amenities in Estimates for Andhra Pradesh in the mandals of Bellamkonda, 2001, Background paper, Andhra Veldurthi, Karempudi, Nuzendla Pradesh Human Development by channeling more funds. Report, CESS, Hyderabad. References Sen, A. K (1999) Development as Dev, Mahendra (2001): ‘Social Freedom, O U P, New Delhi. Mobilization for Getting Children UNFPA (2007) State of World out of Work and into School: Population 2007: Unleashing the Impact of MV foundation Potential of Urban Growth, Activities ’ , Evaluation Report of United Nations Population Fund.

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