IJCSN International Journal of Computer Science and Network, May 2014 ISSN (Online) : 2277-5420 www.IJCSN.org Conference Proceeding – RDFCORDGE - 2014

Ground Water Quality in Coastal Part of District,

1R.Venkata Ramana, 2 R. Sai Pridhvi

1Assistant Professor, Department of civil Engineering, Vignan University,Vadlamudi-522213, , A.P.

2Electronics and communication Engineering, Vignan University,Vadlamudi-522213,Guntur district, A.P, .

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Abstract- A systematic study has been carried out to assess the The alluvium comprises of permeable coarse to medium ground water quality in mandal (Lat: 16 0 0’-16 0 05’ N; sands and all along the Tungabhadra drain and also in and Lat:: 80 0 32’40”-80 0 39’E) of Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh. around the villages of Chintalapudi and Machavaram, The The study area is covered by Recent alluvium. Groundwater permeable sandy deposits occur down to a depth range of occurs under unconfined to semi -confined conditions. The 15 to 20m., underlained by thick clay in which the quality groundwater is analyzed for various physic-chemical parameters H + 2+ 2+ + - - 2- - of ground water is saline. Fresh Ground water occurs in like p , EC, Na , Ca , Mg , k , HCO 3 ,CL ,SO 4 and NO 3 . sandy aquifer all along paleo channels and is under water Values of most of these parameters fall beyond the standard tab to confined conditions. Ground water is extracted by limits for drinking water. As per the Revell’s classification, the - - means of shallow filter points for irrigation purpose. The Cl /HCO 3 ratios are more than 2.5 which inferred that the water is injuriously contaminated. The EC, SAR and RSC values depth to water level varies from 2.5 to 3,5m below ground indicates that the groundwater is not suitable for irrigation level. The thickness of alluvium sands range from 12 to purpose. The present attempt is made to understand the l5m. geochemical processes controlling the groundwater quality. Suitable remedial measures are suggested for sustainable development of ground water in the study area. 3. Quality Studies Key Words: , Recent alluvium, Guntur district, groundwater. Table-1: :Showing the chemical analysis of ground water samples in Chintalapudi village in Guntur district (in meq/l) Keywords- Ground water quality Chemical A – Chintalapudi Parameter Village 1974 Post Pre 1. Introduction monsoon monsoon (2013) (2013) Location: The area is located south of Ponnur and lies in Ph 7.80 8.00 8.50 between East longitude 8O°32’4O” and 8O °39’OO” and EC (micro 1.80 2.23 2.54 North latitutde 16°OO’ and 16°05’ and shown in map siemons/cm) enclosed (fig1). The Chintalapudi and Machavaram CO 3 (meq/l) ------1.00 villages are situated west side of the Tungabhadra drain ,, HCO 3 9.80 2.60 4.30 which drains north to southwards into Bay of the Bengal. Cl ,, 8.30 17.50 18.00

,, SO 4 Tros 3.89 5.01 2. Physiography +2 ,, Ca 2.20 6.00 2.40 ,, The area is plain and has gentle undulating topography. Mg 4.30 11.10 4.80 Na + ,, 9.80 4.34 18.26 Towards Bay of Bengal, In general the drainage is not well + ,, defined and small patches of the drainage pattern has K 0.18 0.35 0.55 RSC .. 3.30 ------developed as irrigation channels and drains . SAR ,, 3.00 1.49 9.62 2.1 Hydro Geology The area is covered by alluvium of Recent age. The Ratio 0.84 6.25 4.20 alluvium is consisting of both sands and clays in this area . Cl/HCO 3 42

IJCSN International Journal of Computer Science and Network, May 2014 ISSN (Online) : 2277-5420 www.IJCSN.org Conference Proceeding – RDFCORDGE - 2014

During the preliminary hydro geological investigations 0.84 in 1974 ranges from 4.2 to 6.25 during Pre monsoon carried out in Chintalapudi. Machavaram and Mulukuduru and post monsoon of 2013.The Chloride bicarbonate areas, it is observed that in the recent past, quality of (Cl/HCQ3) ratio is 0.49 in Machavaram area in 1974 and ground water has deteriorated significantly. This feature is 4.28 and 5.76 during Pre monsoon and post monsoon of predominant in the areas nearer to Tungabhadra drain. 2013 respectively. Thus so an attempt is made to estimate Keeping in view of this quality problem in this area, the contamination of ground water in study area chemical analysis data of ground water samples for the years 1974, Pre monsoon and post monsoon of 2013 is considered and compared. The data is presented in the table 1 and 2.

Table-2: :Showing the chemical analysis of ground water samples in Machavaram villagein Guntur district (in meq/l) Chemical B – Machavaram village Parameter 1974 Post Pre monsoon monsoon (2013) (2013) Ph 7.90 7.90 8.54 EC (micro 1.40 2.71 2.57 siemons/cm) CO 3 (meq/l) ------0.60 ,, HCO 3 10.20 4.20 2.50 Cl ,, 5.00 17.80 14.40 ,, Fig. 1: Location map of Chintalapudi and Machavarom villages. SO 4 3.30 7.04 7.38 Ca +2 ,, 1.00 5.60 2.80 Mg ,, 4.10 15.90 4.10 Chloride is dominant anion of ocean water, and normally Na + ,, 7.10 6.52 16.95 occurs in only small amounts in fresh ground water. On K+ ,, 0.08 0.28 0.68 the other hand bicahoriate is usually most abundant anion RSC .. 4.90 ------in ground water and occurs in only minor amounts in sea SAR ,, 3.20 1.99 9.13 water. The chloride-bicarbonate ratio, more than 2.5 Ratio 0.49 4.24 5.76 indicates the injuriously contaminated ground water with Cl/HCO 3 sea water. Accordingly the ratio is 0.84 in Chintalapudi and 0.49 in Machavaram during the year 1974 indicates It is observed from table that the Chloride / Bicarbonate that there is no contamination of ground water during that (Cl/HCO 3) ratio of ground water in Chintalapudi area is period. The ratio ranges from 4.20 to 6.25 in the Pre 0.84 in 1974 ranges from 4.2 to 6.25 during Pre monsoon monsoon and post monsoon of 2013 years indicating the and post monsoon of 2013.The Chloride bicarbonate injuriously contamination of ground water with sea water. (Cl/HCQ3) ratio is 0.49 in Machavaram area in 1974 and 4.28 and 5.76 during Pre monsoon and post monsoon of The quality deterioration of ground water in the area may 2013 respectively. Thus so an attempt is made to estimate be due to increasing in ground water development through the contamination of ground water in study area filter points and subsequently ingress of back waters from

, Tungabhadra drain. The number of filter points increased Table-3: Chloride/bicarbonate ratio as per revell s classification to 200 in Chintalapudi and 250 in Machavaram areas. In S. Name of Category Range Ratio of NO Chlorite/Bicarbonate the study areas the aquifer is highly potential because of 1 Non-contaminated <1 paleo channel (old buried river channel) which runs north (fresh water) to south and passing through the villages of Chintalapudi 2 Slightly contaminated 1-2 and Machavarom. 3 Moderately contaminated 2-6 4 Injuriously contaminated 6-15 In spite of the fact that the exploitation of ground water in 5 Highly contaminated 15-25 the area is more, there is no declination of water table 6 Very highly contaminated >25 because of potential aquifer in the burned channels. The sea water more or less stable ground water level maintained also may be due to the contribution of back water from drain. It is observed from table that the Chloride / Bicarbonate These two factors are responsible for stable condition of the water table. This stable nature of water table is (Cl/HCO 3) ratio of ground water in Chintalapudi area is confirmed with water levels recorded in Ponnur and 43

IJCSN International Journal of Computer Science and Network, May 2014 ISSN (Online) : 2277-5420 www.IJCSN.org Conference Proceeding – RDFCORDGE - 2014

Bapatla Observation wells. The data is presented in Plates Acknowledgments I and II. It is observed that in Ponnur the water level varies 1) Note on Ground water quality of ponnur mandal in between 0.97 to 3.5m, below ground level. In 1974 by A.P. STATE GROUND WATER BOARD observation well the water level varies from 0.85 to 2.35m. Below ground level. However the studies indicated that References the wells which are nearer to the drain shows a decrease in ground water quality than the wells which are far away. 1) ground water information guntur district , andhra The quality deterioration is due to the discharges of back pradesh, cgwb.gov.in/ district _profile/ap/ guntur .pdf water from Tungabhadra drain into the ground water, It is 2) Geochemistry William M. White observed that the Tungabhadra drain is almost on the March 2013, ©2013, Wiley-Blackwell Paleo channel. But the effect on the quality of ground 3) Hydrogeology: Principles and Practice [Import] water is observed only from villages of Chintalapudi and [Paperback] Kevin Hiscock (Author) Machavaram upto which back water from sea is observed. 4) Applied Hydrogeology (4th Edition) [Hardcover] C.W. Fetter Jr 5) Geochemistry : An Introduction, Francis Albarède 4. Conclusion Cambridge University Press, 2003

Based on the hydrogeological investigations and First Author: : I did M.Sc (Tech) Applied Geology from Andhra considering the historical quality data it is opined that in University in 1986. Later, I joined in one year training course as Hydro Geologist in NRDCS Ltd., Hyderabad. After completion of the villages of Chintalapudi and Machavaram closer to the training course, I was appointed as Hydro Geologist- cum- Branch Tungabhadra drain show deterioration of quality observed manager at NRDCS Ltd., Raipur branch in Chattishgarh state. that the ingress of back water from Tungabhadra drain into Then I worked as Hydro Geologist for 17 years at Raipur to locate ground water causes for the deterioration of quality. sites of bore wells, open wells and tube wells for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes in and around Raipur district. Later I joined Keeping in view of the above problem, the following as assistant professor in Vignan University, Vadlamudi, Guntur measures can be taken up to prevent deterioration of (District), Andhra Pradesh from June, 2010. ground water qualify in the area. Secnd Author : I (R.SAI PRIDHVI) am studying M.Tech at Vignan’s University. I have completed my B.Tech from JNTU 1. Tidal regulators are to be constructed on the drain kakinada in 2013. I have completed my Intermediate in 2009. I to prevent back waters in the area at suitable have completed my S.S.C in 2007. I have participated in vignan places after consulting with Drainage Engineers. mohstvau in 2013 and oesits in chirala for project exbhtion and I 2. Exploitation of ground water to be controlled and have got good feedback also.

regulated. . 3. Artificial recharge wells are to be constructed in the contaminated area. For recharging these wells, surface water from canal can be used. However the quality of ground water cannot be improved by constructing the recharge wells, unless the prevention measures are taken to arrest the back water from the drains. 4. The ground water department will monitor the quality of ground water by establishing observation wells in the area.

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