THE CLIMATE OF LONDON BY LUKE HOWARD. THIS IS THE PRINTING OF THIS EDITION OF THE CLIMATE OF LONDON. 2 3 2 8 ’ o C I T P I L C E 2 0 0 2 o 4 o 0 R E T U R A E P M T E N A E M d n a L A I T C O N I U Q E 6 0 5 o 1 0 2 3 1 10 c e m b e r . D e I 1 I 0 X 0 3 I J a 2 n 1 0 0 u . 2 r Solstice 5 a e r b y o . m e L v o w o e r 0 3 1 N T 1 e m W I p e I r X o N a t u T 10 r e E . 1 n n u m s a I . 1 R 3 r o I t y V 0 a i . a r , u g 0 q i d F l . 8 s 4 i 0 e 9 10 s 9 e b r r d e , r u t o v . a u i a r 0 r 0 2 N y a d e e 2 0 s 6 p r b . y M m o e m . t T e U c n r a O T a 2 e . 8 0 p M U 1 D X . e S A o 5 5 u o S q I . s I 1 D I 0 0 u . 3 b M i r a Equinox . o r r c e p 2 h b 0 20 m . m e e Equinox t T . p D . e 6 N : S o 0 0 3 5 4 s 1 1 X 0 u t I 5 o r N o . I D V . S t 1 . M 1 e 0 P 3 e A a R o n r 0 p r T I u 1 i e l m N m t . p s e G la . 2 r s a u 0 0 , u y g 1 tu c 2 0 r a o e 9 e u 3 N sp d A ec 3 da f us 9 I y r it , II 3 s us ob tr o 0 . a i um R V 0 s gner 1 5 E e 1 The yearlyThe cycle of Temperature r Plate 1 Plate M tu V M ra 1 . U pe 5 o M S m 10 Te 1 ay her 3 . Hig y. 2 Solstice ul 0 J 20 II. 20 o V V 31 I. Jun 10 o e. 0 10 2 EC 20 30 LIPTIC 23o28’N.D. 60 40 2 3 2 8 ’ o C I T P I L C E 2 0 0 2 o 4 o 0 R E T U R A E P M T E N A E M d n a L A I T C O N I U Q E 6 0 5 o 1 0 2 3 1 0 1 c e m b e r . D e I 1 I 0 X 0 3 I J a 2 n 1 0 0 u . 2 r Solstice 5 a e r b y o . m e L v o w o e r 0 3 1 N T 1 e m W I p e I r X o N a 0 t u T 1 r e E . 1 n n u m s a I . 1 R 3 r o I t y V 0 a i . a r , u g 0 q i d F l . 8 s 4 i 0 e 9 1 s 9 e b r 0 r d e , r u t o v . a u i a r 0 r 0 2 N y a d e e 2 0 s 6 p r b . y M m o e m . t T e U c n r a O T a 2 e . 8 0 p M U 1 D X . e S A o 5 5 u o S q I . s I 1 D I 0 0 u . 3 b M i r a Equinox . o r r c e p 2 h b 0 20 m . m e e Equinox t T . p D . e 6 N : S o 0 0 3 5 4 s 1 1 X 0 u t I 5 o r N o . I D V . S t 1 . M 1 e 0 P 3 e A a R o n r 0 p r T I u 1 i e l m N m t . p s e G la . 2 r s a u 0 0 , u y g 1 tu c 2 0 r a o e 9 e u 3 N sp d A ec 3 da f us 9 I y r it , II 3 s us ob tr o 0 . a si erum R V 0 gn E 1 5 re 1 M tu The yearly cycle of Temperature cycle yearly The V a Plate 2 Plate M r 1 . U pe 5 o M S m 10 Te 1 ay her 3 . Hig y. 2 Solstice ul 0 J 20 II. 20 o V V 31 I. June. 10 o 20 10 30 EC 20 LIP o TIC 23 28’N.D. 60 40 FOREWORD TO IAUC EDITION. This edition of Luke Howard’s CLIMATE OF LONDON has been produced by the International Association for Urban Climate (IAUC). While Howard is best known for his work on clouds1, he was also the first to recognise the effect that urban areas have on local climate. Much of his studies on climate, including his description, analysis and observations, are contained in CLIMATE, which can reasonably claim to be the first textbook on climatology. Despite its title, the majority of the book is concerned with weather and climate in general, rather than that of the London metropolis. Nevertheless, one hundred and thirty-two years after its publication, Chandler dedicated his study of the spatial and temporal character of metropolis’ climate to Luke Howard (1772-1864), whom he described as the pioneer of urban climatic studies. The 1st edition of CLIMATE was published in two volumes, the first of which appeared in 1818. The second, much expanded, edition was published in 1833 and comprised three volumes. (The latter edition is the basis of this publication.) The first volume is particularly significant as it contains Howard’s descriptions and analysis of meteorological elements (e.g. temperature, pressure, etc.) that make up climate. However, this work is only possible because of the wealth of data he collected over a twenty-five year period, 1806 to 1830. These daily data are compiled in tabular form in the second and third volumes and are supplemented by his notes and other information gathered from a variety of sources. Altogether, CLIMATE remains a very impressive work. Luke Howard trained as a manufacturing chemist and established his own pharmacy in the heart of the London metropolis in 1794, a time of burgeoning scientific inquiry and debate2. Much of this activity was concentrated within the professional classes, many of whom were self-educated and were Dissenters (Howard himself was a devout Quaker)3. He had a lifelong interest in observing and studying climate and atmospheric phenomena, which he advocates to others as a worthwhile pursuit: Now, in no one department of Natural knowledge is the field less trodden, or the opportunity for a successful exertion of the judgment in establishing general principles greater, than in Meteorology, in its present state. There is no subject on which the learned and the unlearned are more ready to converse, and to hazard an opinion, than on the Weather ― and none on which they are more frequently mistaken! This, alone, may serve to show that we are in want of more data, of a greater store of facts, on which to found a Theory that might guide us to more certain conclusions; and facts will certainly multiply together with observers…. So, to become qualified to reason on the variations of our own Climate, we should begin by making ourselves familiar with their extent and progress, as marked by the common instruments, and the common natural indications: for which purpose such a model as the present Volume may be found very serviceable. (p.xvi) The Introduction has two parts (associated with the publication of the two volumes of the 1st edition in 1818 and 1820, respectively) and is substantially unchanged in the 1833 edition. Here, Howard discusses the instruments and methods that he employs to gather data. One is constantly struck, throughout the entire work, by Howard’s concern for methodical and accurate recording. For example, on many occasions he compares his measurements with those made by the Royal Society in ① the heart of the city. In his analysis of Rain, he finds that the values recorded at the Royal Society are deficient and are of little scientific value: The average Annual rain of the ten years (from 1820 to 1830, omitting 1826) is 17.615 in. which corrected for the elevation of the gauge gives 23.277 ― a quantity falling below the real average of the district by more than two inches. It may be said that probably other causes than such as have been stated, and those peculiar to a great city, contribute to this deficiency.