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Minna Rozen, the Mediterranean in the Seventeenth Century: Captives, Pirates 15 32 Minna Rozen The Mediterranean in the Seventeenth Century: Captives, Pirates and Ransomers 32 The Mediterranean in the Seventeenth Century M. Rozen Collana diretta da Orazio Cancila Collana diretta da Rossella Cancila 1. Antonino Marrone, Repertorio della feudalità siciliana (1282-1390), 2006, pp. 560 21. Orazio Cancila, Nascita di una città. Castelbuono nel secolo XVI, 2013, pp. 902 2. Antonino Giuffrida, La Sicilia e l’Ordine di Malta (1529-1550). La centralità della 22. Claudio Maddalena, I bastoni del re. I marescialli di Francia durante la periferia mediterranea, 2006, pp. 244 successione spagnola, 2013, pp. 323 3. Domenico Ligresti, Sicilia aperta (secoli XV-XVII). Mobilità di uomini e idee nella 23. Storia e attualità della Corte dei conti Atti del Convegno di studi Palermo, 29 Sicilia spagnola, 2006, pp. 409 novembre 2012, 2013, pp. 200 4. Rossella Cancila (a cura di), Mediterraneo in armi (secc. XV-XVIII), 2007, pp. 714 24. Rossella Cancila, Autorità sovrana e potere feudale nella Sicilia moderna, 2013, pp. 306 5. Matteo Di Figlia, Alfredo Cucco. Storia di un federale, 2007, pp. 261 25. Fabio D’angelo, Caltanissetta: baroni e vassalli in uno stato feudale (secc. XVI- 6. Geltrude Macrì, I conti della città. Le carte dei razionali dell’università di Palermo XVII), 2013, pp. 318 (secoli XVI-XIX), 2007, pp. 242 26. Jean-André Cancellieri, Vannina Marchi van Cauwelaert (éds), Villes portuaires I Quaterni del Sigillo della Cancelleria del Regno di Sicilia 7. Salvatore Fodale, de Méditerranée occidentale au Moyen Âge Îles et continents, XIIe-XVe siècles, (1394-1396), 2008, pp. 163 2015, pp. 306 8. Fabrizio D’Avenia, Nobiltà allo specchio. Ordine di Malta e mobilità sociale nella 27. Rossella Cancila, Aurelio Musi (a cura di), Feudalesimi nel Mediterraneo Sicilia moderna, 2009, pp. 406 moderno, 2015, pp. VIII, 608 9. Daniele Palermo, Sicilia 1647. Voci, esempi, modelli di rivolta, 2009, pp. 360 28. Alessandra Mastrodonato, La norma inefficace. Le corporazioni napoletane tra 10. Valentina Favarò, La modernizzazione militare nella Sicilia di Filippo II, 2009, pp. 288 teoria e prassi nei secoli dell’età moderna, 2016, pp. VII, 337 11. Henri Bresc, Una stagione in Sicilia, a cura di M. Pacifico, 2010, pp. 792 29. Patrizia Sardina, Il monastero di Santa Caterina e la città di Palermo (secoli XIV 12. Orazio Cancila, Castelbuono medievale e i Ventimiglia, 2010, pp. 280 e XV), 2016, pp. XIV, 310 30. Orazio Cancila, I Ventimiglia di Geraci (1258-1619) 2016, pp. 500 13. Vita Russo, Il fenomeno confraternale a Palermo (secc. XIV-XV), 2010, pp. 338 31. Istituzioni ecclesiastiche e potere regio nel Mediterraneo medievale. Scritti per 14. Amelia Crisantino, Introduzione agli “Studii su la storia di Sicilia dalla metà del Salvatore Fodale, a cura di P. Sardina, D. Santoro, M.A. Russo, 2016, pp. 216 XVIII secolo al 1820” di Michele Amari, 2010, pp. 360 32. Minna Rozen, The Mediterranean in the Seventeenth Century: Captives, Pirates 15. Michele Amari, Studii su la storia di Sicilia dalla metà del XVIII secolo al 1820, and Ransomers, 2016, pp. 154 2010, pp. 800 16. Studi storici dedicati a Orazio Cancila, a cura di A. Giuffrida, F. D’Avenia, D. Palermo, 2011, pp. XVIII, 1620 17. Scritti per Laura Sciascia, a cura di M. Pacifico, M.A. Russo, D. Santoro, P. Sardina, 2011, pp. 912 18. Antonino Giuffrida, Le reti del credito nella Sicilia moderna, 2011, pp. 288 19. Aurelio Musi, Maria Anna Noto (a cura di), Feudalità laica e feudalità ecclesiastica nell’Italia meridionale, 2011, pp. 448 20. Mario Monaldi, Il tempo avaro ogni cosa fracassa, a cura di R. Staccini, 2012, pp. 206 I testi sono consultabili (e scaricabili in edizione integrale) nella sezione Quaderni del nostro sito (www.mediterranearicerchestoriche.it) Minna Rozen The Mediterranean in the Seventeenth Century: Captives, Pirates and Ransomers 32 Quaderni – Mediterranea - ricerche storiche ISSN 1828-1818 32 Collana diretta da Rossella Cancila PREFACE Comitato scientifico: Marcella Aglietti, Walter Barberis, Orazio Cancila, Pietro Corrao, Aurelio Musi, Elisa Novi Chavarria, Walter Panciera, The present work began with an invitation to a conference that Alessandro Pastore, Luis Ribot García, Angelantonio Spagnoletti, took place in September 2013 at the University of Paderborn, Ger- Mario Tosti many. The topic was «The Ransom of Prisoners in the Mediterrane- an: An Interreligious Comparison». At the conference, I gave a lecture that was later published in the proceedings: Minna Rozen, The Redemption of Jewish Cap- tives in the seventeenth century Eastern Mediterranean Basin: The Intersection of Religion, Economics, and Society, Heike Grieser and Nicole Priesching (eds.), Gefangenenloskauf im Mittelmeerraum. Ein interreligiöser Vergleich, George Olms Verlag, Hildesheim-Zürich- New York, 2015, pp. 161-190, 335-350. The discussions that took place during that conference forced me to confront a dizzying array of questions that went beyond the purview of my topic, which was somewhat technical in nature and pertained to how Jewish charitable societies that redeemed cap- In formato digitale i Quaderni sono reperibili sul sito tives in the Mediterranean basin funded their activities and trans- www.mediterranearicerchestoriche.it ferred monies. A stampa sono disponibili presso la NDF In contrast to the title of the conference, the questions that (www.newdigitalfrontiers.com), che ne cura la distribuzione: arose were more suprareligious and supranational than they were selezionare la voce "Mediterranea" nella sezione interreligious and international. Thus, for example, a question that "Collaborazioni Editoriali" arose was: What was the basic motivation to redeem captives in all Mediterranean - Seventeenth century - Captives - Pirates - Ransomers societies and religions? Some of the participants felt that the mo- tive was always, at its core, religious. That is, one would want to re- deem a coreligionist from being held captive by someone of another religion. Others (I among them) felt that the redemption of captives 2016 © Associazione no profit “Mediterranea” - Palermo became a business in every respect, and the religious injunction ISBN 978-88-99487-29-4 (a stampa) ISBN 978-88-99487-34-8 (online) VI Preface Preface VII ultimately constituted a premise for conducting a worldwide busi- Another reason for writing this essay was to give proper at- ness with different nationalities and religions in which the main tention to the documents that I used when preparing the lecture commodity was human beings. for the Paderborn conference, which are republished here. In the Another question that arose was whether activities on behalf proceedings, I was only able to publish the translations of the of captives actually played a role in enabling such transactions. documents in English, with barely any academic apparatus. Here Some participants who viewed the religious motive as the main im- the original Hebrew appears alongside the translation, and with petus for redeeming captives felt that the ransoms fueled maritime a complete scholarly apparatus. The publication of the letters in piracy and further captures, and that the right thing to do would this form allows the researcher and reader to see the multilayered have been to refuse to pay the ransoms. This idea contradicts the cultural history of Mediterranean Jewry, from the Bible, through original notion, namely, that redeeming captives is a religious com- the Mishna, Tosefta, Talmud, and Midrashim, to the Babylonian mandment. Another question was whether it would even have been Ge’onim, the sages of Italy and North Africa, the sages of pre-Ex- possible to conduct maritime trade in the early modern era had pulsion Spain, and finally the rabbis of the Spanish diaspora. those involved not been hopeful that someone would liberate them These letters, as published here, offer an archaeological cross-sec- if they were captured. tion of the Judaism of the Mediterranean basin through the centu- The conference participants did not arrive at any consensus or ries, culminating in the period when they were written, in the last reach any conclusions regarding these questions. I myself contin- quarter of the seventeenth century. ued to ponder these issues on my long journey home to Israel, add- I am grateful to the organizer of the conference in Paderborn, ing more questions that arise every day in the news: What should a Prof. Dr. Heike Greizer, who agreed to this expanded and annotat- modern country that accepts international law do when its citizens ed edition of the letters. or soldiers are held captive by organizations that do not see them- Minna Rozen selves as being bound by international law? Should it negotiate with University of Haifa them over the lives of the captives? But such negotiations would lead to the capture of more people! I was unable to discuss these questions during the conference, and so I wrote the present work. The purpose of this essay is to examine the positions taken by various early-modern states, religions, and organizations on the re- deeming of captives in light of the following question: Which played the more important role - piety and religious imperatives, or the opportunity for many people to make a living and even get rich from the activities surrounding the redemption of captives? The answer to this question can help when grappling with such contemporary quandaries as: Should a shipping company bargain with a gang of pirates that have no relation to a specific country over the redemp- tion of their boat, cargo, or sailors that fell captive to them? One should remember that today the boat and cargo are the main goal of the pirates. If the shipping company does not redeem the crew, they will be murdered. One can also ask another question: Should a country negotiate with irrational religious organizations over cit- izens that fell captive to them? This article does not answer these questions directly, but it can offer important insights. INTRODUCTION This study examines captivity emanating from piracy or violence linked to maritime hostilities, and its consequences in the Mediterra- nean world of the seventeenth century.
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