$2017$ General BC

“Unde Fuligo?”

Tony Hansen

Magee Scientific, Berkeley, CA Why are atmospheric aerosols important?

• Public health – disease & death • Climate change – local, regional and global • Precipitation – reduction of rainfall • Visibility – also, reduction of sunlight for agriculture • Damage to cultural heritage (buildings, monuments, art)

2 U.S. Government Agency Declarations

• Public Health Diesel Particulate Matter is a listed Air Toxic

• Climate Change Black Carbon is a listed Greenhouse Agent

3 Official Recognition

UK 2011

OECD 2016

USA 2012 WHO 2016

EU 2013

CCAC 2013

4 Good Public Policy requires Good Scientific Data

5 Why are atmospheric aerosols important?

6 Loss of life expectancy in Europe

CAFE Report, EU Commission, 2000 7 Health impact of Fine Particulates

If 2 areas of Central and Southern California would simply meet existing Air Quality Standards : savings $28,000,000,000 per year ( $2,000 / person )

• 3,860 fewer premature deaths among those age 30 and older • 13 fewer premature deaths in infants • 1,950 fewer new cases of adult onset chronic bronchitis • 3,517,720 fewer days of reduced activity in adults • 2,760 fewer hospital admissions • 141,370 fewer asthma attacks • 1,259,840 fewer days of school absence • 16,110 fewer cases of acute bronchitis in children • 466,880 fewer lost days of work • 2,078,300 fewer days of respiratory symptoms in children • 2,800 fewer emergency hospital visits

More premature death in Los Angeles from Air Pollution than Car Accidents

Hall et al., Cal State University Fullerton, Nov. 2008 8 Cities are Choking around the World

WORST : Asia, BC = 10 ~ 100 µg/m³. 2,000,000,000 people

9 Aerosol Black Carbon covers continents

Picture taken at ~ 1000 m. altitude over New Delhi, India: early morning. City is invisible: solar radiation reaching the ground is reducing ~ 5% per decade over the entire country. ~ 12% of Delhi population ( > 3 million people) have respiratory disease .

10 Why are atmospheric aerosols important?

11 Climate Change Effects of Aerosols

“The best estimate of climate forcing by Black Carbon is 1.1 W m-2. There is a very high probability that Black Carbon emissions have a positive forcing and warm the climate. “Black carbon reduces aerosol albedo, causes a reduction of cloud cover, and reduces cloud particle albedo. All of these effects cause warming.”

Bounding the role of Black Carbon in the climate system T. Bond et al. JGR (2013) 12 Why are atmospheric aerosols important?

13 Suppression of Precipitation - California

“Urban air pollution and industrial air pollution have been shown qualitatively to suppress rain and snow . Here, precipitation losses over topographical barriers downwind of major coastal urban areas in California .. that amount to 15%–25% of the annual precipitation are quantified . …. The evidence includes significant decreasing trends of .. precipitation during the twentieth century in polluted areas in line with increasing emissions during the same period, whereas no trends are observed in similar nearby pristine areas.”

Quantifying Precipitation Suppression Due to Air Pollution A. Givati and D. Rosenfeld, J. Applied Meteorology 43, 1038-1045, (2004)

14 Why are atmospheric aerosols important?

15 1953 : Air pollution cancels soccer game

16 2013 : Air pollution closes Beijing Airport

17 Influence of air pollution on Agriculture

• In China, where air pollution is serious, it may reduce the production of rice and wheat

Rice: up to 5% loss Wheat: over 10% loss

Effect of heavy haze and aerosol pollution on rice and wheat production in China Tie et al., Nature Sci. Rep. 6, 29612 (2016) 18 Aerosol Black Carbon : Need for Data

• Climate impact of BC is second only to CO 2

• Ground-level BC concentrations that affect public health are highly variable

• BC emissions can not be predicted: must be measured

• To manage Climate and Health impacts, we need data :

BC ( X, Y, Z, t )

1919 Black Carbon : Formation during combustion

20 Emissions of Black Carbon

• BC / (kilogram fuel) is unpredictable * 10³

• Quantity of fuel → CO2 • Quality of combustion → BC

21 The Aethalometer™ - since 1979

• Draw air sample continuously through filter, collect aerosol. • Illuminate, measure rate of decrease of optical transmission. • Calculate rate of increase of ‘Attenuation’ (‘ATN’) • ATN is proportional to loading of Black Carbon • Calculate concentration of BC in air stream.

22 Aethalometer – Continuous optical analysis

Air stream containing BC particles

Reference I0

BC Sensing I

Light Source Light Detectors

Filter collects particles continuously : Gradually becomes darker and darker

23 Measurement Principle – Optical Absorption

–( b a · D ) Beer’s Law : I = I0 e

I0 is incident intensity; I is transmitted intensity D is total density of material traversed; ba is absorption coefficient.

Measure I and I0 ; use known value of ba ; determine D → measure amount of absorbing material

24 Advantages / Attributes of Optical Analysis

• Instantaneous → real-time data • Non-destructive • Mobile / Portable / Personal • Added dimension - wavelength

25 Wide Dynamic Range of actual measurements

Clean air from ocean: BC < 50 ng/m³

Clean air : Berkeley, California 1,400 370 470 520 590 660 880 950 Highly Polluted Air : BC >100 µg/m³

1,200 Polluted Air : Kolkata, India 1,000 140,000 880 800 120,000 Maximum :

600 100,000 >100 g/m³ BC, ng/m3 BC, 400 Minimum : 80,000 0.03 g/m³ 200 ng/m3 60,000

0 0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00 BC, 40,000 17 ~ 18 July 2011 20,000

0 0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00 16 Dec 2009

26 Time pattern analysis to identify sources • Measurements at single fixed point • Analyze temporal patterns • Different sources have different temporal patterns

London Germany China

27 Aethalometer ® case study : traffic emission patterns Urban roadside emissions study ..…. London

Time series from roadside location in London : 3 months of data on 5-minute time-base Problem: Derive meaningful conclusion from 19,125 data points.

Gather into overlays : 12 weekly cycles of 5-minute data Data courtesy of P. Quincey, NPL, UK

28 Aethalometer ® case study : traffic emission patterns Urban roadside emissions study ..…. London

Calculate difference between [ Workdays ] and [ Sundays ] Compare results with traffic activity

29 The ‘Model AE33’ Aethalometer : 2012

30 Optical Calibration of Aethalometer

• Optical calibration against NIST Standard Reference Material 8785

31 In-field Validation of AE33 Aethalometer

• Optical validation with NIST-traceable “Neutral Density” Transfer Standard Kit

32 Official Certificates of Approval

33 Recommendation by US EPA

J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 58 :164–195 (2008) Continuous Monitoring Techniques for Particulate Matter Mass and Chemical Components: EPA’s Particulate Matter Supersites Program Paul A. Solomon U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Office of Research and Development, Las Vegas, NV

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS Significant advances in the measurement of the chemical and physical properties of PM have occurred as an outcome of the Supersites Program and related studies over the last 5–7 yr. Results from these studies indicate that continuous monitoring methods often provide improved estimates of what is in the air as compared with current standard filter-based methods. Of considerable importance is the near-real-time availability of these data , often at hourly time resolution or shorter.

Particle Absorption/BC . The Aethalometer provides direct measures of the light absorbing carbon in aerosols as an absorption value (1/m). The measure in ambient concentration units is referred to as BC, which is related to EC being measured thermally. The Aethalometer is robust and widely used in monitoring networks with relatively well-defined Recommendation: — Aethalometer

34 Advantages / Attributes of Optical Analysis

• Instantaneous → real-time data • Non-destructive • Mobile / Portable / Personal • Added dimension - wavelength

35 From Black& to Color

36 High emissions from wood burning

• Wood/biomass is a ‘sustainable fuel’ ( CO 2 perspective) • Biomass burning is a major energy source in rural areas • Individual stoves have low efficiency, high emissions • Biomass smoke contains ‘ Brown Carbon ’

37 Analysis at multiple wavelengths

• Aethalometers provide analysis at 7 wavelengths : 370, 470, 520, 590, 660, 880 and 950 nm

• “Black” materials absorb uniformly across the spectrum: the 880 nm analysis is quantitative for ‘Black Carbon’.

• Other species – aromatic organic compounds – sometimes called “Brown Carbon” - can show increased absorption at shorter wavelengths.

38 Spectral Optical Analysis – real-time data

7-wavelength Aethalometer data - biomass burning plume impact at remote site. Data as recorded

370 430 470 520 590 700 950 Best-fit Baseline 25000

20000

15000

10000 Equivalent ng/m3 Equivalent

5000

0 0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00

27 June 2008 Data courtesy of Bryan Fabbri, NASA ‘COVE’ program, 2008 39 Biomass vs. diesel smoke : wavelength dependence

• Measure absorption babs with the Aethalometer at 7 λ λ • Pure black carbon: babs ~ 1/ • General Angstrom exponent : λα babs ~ 1/ diesel : α ≈ 1 biomass : α ≈ 2 and higher

‘A study of wood burning and traffic aerosols in an Alpine valley using a multi-wavelength Aethalometer’, J. Sandradewi et al., Atmospheric Environment (2008) 101–112 40 Absorption spectrum of biomass smoke - Europe

Haze of biomass smoke over Paris

Ambient measurements of light absorption by agricultural waste burning organic aerosols

O. Favez, S. C. Alfaro, et al., J. Aerosol Science 40, 613 (2009)

41 Real-time display of Biomass Burning

42 Real-time Source Apportionment

Identify the components of total BC 6.000 Traffic according to ‘Angstrom Exponent’ 5.000 model. 4.000 3.000

Each component is time-dependent. 2.000 1.000 76% ± 10% 0 0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 7.000 Total BC 6.000 1.600 Biomass burning 5.000 1.400 4.000 1.200 3.000 1.000 800 2.000 600 1.000 400 0 200 24% ± 10% 0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0 0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 43 Aethalometer Hardware Accessories

Sample Stream Dryer PM2.5 size-selective inlet for hot, humid locations

Meteorological sensor P, T, %RH

CO2 sensor for Combustion and Emissions studies

44 AethNET networking

Remote management of Aethalometer ® networks

45 AethNET networking

VB user interface: Color coding Parameter details Log AE33 remote control Reports Mail notifications

TCP/IP console

46 AethNET networking – anywhere, any time

Aethalometer data is acquired and managed in real time .

Remote monitoring and control provides Real time data availability Immediate problem detection Automatic data verification Status and alarm messaging Remote measurement settings control Pre-emptive maintenance Daily reports

Data can be shared among organizations in real time.

47 AethNET : National Network in India, 2015

Indian Meteorological Dept , Ministry of Earth Sciences, Delhi

48 Aethalometer ® installations Mature technology: rugged, reliable

Picture courtesy of J. J. Cao, Xi’an, China Picture courtesy of E. Winegar, California

Tibet, China : Altitude 5200 m. Mojave Desert, California, USA : +45°C

South Pole, Antarctica : -55°C Amazon rain forest, Brazil: extreme humidity Dr. Tony Hansen – inventor of the Aethalometer

Picture courtesy of Prof .Paulo Artaxo

Picture courtesy of T. Hansen 49 Aethalometer development history

• 1979 : concept developed; research prototype • 1980 : first field test, first publication • 1980’s : measurements at remote locations as a geophysical tracer for long-range atmospheric circulation • 1990’s : recognition of importance of public health effects • 2000’s : recognition of importance of climate change forcing • 2010 : development of “Dual Spot ” Model AE33

More than 4,500 scientific papers published world-wide

50 Aethalometer installations world-wide Aethalometer installations world-wide

51 Attributes of Aethalometer BC measurements

• Instantaneous real-time data

• Time patterns can identify source groups

• Measurement is calibrated against standards and may be validated in the field

• Analysis at multiple wavelengths identifies biomass smoke

• AethNET provides complete networking , data management and remote supervision of instruments

52 Different instruments and Technologies

• For further information, please write to me: [email protected]

53 Different instruments and Technologies

• For further information, please write to me: [email protected]

https://aethlabs.com/microaeth

https://aethlabs.com/microaeth/compare

54 Different instruments and Technologies

Model 5012 Instruction Manual Multi Angle Absorption Photometer (MAAP) https://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS- Assets/LSG/Specification- Sheets/D19388~.pdf

• For further information, please write to me: 55 [email protected] Preguntas? GRACIAS SOPORTE TECNICO Y COMERCIAL Ing. Esp. Rodrigo Rozo López LATIN AMERICA INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNICAL MANAGER [email protected] www.intecconinc.com