Pacific Affairs: Volume 88, No

Paciﬁc Affairs

Vol. 88, No. 1 MARCH 2015

Page Feelings of Home amongst Tamil Migrant Workers in Singapore’s Little India Wajihah Hamid 5 The Evolving Power of the Core Executive: A Case Study of Japan’s ICT Regulation after the 1980s Masahiro Mogaki 27 How are Chinese Students Ideologically Fen Lin Divided? A Survey of Chinese College Yanfei Sun Students’ Political Self-Identifcation Hongxing Yang 51 Balance of Incentives: Why North Korea Interacts with the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Benjamin Habib 75 China’s Economic Statecraft in Latin America: Kevin P. Gallagher Evidence from China’s Policy Banks Amos Irwin 99

—Perspective— Paths of Integration for Sexual Minorities Joseph Yi in Korea Joe Phillips 123

Indian Political Studies: In Search John Harriss, Aseema Sinha of Distinctiveness Andrew Wyatt Review Essay and Sinderpal Singh 135

Books Reviewed (listed on pp. 2-4) 145

Copyright © 2015, Pacifc Affairs, a division of The University of British Columbia Publications Mail Registration No. 07775 PRINTED IN CANADA ISSN (print) 0030-851X GST No. R108161779 ISSN (online) 1715-3379 Pacific Affairs: Volume 88, No. 1 – March 2015

BOOKS REVIEWED IN THIS ISSUE

Note: All book reviews are freely available on our website: www.pacifcaffairs.ubc.ca and with our electronic provider www.ingentaconnect.com.

Asia General The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of the Pacific Rim. Edited by Inderjit Kaur and Nirvikar Singh. Masao Nakamura 145 The Future of the World Trading System: Asian Perspectives. Edited by Richard E. Baldwin, Masahiro Kawai, and Ganeshan Wignaraja. Prema-chandra Athukorala 147 Infrastructure for Asian Connectivity. Edited by Biswa Nath Bhattacharyay, Masahiro Kawai, Rajat M. Nag. Pravakar Sahoo 149 Regional Integration in East Asia: Theoretical and Historical Perspectives. Edited by Satoshi Amako, Shunji Matsuoka and Kenji Horiuchi. Giovanni Capannelli 151 The East Asian Peace: Conflict Prevention and Informal Peacebuilding. By Mikael Weissmann. Paul Midford 154 Cleavage, Connection and Conflict in Rural, Urban and Contemporary Asia. Tim Bunnell, D. Parthasarthy, Eric C. Thompson, editors. Jean-François Bissonnette 156 Transitions and Non-Transitions from Communism: Regime Survival in China, Cuba, North Korea, and Vietnam. By Steven Saxonberg. Hyung-Gu Lynn 159 Why Communism did not Collapse: Understanding Authoritarian Regime Resilience in Asia and Europe. Edited by Martin K. Dimitrov. Hyung-Gu Lynn 159

China and Inner Asia China’s Growth: The Making of an Economic Superpower. By Linda Yueh. Lawrence R. Sullivan 163 Capitalism from Below: Markets and Institutional Change in China. By Victor Nee, Sonja Opper. Robert Hanlon 165 China’s Road to Greater Financial Stability: Some Policy Perspectives. Editors, Udaibir S. Das, Jonathan Fiechter, and Tao Sun. Sara Hsu 167 Chinese Money in Global Context: Historic Junctures between 600 BCE and 2012. By Niv Horesh. Richard von Glahn 169 Return of the Dragon: Rising China and Regional Security. By Denny Roy. Hasan H. Karrar 171 Communication, Public Opinion, and Globalization in Urban China. By Francis L.F. Lee, Chin-Chuan Lee, Mike Z. Yao, Tsan-Kuo Chang, Fen Jennifer Lin, and Chris Fei Shen. Timothy Hildebrandt 174

2 Beyond Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea: Legal Frameworks for the Joint Development of Hydrocarbon Resources. Edited by Robert Beckman, Ian Townsend-Gault, Clive Schofeld, Tara Davenport, Leonardo Bernard. Kuan-Hsiung Wang 176 Chinese Industrial Espionage: Technology Acquisition and Military Modernization. By William C. Hannas, James Mulvenon and Anna B. Puglisi. Nigel West 178 Contestation and Adaptation: The Politics of National Identity in China. By Enze Han. Martin Laflamme 180 The Specter of “The People”: Urban Poverty in Northeast China. By Mun Young Cho. Xuefei Ren 183 1956: Mao’s China and the Hungarian Crisis. By Zhu Dandan. Nicolai Volland 184 Mao: The Real Story. By Alexander V. Pantsov with Steven I. Levine. Lee Feigon 187 Chinese Comfort Women: Testimonies from Imperial Japan’s Sex Slaves. By Peipei Qiu, with Su Zhiliang and Chen Lifei. Norman Smith 188 Lost in Transition: Hong Kong Culture in the Age of China. By Yiu-Wai Chu. Christopher Howe 190 Taming Tibet: Landscape Transformation and the Gift of Chinese Development. By Emily T. Yeh. Matthew T. Kapstein 192

Northeast Asia War, Guilt, and World Politics after World War II. By Thomas U. Berger. Thomas Stow Wilkins 194 In Defense of Justice: Joseph Kurihara and the Japanese American Struggle for Equality. By Eileen H. Tamura. Greg Robinson 196 Money, Trains, and Guillotines: Art and Revolution in 1960s Japan. By William Marotti. Kenji Kajiya 198 The Nature of the Beasts: Empire and Exhibition at the Tokyo Imperial Zoo. By Ian Jared Miller; foreword by Harriet Ritvo. Noah Cincinnati 200 Tokyo Vernacular: Common Spaces, Local Histories, Found Objects. By Jordan Sand. Inge Daniels 203 Cinema of Actuality: Japanese Avant-Garde Filmmaking in the Season of Image Politics. By Yuriko Furuhata. Steven Ridgely 205 Pink Globalization: Hello Kitty’s Trek across the Pacifc. By Christine R. Yano. Grant McCall 207

South Asia Citizenship and its Discontents: An Indian History. By Niraja Gopal Jayal. Rahul Mukherji 209 Dalit Assertion. By Sudha Pai. Hugo Gorringe 211 The Promise of Power: The Origins of Democracy in India and Autocracy in Pakistan. By Maya Tudor. Tan Tai Yong 213

3 Pacific Affairs: Volume 88, No. 1 – March 2015

Ecology is Permanent Economy: The Activism and Environmental Philosophy of Sunderlal Bahuguna. By George Alfred James. Trent Brown 215 Religious Freedom in India: Sovereignty and (Anti) Conversion. By Goldie Osuri. Klaus K. Klostermaier 217 Bollywood: Gods, Glamour, and Gossip. By Kush Varia. Philip A. Lutgendorf 220

Southeast Asia Cauldron of Resistance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and 1950s Southern Vietnam. By Jessica M. Chapman. Christoph Giebel 222 Hot Science, High Water: Assembling Nature, Society and Environmental Policy in Contemporary Vietnam. By Eren Zink. Abidin Kusno 224 The University Socialist Club and the Contest for Malaya: Tangled Strands of Modernity. By Loh Kah Seng et al. Soak Koon Wong 226 Constitutional Change and Democracy in Indonesia. By Donald L. Horowitz. William Case 229 Faith and the State: A History of Islamic Philanthropy in Indonesia. By Amelia Fauzia. Hilman Latief 231 Islam and the Making of the Nation: Kartosuwiryo and Political Islam in 20th Century Indonesia. By Chiara Formichi. Azyumardi Azra 234

Australasia and the Pacific Islands Treasured Possessions: Indigenous Interventions into Cultural and Intellectual Property. By Haidy Geismar. Anna-Karina Hermkens 236 Making Sense of Micronesia: The Logic of Pacifc Island Culture. By Francis X. Hezel. Lin Poyer 238 The Death of the Big Men and the Rise of the Big Shots: Custom and Conflict in East New Britain. By Keir Martin. Martha Macintyre 239

DOCUMENTARY FILM REVIEW

Children of the Revolution. Directed and produced by Shane O’Sullivan; executive producers, Alan Maher, Christiane Hinz; directors of photography, Bassem Fayad, Robin Probyn, Axel Schneppat; editors, Ben Yeates, Fergal McGrath, Shane O’Sullivan. Patricia G. Steinhoff 242

4 Feelings of Home Amongst Tamil Migrant Workers in Singapore’s Little India Wajihah Hamid

Abstract Low-wage Tamil migrant workers have long been contributing to Singapore’s economy. Despite labouring there for three decades and being connected to the existing Tamil diasporic community in Singapore, they have been left out of both state rhetoric and society, often due to claims of transience. However, a fatal traffic accident in the locality of Singapore’s Little India in December 2013 involving a Tamil migrant worker that morphed into a riot has again brought the problems of these men and their presence within the vicinity of Little India to the fore. This paper is based on a wider ethnographic study of a group of Tamil migrant workers from the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu who were working in Singapore in 2012. The homely feelings experienced by the migrant workers highlight their feelings of homesickness vis-à-vis the need for a sense of belonging felt amongst transnational male migrant workers. On the other hand, practices that make the space unhomely for them not only illustrate their social position but will also lead to to the study of the governmentality of migration and control of migrant bodies.

Keywords: Tamil migrant workers, Singapore, Little India, transnational home, policing, governmentality DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/20158815

Introducing the Exclusion of Tamil Labour n December 2013, a fatal traffic accident in Singapore’s Little India involving a Tamil migrant worker grew into a riot and brought into Iprominence the presence of a large number of Tamil migrant workers (who are housed away at the peripheries of Singapore), their gathering in Little India on weekends and the increased need of the Singapore authorities to manage and control such assemblies. ______Wajihah Hamid graduated with an MA in Migration Studies from the University of Sussex. She currently works as a research assistant with the Asia Research Institute at the National University of Singapore. Email: [email protected]

* Acknowledgements: I would like to sincerely thank all the Tamil migrant workers and key informants for sharing their experiences and time with me. I am grateful to the three anonymous

Masahiro Mogaki

Abstract This article addresses state transformation by exploring the case of Japan’s Information and Communication Technology (ICT) regulation between the 1980s and 2000s, regulation that was prompted by various challenges to the Japanese state after the 1980s. The article, which takes an elitist perspective of the core executive, questions the dominant pluralist and rational choice literature on Japanese politics. This perspective is informed by a body of statist literature, which in turn is drawn from interviews of elites. What emerges from this study, however, is a variation on the view of state transformation, showing a fluid change of power within the core executive in ICT regulation. This change can be understood as a dynamic reconstitutive process of the Japanese state in response to challenges both sector-specific and beyond. Mobilized by the change of power, the reconstitution of the Japanese state has transformed the developmentally oriented characteristic of the Japanese state that was led by civil servants. Elsewhere, by focusing on the state at a macro level and on power relations within the core executive, this article reveals the dominance of the core executive in ICT regulation. It concludes that the Japanese state has retained dominance over society through its reconstitution, mobilized by the core executive, while also showing that within the core executive that fluid change of power has occurred between actors.

Keywords: state transformation, core executive, Japan, regulation, ICT. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/201588127

______

Masahiro Mogaki is a post-doctorial graduate of the Department of Politics, the University of Sheffield, UK, and an advisor and visiting researcher of the office of Jin Matsubara, a member of the House of Representatives, Japan. E-mail: [email protected]

*Acknowledgement: The author would like to express his sincere gratitude to the reviewers, the editors and Dave Richards of the University of Manchester for their inspiring advice.

© Pacific Affairs: Volume 88, No. 1 March 2015 27 How are Chinese Students Ideologically Divided? A Survey of Chinese College Students’ Political Self-Identification Fen Lin, Yanfei Sun and Hongxing Yang

Abstract Students have always played an important role in defining the politics of China, and their ideological orientation shapes the nature of student politics. Through a survey of students from six elite universities, this study explores the outlook of Chinese youth’s political identities and analyzes the factors conditioning their identity formation. The results reveal three trends. First, the majority of these college students either claim themselves to be apolitical or to be liberals. Second, among various channels of political (re)socialization, family plays a weak role, while mass media has a strong influence on students’ political orientation. Peking University, the base for nurturing liberals in the 1990s, has now yielded this role to universities specializing in economics and finance, thus suggesting the impact of economic liberalism since the 1990s. Third, gender, education level, academic major, family income and Communist Party membership are all good indicators of students’ political identities. These results are interpreted in the context of student movements and intellectual transition in China over the past four decades.

Keywords: political identity, students, liberal-leftist/nationalist divide, survey, China DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/201588151 ______

Fen Lin is an assistant professor of media and communication at the City University of Hong Kong. She obtained her BA in economics from Peking University, and her Master’s degree in statistics and PhD in sociology from the University of Chicago. Her research interests include media and social change, political communication in authoritarian regimes, and state-media relations and its impact on collective action. Email: [email protected]

Yanfei Sun is an assistant professor of sociology at Zhejiang University, China. Her research primarily concerns religion and politics in modern China. Her recent articles have been published in Modern China and Social Compass. Email: [email protected]

Hongxing Yang is an associate professor of sociology in the School of Public Economics & Administration and a research fellow at the Institute of Public Policy and Governance at Shanghai University of Finance & Economics. Email: [email protected]

Abstract This study is concerned with motivations driving North Korea’s interaction with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, drawing on information from treaty-reporting documents, along with project reports compiled by international agencies and official statements released by the North Korean government. The article draws on causal inference to explore the hypothesis that the leadership perpetuation and state survival imperatives of the North Korean government represent the most likely explanation for North Korea’s interaction with the international climate change regime. It finds a strong probability that North Korea is utilizing the UNFCCC as a capacity-building vehicle across its agricultural and energy sectors, a weak possibility that North Korea’s climate change vulnerability is a compelling incentive for greenhouse gas mitigation, and a weak possibility that North Korea is using the Clean Development Mechanism under the UNFCCC as a means for generating foreign currency revenue. The paper argues that the balance of incentives underpinning these motivations can be linked to the leadership perpetuation and state survival imperatives of the North Korean government.

Keywords: North Korea; climate change; UNFCCC; clean development mechanism; vulnerability DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/201588175

orth Korea represents a curious case among parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It Nis not an active member of any specific negotiating bloc and has been a sporadic attendee at UNFCCC Conference of Parties gatherings, where its delegates are generally silent participants. While North Korea is a peripheral actor within the negotiating process of the convention, its interaction with the international climate change regime is nonetheless an ______

Dr. Benjamin Habib is a lecturer in Politics and International Relations at La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia, with research interests in environment, security and governance in North Korea. Email: [email protected]

Abstract Most scholars and policy makers classify the motivation behind China’s global economic activity as an effort to project soft power or to exercise “extractive diplomacy” by locking up natural resources across the globe. In this paper we argue that China, through its state financial institutions and firms, is also significantly motivated by simply commercial reasons. To shed light on this debate, we examine the extent to which China’s policy banks provide finance to sovereign governments in Latin America. We find that Chinese policy banks now provide more finance to Latin American governments each year than do the World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). Indeed, the large loan size, high interest rates and focus on industry and infrastructure of Chinese finance has less in common with these international financial institutions (IFIs) and more in common with the private sovereign bond market. In this way, Chinese finance appears primarily commercial in nature. Chinese banks offer slightly lower interest rates than the private market, but these are not necessarily concessional subsidies to support a political agenda. The Chinese banks are exposed to less risk because they tie their loans to equipment purchase requirements and oil purchase contracts. Through these risk-lowering arrangements, Chinese banks can profit by lending to countries that have been priced out of the sovereign debt market. While it can be difficult to distinguish between the three types of economic statecraft outlined above, we argue that commercial profit is also a major force behind China’s economic statecraft that has been largely overlooked.

Keywords: China, Latin America, foreign investment, development

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/201588199

Introduction: China’s Economic Statecraft in Context hina’s global reach is increasingly being felt across the world. Nearly every country now enjoys growing amounts of trade with China. For many, China is a source of foreign investment as well. The China C______Kevin P. Gallagher is associate professor and co-director of the Global Economic Governance Initiative at Boston University’s Pardee School of Global Studies. Email: [email protected]

Amos Irwin is a research fellow at the Global Economic Governance Initiative at Boston University’s Pardee School of Global Studies. Email: [email protected]

Abstract The prevailing social model among the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender) in South Korea is to maintain somewhat sexually free but separate social enclaves. This strategy avoids significant public backlash and government oppression. However, the situation leaves them without legal protection, social acceptance or significant public space for expressing their sexual identity. Supporters of greater integration pursue a politically activist model, which advocates government recognition and protection of the LGBT as an oppressed minority. This strategy faces determined opposition from some Christian groups and a mostly indifferent public. We highlight a complementary “bridging-dialogue” model in which individual LGBT persons nurture communicative social ties with members of the larger society in ostensibly non-political settings. Although emerging and limited, the bridging strategy attracts many more participants than does identity politics and generates genuine dialogue and other social exchange among different groups, including conservative Christians and foreign-origin LGBTs. Bridging dialogue also appeals to a younger generation of Koreans, who are more tolerant of and curious about ethnic and sexual diversity.

Keywords: LGBT, Christian, liberal, democracy, same-sex marriage, South Korea, evangelical DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2015881123

Introduction: A Typology of LGBT Participation ince the country’s transition to democratization and globalization in the late 1980s, academics and popular media in South Korea (Korea) Shave increasingly discussed the rights and welfare of historically marginal groups, including women, the handicapped, North Korean refugees and______migrant workers. A key component of this discourse is the multicultural Joseph E. Yi is an associate professor of political science at Hanyang University. His teaching and research centre on diversity and cooperation, especially in East Asia and North America. Email: [email protected].

Joe Phillips (corresponding author) is an associate professor of global studies at Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea 609–735. His teaching and research focus on domestic and international human rights. He has authored articles on due process, corporate social responsibility and minority assimilation, and a legal treatise. Email: [email protected].

Keywords: India, state, democracy, party systems, political thought, foreign policy DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2015881135

POLITICAL SCIENCE. ICSSR Research Surveys and Explorations. General editor, Achin Vanaik. Box edition. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2013. 4 vols. CAD$325.50, cloth. ISBN 978-0-19-809244-5.

The Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) has regularly commissioned surveys of the state of research in India in regard to different fields within the social sciences. As the general editor, Achin Vanaik, explains in his introduction, these four volumes, which aim to assess the “state of art” in political science in India, with particular reference to work that has been published in the period 2003–2009, come after a fairly long gap. They also depart from earlier surveys in that those who have been invited to contribute to them have been asked to provide not only summary accounts of major texts, but also to offer “explorations.” They have been asked, that is, to contextualize the studies that they discuss—to link their themes and perspectives to the trends of change “on the ground” in India, and, where it is relevant, internationally. Authors were asked as well not to shy away from presenting their own evaluations, and to consider both the likely lines of future inquiry, and their own preferred ideas for future research. Vanaik himself reflects upon the search for an Indian distinctiveness, which he sees as one particular uniformity across the four volumes. Between them, as he argues, they explore India’s distinctiveness in two senses. One is along what he calls the “low road,” of examining the distinctiveness of the Indian experience in regard to different aspects of politics and society. But there are also explorations on the theoretically much more ambitious “high road,” concerned with the conceptual and theoretical breaks that Indian political science has made from those of the dominant (Western) discourse of the discipline. He notes ideas that form part of a “redefined theoretical toolkit for investigating Indian reality” (xiv), such as communalism,

Vol. 88, No. 2 June 2015

—Special Issue— Religion, Business and Contestation in Malaysia and Singapore Guest Editors: Edmund Terence Gomez, Robert Hunt and John Roxborogh

Page

Introduction: Edmund Terence Gomez Religion, Business and Contestation Robert Hunt in Malaysia and Singapore John Roxborogh 153

Spirituality as an Integral Part of Islamic Business: The Case of Global Ikhwan Ahmad Fauzi Abdul Hamid 173

Islamic Banking and Finance: Sacred Maznah Mohamad Alignment, Strategic Alliances Johan Saravanamuttu 193

Megachurches in Singapore: The Faith of an Emergent Middle Class Terence Chong 215

“Do Business Till He Comes”: The Business Jeaney Yip of Housing God in Singapore Megachurches Susan Ainsworth 237

Books Reviewed (listed on pp. 146-149) 259

BOOKS REVIEWED IN THIS ISSUE

Note: All book reviews are freely available on our website: www.pacifcaffairs.ubc.ca and with our electronic provider www.ingentaconnect.com.

Asia General Return: Nationalizing Transnational Mobility in Asia. Xiang Biao, Brenda S.A. Yeoh, and Mika Toyota, editors. Glenda S. Roberts 259 Architects of Growth?: Sub-national Governments and Industrialization in Asia. Edited by Francis E. Hutchinson. Sunil Mani 261 Brothers in Arms: Chinese Aid to the Khmer Rouge, 1975–1979. By Andrew Mertha. Chien-Peng Chung 263 Red Stamps and Gold Stars: Fieldwork Dilemmas in Upland Socialist Asia. Edited by Sarah Turner. Vatthana Pholsena 266 Encountering Modernity: Christianity in East Asia and Asian America. Edited by Albert L. Park and David K. Yoo. Don Baker 268 Confronting Memories of World War II: European and Asian Legacies. Edited by Daniel Chirot, Gi-Wook Shin, and Daniel Sneider. Ivo Plsek 270 Coproducing Asia: Locating Japanese-Chinese Regional Film and Media. By Stephanie DeBoer. Wendy Su 272

China and Inner Asia China Constructing Capitalism: Economic Life and Urban Change. By Michael Keith, Scott Lash, Jakob Arnoldi, and Tyler Rooker. Alexander F. Day 274 Security and Profit in China’s Energy Policy: Hedging Against Risk. By Øystein Tunsjø. Darrin Magee 277 The China Model and Global Political Economy: Comparison, Impact, and Interaction. By Ming Wan. Paul Bowles 279 China’s Regional Relations: Evolving Foreign Policy Dynamics. By Mark Beeson, Fujian Li. Zhiqun Zhu 281 Rising Inequality in China: Challenges to a Harmonious Society. Edited by Shi Li, Hiroshi Sato, Terry Sicular. Dimitar D. Gueorguiev 283 Clearer Skies over China: Reconciling Air Quality, Climate, and Economic Goals. Edited by Chris P. Nielsen and Mun S. Ho. Joanna I. Lewis 285 The Lost Generation: The Rustication of China’s Educated Youth (1968–1980). By Michel Bonnin; translated by Krystyna Horko. Paul Clark 287 Partners and Rivals: The Uneasy Future of China’s Relationship with the United States. By Wendy Dobson. Denny Roy 289 Diasporic Chineseness after the Rise of China: Communities and Cultural Production. Edited by Julia Kuehn, Kam Louie, and David M. Pomfret. Serene K. Tan 292

146 Wang Renmei: The Wildcat of Shanghai. By Richard J. Meyer. Chris Berry 294 Hong Kong’s Court of Final Appeal: The Development of the Law in China’s Hong Kong. Edited by Simon N.M. Young and Yash Ghai. Pitman B. Potter 296 Negotiating Autonomy in Greater China: Hong Kong and its Sovereign Before and After 1997. Edited by Ray Yep. Gordon Mathews 298 Voices from Tibet: Selected Essays and Reportage. By Tsering Woeser and Wang Lixiong; edited and translated by Violet S. Law. Tsering Shakya 300 Living Dead in the Pacific: Contested Sovereignty and Racism in Genetic Research on Taiwan Aborigines. By Mark Munsterhjelm. Scott Simon 302

Northeast Asia Migrant Workers in Contemporary Japan: An Institutional Perspective on Transnational Employment. By Kiyoto Tanno; translated by Teresa Castelvetere. Hironori Onuki 304 Moral Nation: Modern Japan and Narcotics in Global History. By Miriam Kingsberg. Ryoko Yamamoto 306 Precarious Japan. By Anne Allison. David Chiavacci 308 Japanese Perceptions of Foreigners. Edited by Shunsuke Tanabe. Miloš Debnár 310 Dilemmas of Adulthood: Japanese Women and the Nuances of Long-Term Resistance. By Nancy Rosenberger. Eriko Maeda 312 Gender and Law in the Japanese Imperium. Edited by Susan L. Burns and Barbara J. Brooks. Sumiko Otsubo 315 Imagining Japan in Post-War East Asia: Identity Politics, Schooling and Popular Culture. Edited by Paul Morris, Naoko Shimazu and Edward Vickers. Daniel Sneider 317 World War I and the Triumph of a New Japan, 1919–1930. By Frederick R. Dickinson. Jeff Bayliss 319 Opening a Window to the West: The Foreign Concession at Kōbe, Japan, 1868–1899. By Peter Ennals. Harald Fuess 321 Regionalizing Culture: The Political Economy of Japanese Popular Culture in Asia. By Nissim Kadosh Otmazgin. Monir Hossain Moni 324 Experimental Buddhism: Innovation and Activism in Contemporary Japan. By John K. Nelson. Victor J. Forte 326 Race for Empire: Koreans as Japanese and Japanese as Americans during World War II. By T. Fujitani. Daniel Lachapelle Lemire 328 The Korean Popular Culture Reader. Kyung Hyun Kim and Youngmin Choe, editors. Dal Yong Jin 330 The Two Koreas and the Politics of Global Sport. By Brian Bridges. Wolfram Manzenreiter 333 In the Service of His Korean Majesty: William Nelson Lovatt, the Pusan Customs, and Sino-Korean Relations, 1876–1888. By Wayne Patterson. Carl F. Young 335

147 Pacific Affairs: Volume 88, No. 2 – June 2015

South Asia An Indian Social Democracy: Integrating Markets, Democracy and Social Justice. Editors: Sunil Khilnani, Manmohan Malhoutra. John Harriss 337 Commerce with the Universe: Africa, India, and the Afrasian Imagination. By Gaurav Desai. Amitendu Palit 339 The Darjeeling Distinction: Labor and Justice on Fair-Trade Tea Plantations in India. By Sarah Besky. Sharit K. Bhowmik 341 The Golden Wave: Culture and Politics after Sri Lanka’s Tsunami Disaster. By Michele Ruth Gamburd. Pia Hollenbach 343 Communicating India’s Soft Power: Buddha to Bollywood. By Daya Kishan Thussu. Parama Sinha Palit 345 The Warrior State: Pakistan in the Contemporary World. By T.V. Paul. Ishtiaq Ahmed 347

Southeast Asia Entering Uncharted Waters?: ASEAN and the South China Sea. Edited by Pavin Chachavalpongpun. Richard Paisley 350 Interactions with a Violent Past: Reading Post- Conflict Landscapes in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Edited by Vatthana Pholsena and Oliver Tappe. Christopher Goscha 352 Hanoi’s War: An International History of the War for Peace in Vietnam. By Lien-Hang T. Nguyen. D. Gordon Longmuir 353 Sounding out Heritage: Cultural Politics and the Social Practice of Quan Họ Folk Song in Northern Vietnam. By Lauren Meeker. Erik Harms 356 Resisting Gendered Norms: Civil Society, the Juridical and Political Space in Cambodia. By Mona Lilja. Kate Grace Frieson 358 Buddhism in a Dark Age: Cambodian Monks under Pol Pot. By Ian Harris. Matthew Galway 360 After the New Order: Space, Politics and Jakarta. By Abidin Kusno. Doreen Lee 362 Culture, Power, and Authoritarianism in the Indonesian State: Cultural Policy across the Twentieth-Century to the Reform Era. By Tod Jones. Abidin Kusno 364 Producing Indonesia: The State of the Field of Indonesian Studies. Editor, Eric Tagliacozzo. Bambang Purwanto 366 Surabaya, 1945-2010: Neighbourhood, State and Economy in Indonesia’s City of Struggle. By Robbie Peters. Freek Colombijn 369 Trails of Bronze Drums across Early Southeast Asia: Exchange Routes and Connected Cultural Spheres. By Ambra Calo. Tom Hunter 371

Australasia and the Pacific Islands Performing Place, Practising Memories: Aboriginal Australians, Hippies and the State. By Rosita Henry. Lorraine Towers 373 Governing New Guinea: An Oral History of Papuan Administrators, 1950-1990. Edited by Leontine Visser. Benedicta Rousseau 375

148 Pacific Identities and Well-Being: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Edited by Margaret Nelson Agee, Tracey McIntosh, Philip Culbertson and Cabrini ‘Ofa Makasiale. Toon van Meijl 377 The Echo of Things: The Lives of Photographs in the Solomon Islands. By Christopher Wright. Andrea Low 379 The Kanak Awakening: The Rise of Nationalism in New Caledonia. By David A. Chappell. Michael Horowitz 381 Colonialism, Maasina Rule, and the Origins of Malaitan Kastom. By David W. Akin. Anton Ploeg 383

DOCUMENTARY FILMS REVIEWED

Wild Rose [Ye Meigui] 1932. Producer, Luo Ming You; director, Sun Yu; cinematography, Yu Sheng San; music, Donald Sosin; DVD producer and writer, Richard J. Meyer; translation, Mahlon D. Meyer. Chris Berry 294 Nowhere To Call Home: A Tibetan in Beijing. Written and directed by Jocelyn Ford. Emily T. Yeh 385 Mallamall. Written, produced and directed by Lalita Krishna. Sandeep Ray 387 Unity Through Culture. Directed, produced by Christian Suhr, Ton Otto. John Barker 389 Stori Tumbuna: Ancestors’ Tales. By Paul Wolffram, producer/director/cinematographer. John Barker 389

149 Pacific Affairs: Volume 88, No. 2 – June 2015

Pacific Affairs is delighted to announce the 13th William L. Holland Prize

for the best article published in Volume 87 (2014)

is a tie

and has been awarded to:

Nathan Allen and Wendy Su

Nathan Allen for his article published in Vol. 87, No. 2,

From Patronage Machine to Partisan Melee: Subnational Corruption and the Evolution of the Indonesian Party System

hy has the number of political parties and Wtheir supporters increased in Indonesia despite increasing institutional incentives to consolidate? Nathan Allen’s article answers this intriguing question by developing the concept of “rent opportunities,” the ability to access and abuse state resources to explain cases of cross-district variance and link subnational levels of analysis to national level dynamics. His nuanced and counter-intuitive analysis demonstrates the crucial role corruption has played in the evolution of the party system in the third largest democracy and fourth most populous country in the world.

Nathan Allen completed his Ph.D. in political science at the University of British Columbia and is a research and program manager at the Asia Pacifc Foundation of Canada.

150 Wendy Su for her article published in Vol. 87, No. 1,

Cultural Policy and Film Industry as Negotiation of Power: The Chinese State’s Role and Strategies in its Engagement with Global Hollywood 1994–2012

cademic and media publications often depict AHollywood as an unstoppable global juggernaut, leaving shattered fragments of domestic flm industries in the wake of its search for markets outside of the United States. Wendy Su challenges this portraiture by explaining how the Chinese government has adapted to and integrated global capital and market forces into its management of domestic flm production and distribution systems. Using various Chinese-language primary and secondary sources, the article provides a thorough and balanced analysis of how Hollywood’s entry into China triggered negotiation, adaptation and reinforcement of state power.

Wendy Su is assistant professor of Media and Cultural Studies at the University of California Riverside. Her research falls on the intersections of global communication, Chinese media studies, and cultural studies. She is especially interested in China’s communication and cultural policy study, cultural industries research, transnational film studies, and Asian modernity. Her book manuscript, China’s Encounter with Global Hollywood from 1994 to 2013 ----Cultural Policy, Film Industry and Postsocialist Modernity, is currently in press with the University Press of Kentucky. Prior to pursuing her Ph.D., she was a long time journalist in mainland China and Hong Kong.

The William L. Holland Prize is awarded annually for an outstanding article published in Pacific Affairs during the preceding year that, in the opinion of the Editorial Board, best reflects the ideals of long-time editor Bill Holland in promoting international understanding of the spaces, practices, and peoples of Asia and the Pacifc. We look for articles based on strong empirical research, preferably displaying a full awareness of local conditions, languages, and sources; argumentation that engages with a range of theoretical and comparative literature, and contains clear potential for cross-disciplinary appeal; and writing that is clear and cogent and appealing to specialists and generalists alike.

These articles may be viewed at our website: www.pacificaffairs.ubc.ca

151 Introduction Religion, Business and Contestation in Malaysia and Singapore Edmund Terence Gomez, Robert Hunt and John Roxborogh

Abstract The articles in this special issue examine the interactions of religious, economic and political power by exploring the impact on multi-ethnic societies in Malaysia and Singapore of prominent non-mainstream Christian and Muslim groups whose significant business activities relate to their religious faith. A study of the enterprises developed by these groups provides insights into the importance of religion to their leaders and the groups they represent when initiating and operating these businesses. Because these enterprises are engaged in sustained contact with different publics, the question is raised whether they are implicated in proselytization and if this leads to social conflict resulting in fragmentation and polarization, or whether they can be a force for positive change in society by contributing to the resolution of social and economic problems. Moreover, state authorities concerned about rival centres of power find it difficult to ignore potent combinations of economic and religious influence, but both the development of these combinations and the political response to their existence owe much to the globalization of religious ideas, current economic orthodoxies and the Southeast Asian context.

Keywords: religion, business, Islam, Christianity, southeast asia, Malaysia, Singapore DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2015882153 ______Edmund Terence Gomez, is professor of political economy at the Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya. He specializes in state-market relations and the linkages between politics, policies and capital development. Recent publications include Affirmative Action, Ethnicity and Conflict (Routledge, 2013) and Government-Linked Companies and Sustainable, Equitable Development (Routledge, 2015).

Robert Hunt is the director of Global Theological Education at Perkins School of Theology, Southern Methodist University. He is presently engaged in research related to the processes of identity formation of contemporary Muslims in relation to secularity in general and the environment of the contemporary Western nation-state in particular.

John Roxborogh is an historian of Christianity in Southeast Asia. He has been a lecturer at Seminari Theoloji Malaysia and is currently an honorary fellow at the Department of Theology and Religion at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. He is the author of A History of Christianity in Malaysia (2014) published by Seminary Theoloji Malaysia and Genesis Books, Singapore.

Abstract The Global Ikhwan group of companies was founded in 2008 to succeed the Rufaqa’ Corporation, established in 1997 to take over the business interests of Darul Arqam after its members consistently landed in trouble with Malaysia’s Islamic authorities. Banned in 1994, Arqam members survived state repression by reconfiguring themselves as successful businessmen operating under the banner of Global Ikhwan, whose steady expansion outlived the demise of its controversial chairman, Ashaari Muhammad, in May 2010. Spreading its wings transnationally even to Haramayn—the hub of Islamic worship in Saudi Arabia—Global Ikhwan was distinctively helmed by a woman, Khadijah Aam, one of Ashaari’s widows. An analysis of the business experience of Global Ikhwan adds a fresh perspective to understanding Muslim economic norms. Global Ikhwan has carved out a philosophy for its members that is spiritual and traditional, yet at the same time enterprising and innovative. Global Ikhwan attributes its phenomenal success directly to its endeavour to apply Sufi doctrines to the economic realm, despite a common taxonomy of knowledge in Islam which discusses spirituality and business as if they were separate worlds. While Islam does outline moral guidelines for regulating business, whether intra-Muslim or between Muslims and non-Muslims, it has been unusual for the ulama or Muslim religious scholars and Muslim entrepreneurs to ascribe Muslim success in business to Islamic precepts, let alone Sufi principles. Global Ikhwan is an instructive exception.

Keywords: Global Ikhwan, Darul Arqam, Ashaari Muhammad, Islam, Malaysia DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2015882173

______Ahmad Fauzi Abdul Hamid is professor of political science at the School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia. He recently published the monograph Political Islam and Islamist Politics in Malaysia (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2013). Email: afauzi@usm. my

NOTE: Quranic references are from The Holy Qur’an: English translation of the meanings and Commentary (Madinah: King Fahd Holy Quran Printing Complex, n.d.).

Abstract This case study from Malaysia adds a new dimension to critiques of Islamic banking and finance (IBF) by studying various aspects of its agency and showing how its growth complements and sometimes supersedes its spiritual components, resulting in new power alignments. The first significant consequence of IBF has been its global role in an emergent multipolar financial and regulatory global space. Second, by the creation of new alliances and governing classes, it demonstrates a capacity for eschewing the encumbrances of older religious structures and institutions. IBF resonates well within the restructuring agenda of a post-neoliberal global financial order, while reshaping the meaning of religion through a post-secular worldview. Here is where the role of the new agents and authorial voices of Islamic commerce have become crucial in mediating the ethical and material tensions of IBF, acting as the free market reformers of once inflexible doctrines. Thus, the sustainability of IBF hinges upon the empowerment of this new class of secular agents. These agents of IBF find their legitimacy through the seemingly unlikely path of dereligionizing Islamic practices through commerce.

Keywords: Islamic banking, Islamic finance, the state, neo-liberalism, Malaysia DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2015882193

Introduction n the early years of their emergence, Islamic banks were seen as merely applying Islamic principles cosmetically while fundamentally operating Ijust like traditional interest-based banks.1 They were seen as faith-based ______

Maznah Mohamad is an associate professor with the Department of Malay Studies and Southeast Asian Studies, National University of Singapore. Her publications on Islamic law, family and politics have appeared in the International Journal on Law, Policy and the Family (2011), Asian Journal of Social Science (2011) and ASIEN The German Journal on Contemporary Asia (2014). Email: [email protected]

Johan Saravanamuttu was formerly professor of political science at the Science University of Malaysia and a visiting senior research fellow at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. He is the author of Malaysia’s Foreign Policy, the First 50 Years: Alignment, Neutralism, Islamism (2010). Email: [email protected] 1 Delwin A. Roy, “Islamic Banking,” Middle Eastern Studies 27, no. 3 (1991): 430.

Abstract Using original research data, this paper outlines three characteristics that have contributed to the rapid rise of independent Pentecostal megachurches in Singapore. Firstly, megachurches have been very successful in attracting emergent middle-class Singaporeans. Their appeal to upwardly mobile people from working and lower-middle-class backgrounds makes them a converging point for class-transcending individuals who have a strong sense of agency. Second, megachurches are shown to be more likely to combine spirituality with market logic, and their “seeker church” mentality slightly but significantly modifies their attitudes towards homosexuals. These attitudes enable them to better engage with the contemporary marketplace as well as to appeal to young economically mobile Singaporeans generally. Third, it is argued that as part of the broader international evangelical movements, Singapore megachurches have learned to minister to the needy and disadvantaged in ways that avoid conflict with the state. Their integration of trans-nationalizing networks and local indigenizing cells also enables them to combine global connectivity with local relevance amongst distinct groups of Singapore society.

Keywords: Christianity; megachurch; Singapore; emergent middle class; neoliberalism DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2015882215

Introduction he growth of megachurches in the US and their spread to Asia has been one of the most intriguing developments in Christianity in the Tpast two decades. While there is little doubt that the US influence has been crucial to the general character of megachurches globally, their non-denominational Pentecostal nature has also paved the way for the incorporation of local features such as culture, folk practices and the particularities of national politics and history. The transnational spread of

______* Terence Chong is a senior fellow and co-ordinator of the Regional Social and Cultural Studies Programme, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. His research interests include Christianity in Southeast Asia, heritage, cultural policies and politics in Singapore, new Chinese immigrants in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam and the sociology of religion and culture.

Abstract Religion and business are often seen as inhabiting separate social spheres, yet megachurches combine them in ways that reflect their context. Operating in a country that combines state control and growth-oriented economic pragmatism, New Creation and City Harvest churches in Singapore manage their church-building projects to fulfil both state regulatory and church organizational objectives. Each church in their own way uses the discourse and techniques of marketing managerialism to promote growth, including through significant building projects justified in terms of their religious mission. As a business discourse, marketing managerialism not only leaves its imprint on church language, but has oriented these churches towards self-perpetuating business practices which target some particular types of churchgoers whilst excluding others. We argue that they also illustrate a recursive relationship between religion and business in which each sphere of discourse legitimizes the other.

Keywords: Megachurches, Singapore, marketing managerialism, religion, business DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2015882237

Introduction n Tuesday 15 January 2013, a local friend helped me reserve a seat for New Creation Church’s Sunday service in its new venue, the Star OPerforming Arts Centre (Star PAC). On Thursday, an email from an “executive” in the pastoral services department confirmed the reservation including directions on how to get to the Star, a visitors’ helpline and the

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Jeaney Yip is a lecturer in marketing in the University of Sydney Business School. Her research interests include discourse and identity in relation to organisations that specifically involve consumer culture, gender, religion and higher education. Email: [email protected]

Susan Ainsworth is an associate professor at the University of Melbourne in organization studies with research interests in identity, discourse analysis, communication, diversity and critical marketing. Email: [email protected]

Vol. 88, No. 3 SEPTEMBER 2015

— Special Issue — Governing Flooding in Asia’s Urban Transition Guest Editors: Michelle Ann Miller and Mike Douglass Page Introduction: Governing Flooding in Asia’s Michelle Ann Miller Urban Transition and Mike Douglass 499 Water, Water Everywhere: Toward Participatory Solutions to Chronic Rita Padawangi Urban Flooding in Jakarta and Mike Douglass 517 Informality, Resilience, and the Political Implications of Disaster Governance Devanathan Parthasarathy 551 Bargaining with Disaster: Flooding, Climate Change, and Urban Growth Ambitions in Quy Nhon City, Vietnam Michael DiGregorio 577 Risky Change? Vietnam’s Urban Flood Risk Governance between Climate Dynamics and Transformation Matthias Garschagen 599 The Urban Political Ecology of the 2011 Floods in Bangkok: The Creation of Uneven Vulnerabilities Danny Marks 623 Links between Floods and Other Water Issues in the Himalayan and Tibetan Robert J. Wasson Plateau Region and Barry Newell 653

Books Reviewed (listed on pp. 496-498) 677

BOOKS REVIEWED IN THIS ISSUE

Note: All book reviews are freely available on our website: www.pacifcaffairs.ubc.ca or with our electronic provider www.ingentaconect.com.

Asia General How Finance is Shaping the Economies of China, Japan, and Korea. Edited by Yung Chul Park and Hugh Patrick with Larry Meissner. Masao Nakamura 677 Comparing Institution-Building in East Asia: Power Politics, Governance, and Critical Junctures. By Hidetaka Yoshimatsu. Kevin G. Cai 679 Bridging Troubled Waters: China, Japan, and Maritime Order in the East China Sea. By James Manicom. Linus Hagström 681 Architecturalized Asia: Mapping a Continent through History. Edited by Vimalin Rujivacharakul, H. Hazel Hahn, Ken Tadashi Oshima, Peter Christensen. Tze M. Loo 683 Slanting I, Imagining We: Asian Canadian Literary Production in the 1980s and 1990s. By Larissa Lai. Donald C. Goellnicht 685

China and Inner Asia The China Path to Economic Transition and Development. By Hong Yinxing; translated by Xiao-huang Yin. Yong Chen 688 Following the Leader: Ruling China, from Deng Xiaoping to Xi Jinping. By David M. Lampton. Justin Jon Rudelson 690 Engaging China: Myth, Aspiration, and Strategy in Canadian Policy from Trudeau to Harper. By Paul M. Evans. David C. Wright 692 Exhibiting the Past: Historical Memory and the Politics of Museums in Postsocialist China. By Kirk A. Denton. Rubie S. Watson 694 Spying for the People: Mao’s Secret Agents, 1949-1967. By Michael Schoenhals. Thomas S. Mullaney 696 The Compelling Ideal: Thought Reform and the Prison in China, 1901–1956. By Jan Kiely. Philip F. Williams 698 The Making of Modern Chinese Medicine, 1850–1960. By Bridie Andrews. David Luesink 700 China’s Battle for Korea: The 1951 Spring Offensive. By Xiaobing Li. Peter Worthing 702 My Fight for a New Taiwan: One Woman’s Journey from Prison to Power. By Lu Hsiu-lien and Ashley Esarey. Ya-chen Chen 704 Wives, Husbands, and Lovers: Marriage and Sexuality in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Urban China. Edited by Deborah S. Davis and Sara L. Friedman. Pan Wang 706

496 Northeast Asia Rise of a Japanese Chinatown: Yokohama, 1894–1972. By Eric C. Han. David Y.H. Wu 709 The “Greatest Problem”: Religion and State Formation in Meiji Japan. By Trent E. Maxey. Joshua Baxter 711 Brewed in Japan: The Evolution of the Japanese Beer Industry. By Jeffrey W. Alexander. Kevin Richardson 713 Contentious Activism & Inter-Korean Relations. By Danielle L. Chubb. Hazel Smith 715 The Making of the First Korean President: Syngman Rhee’s Quest for Independence 1875–1948. By Young Ick Lew. John P. DiMoia 717 Treacherous Translation: Culture, Nationalism, and Colonialism in Korea and Japan from the 1910s to the 1960s. By Serk-Bae Suh. Edward Mack 718 Living on Your Own: Single Women, Rental Housing, and Post-Revolutionary Affect in Contemporary South Korea. By Jesook Song. Laurel Kendall 721 Split Screen Korea: Shin Sang-ok and Postwar Cinema. By Steven Chung. Kyu Hyun Kim 723

South Asia India’s Human Security: Lost Debates, Forgotten People, Intractable Challenges. Edited by Jason Miklian and Åshild Kolås. M Vijayabaskar 725 Borderland Lives in Northern South Asia. Edited by David N. Gellner; with an afterword by Willem van Schendel. Laldinkima Sailo 727 Crossing the Bay of Bengal: The Furies of Nature and the Fortunes of Migrants. By Sunil S. Amrith. John Harriss 729 The Army and Democracy: Military Politics in Pakistan. By Aqil Shah. Taimur Rahman 731

Southeast Asia The Government of Mistrust: Illegibility and Bureaucratic Power in Socialist Vietnam. By Ken MacLean. Eren Zink 733 Cambodia: Entering a New Phase of Growth. Editor, Olaf Unteroberdoerster. D. Gordon Longmuir 735 Energy, Governance and Security in Thailand and Myanmar (Burma): A Critical Approach to Environmental Politics in the South. Pichamon By Adam Simpson. May Yeophantong 737 Squatters into Citizens: The 1961 Bukit Ho Swee Fire and the Making of Modern Singapore. By Loh Kah Seng. Sandra Hudd 739 Being Malay in Indonesia: Histories, Hopes and Citizenship in the Riau Archipelago. By Nicholas J. Long. Hiroyuki Yamamoto 742

497 Pacific Affairs: Volume 88, No. 3 – September 2015

Mobilizing Piety: Islam and Feminism in Indonesia. By Rachel Rinaldo. Carla Jones 744 Recollecting Resonances: Indonesian-Dutch Musical Encounters. Edited by Bart Barendregt and Els Bogaerts. Christina Sunardi 746

Australasia and the Pacific Islands Don’t Ever Whisper: Darlene Keju, Pacifc Health Pioneer, Champion for Nuclear Survivors. By Giff Johnson. Glenn Petersen 749 Drinking Smoke: The Tobacco Syndemic in Oceania. By Mac Marshall. Daniela Kraemer 751 Leviathans at the Gold Mine: Creating Indigenous and Corporate Actors in Papua New Guinea. By Alex Golub. John Cox 753 Ritual Textuality: Pattern and Motion in Performance. By Matt Tomlinson. Pauline McKenzie Aucoin 755

DOCUMENTARY FILMS REVIEWED

Ainu: Paths to Memory. A flm directed by Marcos Centeno Martín. Jeffry Gayman 757 Red Wedding: Women Under the Khmer Rouge. A flm by Lida Chan and Guillaume Suon. Sophal Ear 760

498 Introduction Governing Flooding in Asia’s Urban Transition Michelle Ann Miller and Mike Douglass

Abstract The twenty-first century not only marks the advent of Asia’s first urban era in which more than half of its population lives in cities; it is also the emergence of an age of increasing frequency and intensity of environmental disasters. Urban flooding leads disaster trends and is directly impacting the lives and livelihoods of a growing share of Asia’s population. By 2010 more than 1.5 billion people were residing in urban areas in Asia, accounting for over half of the global urban population. The pervasive coastal and riparian orientation of Asia’s rapid urban transition is placing greater numbers of people in locations that are highly exposed to floods, cyclones, tropical storms, and tsunamis. Human transformations of the natural and built environment of cities substantially add to global climate change as interactive sources of the heightening occurrence of floods. Moreover, floods contribute to compound disasters that generate cascading effects with multiple sources, interactive impacts, and long-term social and economic recovery issues. The pervasive and socially uneven impacts of floods bring acute awareness of flooding as a political issue for participatory governance. In light of these interwoven complexities, responses can no longer be carried out as sector management tasks, but must instead adopt multi-sector, multi-disciplinary, and multi-stakeholder approaches to disaster governance to directly link knowledge to action in preparing for, responding to, and recovering from floods in urbanizing Asia.

Keywords: governance, floods, compound disasters, urban, Asia DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2015883499

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Michelle Ann Miller is a senior research fellow in the Asian Urbanisms Cluster of the Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore. She is the co-editor (with Mike Douglass) of Disaster Governance in Urbanising Asia (Springer, forthcoming 2016). Email: [email protected] Mike Douglass is professor at the Asia Research Institute and the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore. He holds a PhD in urban planning from UCLA. His most recent book is Michelle Miller and Mike Douglass, eds., Disaster Governance in Urbanising Asia (Springer, forthcoming 2016). Email: [email protected]. * We are grateful to the Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore, which made possible the conference “Disaster Governance: The Urban Transition in Asia,” and a second workshop on “Governing Flooding in Urbanising Asia,” that led to the production of this special issue. For their outstanding administration of both of these events, we thank Jonathan Lee, Sharon Ong, Valerie Yeo, and Henry Kwan. For her valuable editorial support we are grateful to Tharuka Maduwanthi Prematillak.

Abstract Jakarta has entered an era of chronic flooding that is annually affecting tens of thousands of people, most of whom are crowded into low-income neighbourhoods in flood-prone areas of the city. As the greater Jakarta mega-urban region—Jabodetabek—approaches the 30 million population mark and the sources of flooding become ever more complex through combinations of global climate change and human transformations of the urban landscape, government responses to flooding pursued primarily through canal improvements fall further behind rising flood risks. Years of field observation and archival and ethnographic research are brought together in a political ecology framework to answer key questions concerning how government responses to flooding continue without significant participation of affected residents, who are being compelled to relocate when floods occur. How do urban development processes in Jakarta contribute to chronic flooding? How does flooding arise from and further generate compound disasters that cascade through Jakarta’s expanding mega-urban region? What is the potential for neighbourhoods and communities to collaboratively respond through socially and environmentally meaningful initiatives and activities to address chronic flooding? Floods, urban land use changes, spatial marginalization, and community mobilization open new political dynamics and possibilities for addressing floods in ways that also assist neighbourhoods in gaining resilience. The urgency of floods as problems to be solved is often interpreted as a need for immediate solutions

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Rita Padawangi is a senior research fellow at the Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore. She received her PhD in sociology from Loyola University Chicago where she was also a Fulbright Scholar for her MA studies. Her research interests span the sociology of architecture, participatory urban development, social movements, and public spaces. Email: [email protected] Mike Douglass is a professor at the Asia Research Institute and the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore. He holds a PhD in urban planning from UCLA. His most recent book is Michelle Miller and Mike Douglass, eds., Disaster Governance in Urbanising Asia (Springer, forthcoming 2015). Email: [email protected].

* The fieldwork for this paper was funded by the Singapore Ministry of Education AcRF Tier 2 grant for the project “Aspirations, Urban Governance, and the Remaking of Asian Cities” (MOE2012-T2-1-153).

related only to flood management, but community resilience is more crucially attained in non-emergency times by expanding rights to dwell in this city, build houses, and create vernacular communities, livelihoods, and social support networks.

Keywords: urban floods, political ecology, social movements, right to the city, community participation, resilience, urbanization, mega projects, Jakarta DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2015883517

Introduction looding is now the leading form of environmental disaster around the world in terms of frequency and scale, with costs that have increased tenfold over the past half century.1 Cities in Southeast Asia contribute F 2 to global trends by becoming sites of disastrous chronic flooding. Prevailing policy regimes have depoliticized discourses on the causes and consequences of flooding by focusing attention on global climate change and other acts of nature, inadequate water management infrastructure, and lower- class canal dwellers who are blamed for filling waterways with garbage and other waste.3 Equally important but often not included in flood prevention discourses are the large-scale changes in land uses that are simultaneously widening the social divide in access to land, housing, and urban amenities while undermining the ecology of waterways. In addition to compelling low-income populations to crowd into high-risk flood zones, these projects cover land with non-porous surfaces, blocking natural flows of water and intensifying the unsustainable extraction of groundwater.4 In Jakarta, the city only has

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1 CRED (Center for Research on Environmental Decisions), “International Disaster Database – Natural Disaster Trends,” 2006, http://www.emdat.be/natural-disasters-trends, accessed 17 January 2014. 2 Peter J. Marcotullio, “Urban Water-Related Environmental Transitions in Southeast Asia,” Sustainability Science no. 1 (2007): 27–54; Mike Douglass, “The Urban Transition of Environmental Disaster Governance in Asia,” Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series 210 (2013), http://www.ari. nus.edu.sg/publication_details.asp?pubtypeid=WP&pubid=2334, accessed 9 June 2014. 3 EEPSEA (Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia), “Climate Change and Southeast Asia – Compilation of Vulnerability Database,” 2009, http://www.eepsea.cc-sea.org/pages/ resource/sociecon.html, accessed 17 January 2014; Joseph Alcamo, “Climate Change and the Changing Frequency of Floods and Droughts: Scenario Analysis of Risk and Adaptation in Europe,” IOP Earth and Environmental Science 6, no. 292016 (2009); Bryson Bates et al., Climate Change and Water (London: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2008). 4 Bede Sheppard, Condemned Communities: Forced Evictions in Jakarta (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2006); N. Arambepola and Gabrielle Iglesias, Effective Strategies for Urban Flood Risk Management (Bangkok: Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, 2009); Corey J.A. Bradshaw et al., “Global Evidence that Deforestation Amplifies Flood Risk and Severity in the Developing World,” Global Change Biology 13, no. 11 (2007): 2379–2395; H. Hahm and M. Fisher, Jakarta: Flood-Free? Sustainable Flood Mitigation Measures (Jakarta: World Bank, 2009). 518 Informality, Resilience, and the Political Implications of Disaster Governance D. Parthasarathy

Abstract Informal sector actors played a key role in Mumbai’s resilience to disastrous floods in 2005. Members of small-scale retail and service-sector businesses, the city’s underclass, its waste workers and scrap dealers, and sundry individual tradespersons such as electricians, plumbers, masons, and sanitary workers were at the heart of recovery and rehabilitation in the weeks following the floods of July 2005. These floods not only affected significant parts of the city’s new Central Business District (CBD) and business sectors but also its poor and marginalized communities that lived in environmentally fragile and marginal locations. Ironically, these actors have also been at the receiving end of distorted urban planning initiatives, real estate growth, bourgeois environmentalism-inspired middle-class activism, and ethnic chauvinist political forces, which have pushed them to the city’s social, economic, and spatial margins. Hence, the aforementioned reasons have made the lives and livelihoods of these actors quite precarious and insecure. Going with recent sociological attempts to bridge the expanding field of disaster studies and classical sociological theorization by linking development theories to the study of disasters and their social implications, this paper argues for more imaginative disaster mitigation and management strategies that recognize the role of informal sector workers in post-disaster resilience. It is argued that this recognition should be accompanied by formal state-sponsored institutional inclusion and integration of informal sector workers and actors in disaster governance. In Mumbai, informal economic actors were characterized by resourcefulness, access to key networks in enabling recovery, flexibility and innovativeness in design and planning, and the ability to offer low-cost options which could be rapidly deployed. These tend to contrast with the slowness and cumbersome procedures and responses that typify formal state and private responses to disasters. Given the feeble response mechanisms of state institutions in disaster management and mitigation in much of the developing world, and the established fact of citizen action being the first to respond to disaster situations, this paper suggests that paying attention to and involving informal sector actors in disaster governance can both augment the quality of disaster management and enhance the possibility of greater integration of the city’s marginalized and excluded groups into its mainstream social fabric. ______

D. Parthasarathy is professor of Sociology in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India. He has recently co-edited Cleavage, Connection and Conflict in Rural, Urban and Contemporary Asia (Springer Series, 2013) with Tim Bunnell and Eric Thompson. His current research interests include urban studies, law and governance, and disaster studies. Email: [email protected] © Pacific Affairs: Volume 88, No. 3 September 2015 551 Bargaining with Disaster: Flooding, Climate Change, and Urban Growth Ambitions in Quy Nhon, Vietnam* Michael DiGregorio

Abstract This article uses a problem-driven political economy approach to analyze the city of Quy Nhon’s ongoing attempts to pursue long-standing urban growth ambitions in the face of increasing awareness of climate threats. In spite of a recent history of multiple, catastrophic floods, the provincial Department of Construction (DOC) has proposed expanding the city’s boundaries into low-lying agricultural areas nearby. Based on past experience and projections of future climate change impacts, environmentalists in the provincial administration have opposed this move. Fuelling this conflict are incentives within Vietnam’s urban development and management system. Rather than respond to urban growth, these incentives are used to lead it. Thus, while climate vulnerability assessments have alerted city and provincial officials to potential dangers in their urban development strategy, incentives within the political-administrative system continue to pull them along a growth pathway that is likely to increase their vulnerability to climate change. Monumental public works and citywide early warning systems mask increasing risks embedded in these urban growth priorities rather than resolve them. Getting the incentives right, therefore, becomes the key to improving resilience to climate change.

Keywords: climate change; political economy; Vietnam; urbanization DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2015883577

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Michael DiGregorio is the Asia Foundation’s Vietnam Country Representative. He earned a PhD in Urban Planning from the University of California, Los Angeles in 2001 with a dissertation on the cultural economy of industrializing craft villages in the Red River Delta. He is an affiliate faculty member of the University of Hawaii, where he continues to advise doctoral students in Urban Planning. His recent publications include Living with Floods: A Grassroots Analysis of the Causes and Effects of Typhoon Mirinae (2012). Email: [email protected].

* Funding for this research was provided by the Rockefeller Foundation through a grant to the Institute for Social and Environmental Transition-Vietnam. Many thanks to Kourtnii Brown, my colleague at the Asia Foundation, for reviewing an earlier draft.

Abstract Vietnam’s cities are not only rapidly transforming along with the country’s politico-economic change but are also recognized by various studies as being increasingly exposed to natural hazards and the projected impacts of climate change. This results in substantial challenges for urban disaster risk governance which are, however, not well understood scientifically and underemphasized politically. Against this background, the paper traces the dynamics in urban vulnerability and explores how the responsibilities and capacities for risk reduction and adaptation are negotiated and shared between state and non-state actors within the country’s changing political economy. The city of Can Tho, the demographic and economic centre of the highly flood- and typhoon-prone Mekong Delta, serves as an in-depth case study, drawing on 12 months of empirical research by the author. The findings suggest that the transformation process has not only yielded ambiguous and socially stratified vulnerability effects amongst urban residents; it has also resulted in significant shifts in the way that different stakeholders frame and attribute risk management. Despite the continued paternalistic rhetoric of the party-state apparatus as caretaker, considerable mismatches between state and non-state adaptation action can be observed, potentially undermining the effectiveness of both realms. The findings therefore call for a paradigm shift in Vietnam’s urban disaster risk governance. Future approaches need to go beyond the adjustment of physical infrastructure. Rather, the institutional configuration of risk governance itself needs to be adapted in order to mediate and integrate different types of risk reduction measures. These unfold across the increasingly divergent range of urban actors and their interests in terms of spatial scales, temporal scales, normative motivations, and capacities.

Keywords: risk governance, urban flooding, adaptation, transformation, Vietnam DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2015883599 ______

Matthias Garschagen is the head of Vulnerability Assessment, Risk Management and Adaptive Planning at the United Nations University – Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU- EHS). He was a contributing author to the chapter on Asia in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability published by the IPCC Working Group II. Email: [email protected] © Pacific Affairs: Volume 88, No. 3 September 2015 599 The Urban Political Ecology of the 2011 Floods in Bangkok: The Creation of Uneven Vulnerabilities Danny Marks

Abstract This paper uses an urban political ecology analysis to question the discourses used by Thai government leaders regarding the causes of the 2011 floods in Bangkok and the solutions that they have proposed in response. In contrast to their argument that the main causes of the floods in Bangkok were climate change and nature, I argue that the causes of the 2011 floods are compound. They are a result of human-nature interactions: while Thailand did receive heavy rainfall that year, a number of human activities interacted with this heavy rainfall to create the floods. During the past few decades, local political elite have risen to power and profited the most from Bangkok’s urbanization activities while changes to the physical environment of Bangkok have made those living there more vulnerable to floods. These activities include massive land use change and concretization which have drastically increased run-off, over-pumping of groundwater, and the filling of canals. Further, both the local and national government’s overreliance on antiquated and poorly maintained infrastructure made the city more vulnerable to the 2011 floods. In 2011, human decisions, particularly by politicians, about where to direct and block water heavily influenced which groups were most vulnerable. As a result, the inner city was protected at the expense of those living in the city’s peripheral areas. Analyses of disasters in urban areas therefore need to consider how discourses, socio-political relations, and ecological conditions shape governance practices of disasters.

Keywords: 2011 Thailand floods, urban political ecology, disaster governance, social vulnerability, Bangkok urbanization, Thai flood management DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2015883623

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Danny Marks is a PhD candidate in human geography at the University of Sydney. Email: [email protected].

Abstract The Himalayan and Tibetan region and adjacent plains are highly flood- prone, causing massive damage in both urban and rural areas. While this is well known and moderately well studied, we contend that floods are connected to other water issues in this region and hence should not be analyzed in isolation. We use influence diagrams to present initial hypotheses concerning possible cause-effect links between key variables of the wider system. The links emphasize a need to take a much broader than usual view to minimize the unintended consequences of governance interventions, and to avoid worsening already highly dangerous situations. The governance challenges revealed by such a view are immense, but the large-scale framework presented here indicates a need for a collaborative, cross-sectoral approach to adaptive governance. While some of what is suggested in this paper is geopolitically unrealizable at the moment, the discussion is offered as a guide to future planning.

Keywords: floods, governance, Tibet, Himalaya, urban and rural, compound disasters, system dynamics DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2015883653

Introduction: Scope, Definitions, and Methods loods in the Himalayan and Tibetan plateau region cause frequent disasters in the mountains and on the plains, affecting urban areas and Ftheir hinterlands alike.1 In general, governance regimes treat floods ______

Robert J. Wasson is a senior research fellow at the Institute of Water Policy, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]. Barry Newell is a physicist with a focus on the dynamics of human-environment systems. He is affiliated with the Australian National University and the United Nations University. He is co-author of Understanding Human Ecology: A systems approach to sustainability (Routledge, 2015). Email: barry. [email protected]. * Mike Douglass and Michelle Miller are thanked for inviting this paper and providing comments on earlier drafts. We thank the two reviewers and the editor for helping to make this paper more succinct and comprehensive. 1 Mike Douglass, “The Urban Transition of Environmental Disaster Governance in Asia” (Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 2013).

Vol. 88, No. 4 DECEMBER 2015

Page

Behind the Scenes: Smuggling in the Thailand-Myanmar Borderland Sang Kook Lee 767

The Politics of Regulating Elections in South Korea: The Persistence of Restrictive Campaign Laws Erik Mobrand 791

Central America, China, and the US: Rolando Avendaño and What Prospects for Development? Jeff Dayton-Johnson 813

A Shared History?: Postcolonial Identity and India-Australia Relations, 1947–1954 Alexander E. Davis 849

Context and Comparison in Southeast Asia: The Practical Side of the Area Kai Ostwald Studies-Discipline Debate and Paul Schuler 871 —A Response to the Special Issue of Pacific Affairs: “Context, Concepts, and Comparison in Southeast Asian Studies” (Vol. 87, No. 3)

Books Reviewed (listed on pp. 764–766) 889

Index to Volume 88 (2015) 981

BOOKS REVIEWED IN THIS ISSUE

Note: All book reviews are freely available on our website: www.pacifcaffairs.ubc.ca or with our electronic provider www.ingentaconect.com.

Asia General Catch Up: Developing Countries in the World Economy. By Deepak Nayyar. Kunal Sen 889 East Asian Development: Foundations and Strategies. By Dwight H. Perkins. Kun-Chin Lin 891 New Challenges for Maturing Democracies in Korea and Taiwan. Edited by Larry Diamond and Gi-Wook Shin. Byong-Kuen Jhee 893 Out of the Shadows: The Global Intensifcation of Supplementary Education. Edited by Janice Aurini, Scott Davies, Julian Dierkes. John N. Hawkins 896

China and Inner Asia The Thought Remolding Campaign of the Chinese Communist Party-State. By Hu Ping; translated by Philip F. Williams and Yenna Wu. Charlotte Lee 898 Walking a Tightrope: Defending Human Rights in China. By Gert Holmgaard Nielsen. David Kinley 900 A Continuous Revolution: Making Sense of Cultural Revolution Culture. By Barbara Mittler. Stephen R. MacKinnon 902 Breaking with the Past: The Maritime Customs Service and the Global Origins of Modernity in China. By Hans van de Ven. Stephanie Villalta Puig 904 Seeing Transnationally: How Chinese Migrants Make Their Dreams Come True. By Li Minghuan. Ronald Skeldon 907 Guangdong and Chinese Diaspora: The Changing Landscape of Qiaoxiang. By Yow Cheun Hoe. Glen Peterson 909 Regulating Prostitution in China: Gender and Local Statebuilding, 1900–1937. By Elizabeth J. Remick. Kimberley Manning 911 Consumption in China: How China’s New Consumer Ideology is Shaping the Nation. Cheng-ze Simon Fan By LiAnne Yu. and Yu Pang 913 Mobile Horizons: Dynamics Across the Taiwan Strait. Edited by Wen-hsin Yeh. C. X. George Wei 915

Northeast Asia Governing Insecurity in Japan: The Domestic Discourse and Policy Response. Edited by Wilhelm Vosse, Reinhard Drifte and Verena Blechinger-Talcott. Andrew Oros 917 Japan’s Civil-Military Diplomacy: The Banks of the Rubicon. By Dennis T. Yasutomo. Andrew Oros 917 Growing Democracy in Japan: The Parliamentary Cabinet System since 1868. By Brian Woodall. Kuniaki Nemoto 922

764 The Great Transformation of Japanese Capitalism. Edited by Sébastien Lechevalier; translated by J.A.A. Stockwin. Derek Hall 924 Japan: The Paradox of Harmony. By Keiko Hirata and Mark Warschauer. Hye Won Um 926 Inequality in the Workplace: Labor Market Reform in Japan and Korea. By Jiyeoun Song. Jae Won Sun 928 From Cultures of War to Cultures of Peace: War and Peace Museums in Japan, China, and South Korea. By Takashi Yoshida. Shogo Suzuki 930 Discourses of Discipline: An Anthropology of Corporal Punishment in Japan’s Schools and Sports. By Aaron L. Miller. Brent McDonald 932 Failed Democratization in Prewar Japan: Breakdown of a Hybrid Regime. By Harukata Takenaka. Frederick Dickinson 934 In Transit: The Formation of the Colonial East Asian Cultural Sphere. By Faye Yuan Kleeman. Franklin Rausch 936 Mabiki: Infanticide and Population Growth in Eastern Japan, 1660–1950. By Fabian Drixler. Robert Eskildsen 939 Beyond Ainu Studies: Changing Academic and Rina Shiroishi, Public Perspectives. Edited by Mark J. Hudson, Mayumi Okada, and Ann-Elise Lewallen, and Mark K. Watson. Yasushige Takahashi 941 A Family of No Prominence: The Descendants of Pak Tŏkhwa and the Birth of Modern Korea. By Eugene Y. Park. Anders Karlsson 943

South Asia India’s Ocean: The Story of India’s Bid for Regional Leadership. By David Brewster. Rajeev Ranjan Chaturvedy 945 The Pariah Problem: Caste, Religion, and the Social in Modern India. By Rupa Viswanath. Chris J. Fuller 948 The Right Spouse: Preferential Marriages in Tamil Nadu. By Isabelle Clark-Decès. Haripriya Narasimhan 950 1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh. By Srinath Raghavan. Nayanika Mookherjee 952

Southeast Asia The Politics of Accountability in Southeast Asia: The Dominance of Moral Ideologies. By Garry Rodan and Caroline Hughes. Edmund Terence Gomez 955 Advancing Singapore-China Economic Relations. Edited by Saw Swee-Hock and John Wong. Poon Khim Shee 957 Archiving the Unspeakable: Silence, Memory, and the Photographic Record in Cambodia. By Michelle Caswell. Karen Strassler 960 Ghosts of the New City: Spirits, Urbanity, and the Ruins of Progress in Chiang Mai. By Andrew Alan Johnson. Eric C Thompson 962

765 Pacific Affairs: Volume 88, No. 4 – December 2015

Debating Democratization in Myanmar. Edited by Nick Cheesman, Nicholas Farrelly, Trevor Wilson. Matthew J. Walton 964 The Roots of Terrorism in Indonesia: From Darul Islam to Jema’ah Islamiyah. By Solahudin; translated by Dave McRae. Shane Barter 966

Australasia and the Pacific Islands Gender on the Edge: Transgender, Gay, and other Pacifc Islanders. Edited by Niko Besnier and Kalissa Alexeyeff. Åse-Britt Ottosson 968 Greed and Grievance: Ex-Militants’ Perspectives on the Conflict in Solomon Islands, 1998–2003. By Matthew G. Allen. Terry M. Brown 971 The Shark Warrior of Alewai: A Phenomenology of Melanesian Identity. By Deborah Van Heekeren. Roger Ivar Lohmann 973

Documentary Films Reviewed Hafu: The Mixed-Race Experience in Japan. Directed, produced and shot by Megumi Nishikura and Lara Perez Takagi. Kaori Mori Want 975 Jalanan: A Music Documentary. By Daniel Ziv, director, producer, cinematographer. Edwin Jurriens 977

766 Behind the Scenes: Smuggling in the Thailand- Myanmar Borderland Sang Kook Lee

Abstract This study shines light on behind-the-scenes informal economic activities in the Thailand-Myanmar borderland, with a focus on unauthorized riverbank Burmese merchants, the cross-border movement of goods, and the nexus of ethnic politics and border trade. Although unauthorized trade is labelled as smuggling by the state, it is withi chiwit, a “way of life” for Burmese merchants on the riverbank, and even recognized by local state agencies. The decision to smuggle is made rationally and deliberately by the merchants as part of their life trajectories, while smuggled goods cater to the needs of local people and are deeply integrated into the economy of the border towns. The cross-border movement of goods by boat also demonstrates that informal ways are still alive and facilitating border trade. It further shows that the ordering of the border is not entirely regulated by state agencies but by other social groups as well, notably ethnic groups.

Keywords: border trade, withi chiwit, a way of life, behind the scenes, informal, formal, Thailand-Myanmar border DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2015884767

Introduction omsak,1 a local Thai trader in Mae Sot—a Thai town that borders Myawaddy, Myanmar—informed me one day that the Bank of Thailand S(BOT) would give a presentation on border trade at the Mae Sot Hill Hotel, the most luxurious hotel in town. The next morning, I rode my motorbike to the hotel to attend the event.2 Professionally dressed officials of the BOT were delivering a presentation on the border trade, using colourful slides full of figures and statistics. Somsak, who was sitting next to

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Sang Kook Lee is an associate professor at the Department of Cultural Anthropology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. * I would like to thank anonymous reviewers and editors for providing valuable comments. This work was supported by the POSCO Asia Research Grant. 1 The names of individuals identified in this paper are pseudonyms. 2 This took place on 31 March 2005. © Pacific Affairs: Volume 88, No. 4 December 2015 767 The Politics of Regulating Elections in South Korea: The Persistence of Restrictive Campaign Laws Erik Mobrand

Abstract Establishing an effective legal framework for regulating elections is widely considered a priority for new democracies. Electoral regulation, though, can be profoundly political. I examine the politics of electoral regulation in South Korea. The country’s restrictive campaign laws stand in sharp contrast to the liberal values that many espouse. Given the vibrancy of South Korea’s civil society and the entrance of many former activists into party politics, it is surprising that laws continue to limit political discussion and participation during election campaigns. I shed light on this puzzle by examining the ways an established party elite appropriated predemocratic institutions of electoral governance. Restrictive election regulations have their origins decades before South Korea’s democratic transition began in 1987. I offer evidence from the evolution of campaign laws in order to demonstrate continuity in important portions of the restrictions and to suggest reasons why a group of influential actors have converged around the perpetuation of these restrictions. This study has implications for the subject of electoral engineering and for thinking about South Korea’s democratization.

Keywords: democratization; Korea; elections; campaign laws DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2015884791

n South Korea the danger of “overheated elections” (kwayŏl sŏn’gŏ) has been a common refrain in election laws, election commission warnings, Ijudicial decisions related to elections, and declarations by legislators and presidents. Laws and court decisions—both before South Korea’s transition to democracy and after—have cited this theme in upholding myriad regulations that prevent candidates from buying votes and campaigns from becoming too costly. “Heat,” though, is a tool that some aspiring politicians and their supporters require: meeting voters, holding festive rallies, and

______Erik Mobrand is assistant professor of political science at the National University of Singapore. He can be reached at [email protected].

Abstract Central America remains among the poorest subregions of Latin America, and many Central American countries are among the hemisphere’s most dependent upon primary-product exports. Unlike other commodity exporters in Latin America, however, Central American countries have not benefitted from booming Chinese demand for primary products. We use a series of measures to assess Central American countries’ trade structure, and find that they face increasing competition from Chinese products in third-country markets (like Mexico) but also little complementarity with Chinese demand (unlike Argentina or Chile). Central American countries continue to be very dependent upon the US market for exports—and, to a lesser extent, for foreign direct investment and foreign aid inflows—though dependence upon the US has slipped even as most of the countries in the subregion have entered into a preferential trade agreement with the US. The pattern of exports has shifted from agricultural to assembly plant manufactures in several countries, and Costa Rica now exports sophisticated manufactured products to the US and China alike. We explore the role that diplomatic relations may have played in Central America’s tepid China trade: all Central American countries save Costa Rica (since 2007) recognize Taiwan and not the People’s Republic of China. We end with some considerations of development strategies in the region.

Keywords: China, Taiwan, Central America, trade, development DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2015884813 ______Rolando Avendaño is an economist at the OECD Development Centre, currently working at the Latin American Desk. Prior to joining the OECD, he worked with the OECD Economics Department, the Institute of Latin American Studies (UCL London) and the Faculty of Engineering, University of Los Andes (Bogotá). Email: [email protected] Jeff Dayton-Johnson is vice president of Academic Affairs and dean of the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey. Prior to coming to the institute, he was head of the Latin American Desk at the OECD Development Centre, and associate professor of Economics at Dalhousie University. He recently edited the volume Latin America´s Emerging Middle Class: Economic Perspectives (Palgrave McMillan, 2015). Email: [email protected]. * The authors are grateful to Nathalie Peñaranda, Barbara Stallings, Carol Wise, and workshop and seminar participants at the University of Southern California, the Inter-American Dialogue, and Dalhousie University, and three anonymous referees for their helpful recommendations; all remaining errors are the responsibility of the authors. The views expressed in this paper belong to the authors and do not necessarily represent the position of the OECD or of its member countries.

Abstract This article challenges the validity of recent suggestions that shared history underpins India-Australia relations through an historical analysis of little-known diplomats who worked for the Indian High Commission in Australia and the Australian High Commission in India immediately after Indian independence. Based on largely unexplored archival material from India, Australia, and Canada, it argues that Australia’s racialized identity, as expressed through the White Australia policy, thoroughly shaped Indian perceptions of Australia. While Indian policy makers never officially voiced their distaste for White Australia, Indian diplomats put their efforts into reshaping the image of India in Australia through travel and personal contacts as part of an effort to educate Australia about India. Likewise, Australia’s colonial identity led it to see India and Indian foreign policy as “irrational” due to its emphasis on racial discrimination and decolonization. It is argued that, far from underpinning the relationship, colonial histories and subsequent postcolonial identities have played an important role in fracturing India-Australia relations.

Keywords: India-Australia relations, postcolonialism in international relations, diplomatic history, identity and foreign policy DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2015884849

______Alexander Davis is a PhD candidate in international studies at the University of Adelaide, Australia. His dissertation is a postcolonial genealogy of India’s relationship with the “Anglosphere.” He holds a research MA on India’s colonial history from the University of Tasmania. Email: alexedavis12@gmail. com * I would like to thank Sarah Ellen Graham, Vineet Thakur, my supervisors Priya Chacko, Kanishka Jayasuriya, and Carol Johnson and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful feedback on this work. I am also indebted to the staff at the National Archives of India, the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, Library and Archives Canada, the National Archives of Australia, and the University of Adelaide Barr-Smith Library Special Collections.

© Pacific Affairs: Volume 88, No. 4 December 2015 849 Context and Comparison in Southeast Asia: The Practical Side of the Area Studies-Discipline Debate A Response to the Special Issue of Pacific Affairs: “Context, Concepts, and Comparison in Southeast Asian Studies” (Vol. 87, No. 3) Kai Ostwald and Paul Schuler

Abstract A recent Pacific Affairs special issue explores key dimensions of the discipline/ area studies divide in the context of Southeast Asia. It asks whether it is possible to use the comparative methods favoured by disciplines while doing justice to the rich nuance of individual cases. We offer a practical perspective on this debate. We argue that the demands of discipline audiences and area-studies audiences can vary significantly, making it difficult to effectively address both within a given project. Furthermore, while individual scholars retain agency over the nature of their research, structural factors like the job market and tenure requirements nudge junior scholars towards disciplinary audiences. We support this claim with an analysis of several academic job markets across the social sciences and humanities. We also interview several junior scholars who focus on Southeast Asia to examine the channels that link structural factors with scholarly orientations, finding both direct and backchannel connections. We conclude that in the absence of structural changes to the hiring and promotion practices at major universities, the question of an ideal balance between comparative approaches and deep area nuance will be answered by practical—rather than ontological or normative—concerns.

Keywords: Southeast Asia; area studies; methodology; academic job market; political science. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2015884871

______Kai Ostwald is an assistant professor in the Institute of Asian Research and the Department of Political Science at the University of British Columbia. Email: [email protected] Paul Schuler is an assistant professor in the School of Government and Public Policy at the University of Arizona. He has recently completed the Shorenstein post-doc at Stanford University. Email: [email protected] © Pacific Affairs: Volume 88, No. 4 December 2015 871