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Home , History of Singapore, John Crawfurd, Nathaniel Wallich, William Farquhar

BIBLIOASIA JAN - MAR 2019 VOL. 14 ISSUE 04 FEATURE

In 1830, (1774–1839) wrote to The Asiatic Journal explaining Farquhar why he was due “at least a large share” iof the credit in forming .1 Yet, & it is (1781–1826) alone who is hailed as the founder of Singapore. This notion, propounded by his biographers, has been reinforced by constant repetition, official acceptance and the omnipresence of Raffles’ name in Singapore. In contrast, Farquhar’s pivotal role in the events leading up to the founding of the British settlement in Singapore in (Above) Colonel William Farquhar, c. 1830. Image source: Wikimedia Commons. February 1819 and during its nascent Raffles years has been vastly underrated. To (Above right) A portrait of Sir Stamford Raffles presented by his nephew, W.C. Raffles Flint, to ’s National Gallery Portrait Gallery in 1859. Image source: Wikimedia Commons. add insult to injury, Farquhar has been mocked, and his character and accom- The Untold Story plishments belittled over the years. ing School and paved the way for his recently included in the history curriculum To understand the origins of this employment at House, while his of Singapore schools, the Raffles myth The founding of Singapore in 1819 and aberration in Singapore’s history, we later career and status were propelled has prevailed. A group of students who its early development have traditionally must turn to the biographies of Raffles. by his patron, Lord Minto, the Governor- re-assessed the roles of Raffles and Far- The first,The Life of Sir Stamford Raffles, General of . However, Boulger’s quhar in 2007 could not have expressed been attributed to Sir Stamford Raffles. written by Demetrius Boulger in 1897, “facts” have become part of the myth it better, concluding that Raffles was Nadia Wright claims that his role has been during the heyday of the , surrounding Raffles and helped create “the real founder of Singapore as all the exaggerated at the expense of another. would establish the trend of glorifying an enduring fascination with the man. history textbooks say so”, and because Raffles and disparaging Farquhar.2 Boulger was scathingly dismissive of any he had a statue erected in his honour role for Farquhar, declaring that Raffles and an MRT station named after him The First Biography on Raffles was the sole founder of Singapore and whereas Farquhar had nothing.5 Boulger portrayed Raffles as a hero who wholly responsible for its development.3 Indeed, landmarks in Singapore had risen from poverty, who was forced Such views were accepted and repeated such as Farquhar Street, Mount Far- to leave school prematurely to support without question by subsequent biog- quhar and Farquhar’s Strait have all his mother and sisters, and who rose raphers. disappeared.6 Singapore’s first and only to fame solely by his own efforts. None Farquhar’s role in Singapore has Commandant and Resident suffered the of this is true. been defended in the past by eminent converse of memorialisation: the “phe- Raffles’ father, Captain Benjamin historians such as John Bastin, Mary nomenon of forgetting”,7 a phrase coined Raffles, was a commander of vessels Turnbull and Ernest Chew. Bastin wrote by the 20th-century French philosopher until the late 1790s, and lived until that Singapore’s early success “must be Paul Ricoeur. 1811. When Raffles left school around attributed generally to [Farquhar’s] fos- 1795, some 16 years earlier, his father tering care and benevolent administra- Farquhar’s Accomplishments was still living with the family. Raffles tion”. Mary Turnbull noted that Farquhar in was privileged to have remained at a had nurtured the settlement through From as early as the 17th century, private school until he was 14 (most its precarious early years, while Ernest European trading companies competed children then would have left school by Chew argued that Farquhar had been for trade in the region. By the early 1800s, age 11) and to have obtained a highly neglected in the founding narratives of the British had secured trading posts at sought after position as an extra clerk Singapore, contending that Farquhar had and Bencoolen () while at East India House. been “left behind” by Raffles to run the the Dutch ruled Malacca, the Maluku Raffles owed much to the financial settlement and subsequently also “left islands and . Dr Nadia Wright, a retired teacher and now active historian, lives in 4 Melbourne. She specialises in the colonial and support and patronage of his wealthy behind” in history. The British, however, came to Armenians in Southeast Asia. Her book, William Farquhar and Singapore: uncle, Charles Hamond, who secured Although Farquhar’s role was peri- occupy Malacca serendipitously as a Stepping Out from Raffles’ Shadow, was published in May 2017. Raffles’ entry into Mansion House Board- odically raised in the press and more result of the Anglo-Dutch treaty of 1788, 02 03 BIBLIOASIA JAN - MAR 2019 VOL. 14 ISSUE 04 FEATURE

which stipulated that if a war should Farquhar dramatically turned Malacca’s Bannerman was unconvinced, for permission to establish a post in The Dutch were furious at Raffles’ General of the Dutch East Indies, con- break out, either party could occupy economy around, implemented British citing the costs involved, but he did Singapore. Tengku Long agreed and actions. So was the British government tinued to insist that Sultan Hussein had the colonies of the other to protect laws declaring the slave trade a felony, forward Farquhar’s suggestions to the Raffles installed him as Sultan Hussein which was engaged in negotiations with no right to allow the British to establish them against enemy invasion. This and fought for the town’s survival. It is Marquess of Hastings, the EIC’s new Mohamed Shah of . the Dutch over their respective spheres a post, and demanded that the British occurred in 1793 when France, already implausible that Farquhar would have Governor-General who administered Raffles then signed a treaty with of influence in the East. The Dutch pro- withdraw from Singapore. at war with Britain, attacked the Dutch changed from being a competent ruler British interests in the Far East. Sultan Hussein and Temenggong Abdul tested, and reports were received that Republic. William V, the Dutch ruler in Malacca to an incompetent one in Hastings faced further pressure to Rahman, the local chief of Singapore, on they would retake Singapore by force. Farquhar’s Work in Singapore was overthrown and fled to in Singapore. act from the merchants in Calcutta and 6 February 1819. This treaty allowed the Although Bannerman tried to persuade While the politicians argued, Farquhar 1795. There, he ordered Dutch officials Following the Congress of Vienna in then from Raffles, who had arrived in the EIC to lease land for a trading post. It was Farquhar to leave at once, he refused to got down to work. Few of Raffles’ to hand their bases over to the British 1815, the British were obliged to return Indian city. Hastings decided to build upon tiny – extending only from Tanjong Katong abandon Singapore: Farquhar knew this supporters have given Farquhar credit for safekeeping and to stop them from Malacca to the Dutch. Merchants in Pen- the strong footing obtained by Farquhar’s to Tanjong Malang, and inland for about was Britain’s last chance to obtain a new for building the settlement from scratch falling into French hands. The under- ang, whose trade had flourished during commercial treaty and sent Raffles on a one mile. The rest of the island belonged base in the region. with precious little money, and limited standing was that the British would the British occupation of Malacca and two-fold mission: first, to settle a dynastic to Malay nobles and even within the In the meantime, Sultan Hussein manpower and resources. Yet Farquhar return these Dutch territories when Java, were worried that their inroads into dispute in Aceh, and then, to establish British post, British regulations did not and the Temenggong regretted having achieved the near impossible: he cleared peace was eventually restored. new markets might be curtailed after the a new post at Rhio (Riau). Because of apply inside their compounds. signed the treaty. They wrote to Sultan over 650,000 square yards of jungle and Into this fractious scene entered Dutch reclaimed their possessions. Along Farquhar’s experience and expertise, Raffles did not purchase the island Abdul Rahman and to his viceroy asking swamp, built a reservoir and aquaduct, Farquhar and Raffles. Farquhar and with Farquhar, the merchants pressed Hastings appointed him to take charge of of Singapore, nor acquire it for Britain as for forgiveness and accused Raffles of defence works, accommodation and Raffles were employees of the power- Colonel John Bannerman, the Governor any new post, but made him subordinate often claimed. Indeed, the acquisition having coerced them into signing it. Farqu- facilities for the troops, and roads and ful (EIC), formed at of Penang, to protect British commercial to Raffles, who was based in Bencoolen, was far from guaranteed. After appointing har persuaded the nobles to retract their small bridges. The population grew the turn of the 17th century ostensibly interests in the Eastern Archipelago Sumatra, at the time.10 Farquhar Resident and Commandant as statements, and due to his early actions, significantly as men from Malacca who to trade with India and Southeast Asia, (present-day ).8 Raffles and Farquhar met in Penang ordered by Hastings, Raffles gave Farqu- the post remained in British hands – at knew and respected Farquhar flocked but which eventually became a powerful and on 19 January 1819, Raffles’ small har a list of instructions and departed least for the time being. However, Baron to Singapore to find work or to trade, agent of British imperialism. The Search for a New Site fleet sailed for the Carimon Islands.11 As for Penang on 7 February 1819. Godert van der Capellen, the Governor- bringing with them the money and Farquhar first arrived in Malacca Bannerman thus sent Farquhar to the islands proved unsuitable, Farquhar muscle that were vital to the growth of as an officer of the EIC in 1795 when negotiate with rulers in the region, and suggested Singapore as an alternative (Left) A painting of Francis Edward Rawdon-Hastings, the settlement. 12 the British occupied the Dutch port. He in August 1818, he managed to secure base. After Raffles and Farquhar first Marquess of Hastings, Governor-General of India The wealthy businessman Tan Che was appointed its Commandant in 1803, a trade treaty with Sultan Abdul Rahman stepped ashore on 28 January, Raffles, (1813–23), by Joshua Reynolds. Image source: Sang, who had formed a close rapport and in 1812, in recognition of his wide of the Johor Empire. Although the treaty who had only recently contemplated Wikimedia Commons. with Farquhar in Malacca, followed him responsibilities, his title was changed gave Britain most favoured nation status, Singapore as an option, realised that (Below) “View of the Town and Roads of Singapore from to Singapore, bringing capital for invest- to Commandant and Resident. It was in Farquhar knew that something more the island was an ideal spot to stake Government Hill”, 1822–1824, as drawn by Captain ment and trade as well as leadership Malacca that Farquhar honed his skills as substantial was needed to protect British British claim. Robert James Elliot. This panorama looks seawards expertise. Entrepreneurs such as Tan an administrator, the experience laying interests once the Dutch returned. But there was a problem. The island from Government Hill and shows the Plain used to Tock Seng and Tan Kim Seng who simi- garrison troops on the left, with the a strong foundation for his subsequent In 1816, Farquhar had advocated was part of the Johor Empire and its Basin in the centre, and Chinatown to the right. The larly moved from Malacca, played vital management of Singapore. founding a new base south of the Straits ruler, Sultan Abdul Rahman, had sworn painting was drawn during William Farquhar’s term roles in cementing Singapore’s position During Farquhar’s 15-year stint of Malacca and now he urgently pushed allegiance to the Dutch. Raffles got as Resident and Commandant between 1819 and as a commercial centre. in Malacca, he was answerable to two to secure the Carimon Islands (Pulau around this by exploiting a dynastic dis- 1823. All rights reserved, Crawfurd, J. (1828). Journal Raffles made a short visit to Sin- lieutenant-governors and nine gover- Karimun), situated some 20 miles south- pute: he made a deal with the sultan’s of an Embassy from the Governor-General of India to gapore in late May 1819. Delighted at the Courts of Siam and Cochin China. London: Henry nors in Penang, all of whom were more west of Singapore and commanding the older brother and rightful heir, Tengku Colburn. Collection of the National Library, Singapore. its metamorphosis, he commented on 9 than satisfied with his administration. entrance to the strait. Long, offering him the throne in return (Accession no.: B20116740J) the numerous ships in the harbour and the large kampongs (villages). Proudly he claimed to the Duchess of Somerset:

“[Singapore] is a child of my own, and I have made it what it is. You may easily conceive with what zeal I apply myself to the clearing of forests, cutting of roads, building of towns, framing of laws, &c &c.”13

But in fact, Raffles had not been in Singapore all this while: the improve- ments to the island’s economy and infrastructure were all due to Farquhar’s able leadership. Farquhar administered Singapore for nearly four-and-a-half years between 7 February 1819 and 1 May 1823, while Raffles was present for barely eight months during those years: from 31 May to 27 June 1819 and returning on 10 October 1822. During Raffles’ absence, Farquhar turned the fledgling port into a success- 04 05 BIBLIOASIA JAN - MAR 2019 VOL. 14 ISSUE 04 FEATURE

ful settlement. Visiting merchants and especially cholera, residents were asked Contrary to what has been written, Farquhar undertook the first survey was doing. Returning in October 1822 saw that his last chance to retire in glory sea captains praised the conditions to keep their houses and yards clean. Farquhar did not introduce cock fighting of the island, later compiling a map that after three-and-a-half years’ absence, was to reclaim Singapore as his own. and prospects of Singapore. Letters Farquhar also forbade residents from licences, a charge that is often levelled was forwarded to Raffles. He also drew Raffles was elated with the rapid prog- Raffles had earlier set aside land sent to Calcutta described the settle- throwing rubbish onto the road, ordering against him. In fact, Farquhar abhorred up a schematic town plan in 1821, as ress of Singapore, telling the Duchess at East Beach () for the ment as “most flourishing”, affirming that it be dumped in designated areas.20 the sport and had refused to allow well as a detailed map showing the town, of Somerset that: European merchants, but they were most that the shore was “crowded with life, The modern-day image of Singapore as cock fighting licences in Malacca. In New Harbour and adjoining islands which unhappy as the site was unsuitable for bustle and activity and the harbour is a clean city has a long history, beginning Singapore, he “strictly prohibited” cock he presented to the EIC.30 He began the “Here is all life and activity; and loading and unloading goods. Instead, the filled with square-rigged vessels and with Farquhar. fighting except on specific Malay festivals, practice of recording Singapore’s daily it would be difficult to name a merchants wanted to build their godowns prows”.14 Visitors enthusiastically wrote As well as building the town infra- and then only with his permission. It was temperature and pressure readings, main- place on the face of the globe, along the north bank of Singapore River of its increasing population, the cleared structure, Farquhar was proactive in , who succeeded Farquhar taining these for two years and providing with brighter prospects or more − land that Raffles had reserved for the lands, the roads, the buildings and the establishing Singapore as a trading as the next Resident of Singapore in June a benchmark for comparisons today.31 present satisfaction. In little more government. Aware that trade was vital for busy port with its burgeoning trade in centre. He wrote to rulers in the region, 1823, who first allowed a cock fighting Farquhar also established a spice than three years it has risen from Singapore’s future, Farquhar had allowed regional produce. They were impressed encouraging them to trade with Singa- licence to be issued in the settlement. 23 plantation and the first botanical garden, an insignificant fishing village, to the merchants to provisionally build by the large neatly laid out cantonment, pore – taking pains to emphasise its Initially, Raffles was wary of intro- experimenting with the cultivation of a large and prosperous town.”37 warehouses there. As he later explained, the extensive Chinese and Bugis kam- facilities, its extensive roadstead and the ducing licences, fearing it would pepper, coffee, spices and cotton. had he not done so, Singapore would pongs.15 Even William Jack, a sycophant gateway it offered to the Eastern Archi- adversely impact the EIC’s opium trade. Although Farquhar was following Raffles’ All this Raffles attributed to the have “completely withered in the bud”.39 of Raffles, praised the great progress of pelago. He also highlighted Singapore’s He saw Singapore as an outlet for sell- orders, the success of these gardens “simple, but almost magic result” of Upset by Farquhar’s actions, Raffles the settlement.16 status – although Raffles ing opium throughout the region and owed much to Farquhar’s keen interest freedom of trade – with no mention of complained to Hastings that his subordi- By late 1821, Singapore was a suc- intended this to be only a temporary was determined that the EIC’s opium in natural history. Later, concerned that Farquhar’s instrumental role.38 nate had deviated from instructions by cessful commercial settlement of some measure. Farquhar opened up trade trade be “protected and offered every Raffles was selling large plots of land Even so, Raffles decided to demolish allowing construction along the north 5,000 settlers. The plain at Kampong with , and hoped to extend it to facility”. 24 However, despite his own to the residents, Farquhar reserved much of the town and remodel it according bank, claiming that he would have to Glam was marked out for the European Siam, and as far as Japan. He envisaged concerns, Raffles issued instructions valuable ground near the shoreline to his new plans. By this stage, he was demolish these buildings and several town, with roads neatly laid out.17 Land Singapore as the new emporium of the for the introduction of opium licences, for military use, land that eventually in poor health and intended to return others at great cost to the government.40 allotments were numbered, registered East, outdoing even Batavia ().21 declaring that “a certain number of became the Esplanade (and known as to England by mid-1824. Believing that Realising that his original orders to and marked on a map and the major Indeed, by 1822, Singapore’s trade houses may be licensed for the sale of the Padang today).32 Britain would retain Singapore, Raffles build on East Beach were impractical, streets were named. Buildings, includ- had reached $8 million – mainly in madat or prepared opium”.25 Farquhar established a prototype ing a boat office, engineers’ park, three regional produce. Opium topped the Raffles not only instructed Farquhar post office, which Raffles refined into an “Map of the Town and Harbour of Singapore” drawn by William Farquhar between 1821 and 1822, and hospitals and the Resident’s bungalow list followed by Indian textiles, silver to auction the licences and re-auction official Post Office in 1823, after receiv- presented to the East India Company in 1825. © The Board (IOR/X/3346). were erected and a spice plantation coins and tin. But Farquhar’s ambitions them “every three months until further ing practical advice from Farquhar.33 Just established.18 were hampered by reality. Hastings orders”, but he also took a 5 percent as he had done in Malacca, Farquhar Over 15 miles of road were laid, doubted the legality of Raffles’ treaty commission on each opium licence encouraged the work of missionaries, nearly half of which were carriage roads with Sultan Hussein and was worried for himself.26 Raffles’ supporters have and helped them to set up Singapore’s between 12 and 16 yards wide. Farquhar that the settlement would be returned distanced his role in the opium licens- first school.34 Having laid the foundation ordered further dredging of the Rochor to the Dutch. Hence, in October 1819, ing scheme by accusing Farquhar of stone of the Anglo-Chinese College in River, making it more navigable. This Hastings imposed severe reductions on introducing these licences by wilfully Malacca in November 1818, Farquhar led to an expansion of the Bugis village costs and personnel, and ordered that disobeying Raffles’ orders. Ironically, the was similarly involved in the establish- along the river banks as the community no new construction work was to take opium farms “introduced” by Farquhar ment of the Singapore Institution (pre- took advantage of the better facilities for place in Singapore. and sanctioned by Raffles became Sin- cursor of today’s ). He trade and boat repairs.19 Other issues arose. As the popula- gapore’s largest single source of revenue was its President and also a trustee and Farquhar passed measures to tion increased, so did the crime rate from 1824 until 1910.27 patron, as well as a generous contributor ensure the health and safety of residents, – largely due to gambling and opium While Farquhar has been acknowl- to its subscription fund. in particular to combat fire and disease. smoking. Farquhar planned to rein in edged as the founder of the first police On his own initiative and risking cen- As most buildings were constructed these activities by selling licences for force in the settlement, several of his sure from Raffles and Hastings, Farquhar from timber with attap (thatched) roofs, the sale of arrack (a local alcoholic spirit) other achievements have been over- granted asylum to Prince Belawa and fire could easily spread. So Farquhar and opium, and for the running of gam- looked. For example, it was Farquhar 500 of his Bugis followers who had fled instructed residents to store as much ing houses.22 This would also generate who rediscovered Singapore’s deep water from the Dutch in Rhio. Despite angry water as possible to fight such a threat. revenue which he could use to pay for harbour, recognising its commercial and protests by the Dutch, Farquhar stood To combat the outbreak of disease, a much-needed police force. strategic significance, and arranging for his ground, and Raffles and Hastings its depths to be measured.28 Farquhar supported this decision.35 The Bugis named it New Harbour, a name that established themselves along Rochor “The Esplanade, Singapore” (c.1845), watercolour on paper, by Scotsman Charles Andrew Dyce who lived in Singapore in the 1840s. Concerned that Stamford Raffles was selling large remained until 1900 when the harbour River as traders and boat builders, and 29 plots of land to the residents, William Farquhar reserved valuable ground near the shoreline for was dedicated to Admiral Henry Keppel. the community proved a great asset to military use and this eventually became the Esplanade (the Padang today). National University Singapore. The Bugis remained grateful of Singapore Museum Collection, courtesy of NUS Museum. for Farquhar’s resolve as seen in their farewell address to him.36 While Farquhar was expediently developing Singapore, Raffles remained in Bencoolen and took only periodic interest in the settlement. He was most tardy in replying to Farquhar’s letters, even urgent ones, and seemed to hinder rather than support the work Farquhar 06 07 BIBLIOASIA JAN - MAR 2019 VOL. 14 ISSUE 04 FEATURE

Raffles then sought another location. Raffles began to sideline Farquhar. Despite that praise, Raffles wrote dismissed Farquhar as Commandant.51 Farquhar that even if he were acquitted The silver cup that Farquhar received from He chose the swampy south bank of the He excluded Farquhar from his new European and Armenian merchants as a gift two further despatches to Bengal, accus- This second dismissal was also without of the charges laid against him, he would river, where he had ordered the Chinese Town Committee that he had set up in when he left Singapore on 28 December 1823. ing Farquhar of mismanagement, incom- authority and without due cause. not obtain redress. Palmer knew that the to establish their kampong in 1819. October 1822, and instead relied on © Private collection. petence and other irregularities. Farquhar left Singapore on EIC would have to “condemn itself” in Disregarding the distressed pleas of the the inexperienced Philip Jackson for On 1 May 1823, Raffles dismissed 28 December 1823, embittered by his order to do justice to Farquhar, and that scores of Chinese whom he had settled engineering advice. In February 1823, Farquhar as Resident and took over unjustified fall from grace. He received would not happen.54 there, as well as the need for financial Raffles took Farquhar’s place at the control of Singapore.49 He had no author- heartfelt farewell addresses from the Farquhar deserves as much credit prudence, which he had so impressed weekly Resident’s court.46 Despite these ity to do so as Hastings was the one Bugis, Chinese and Indian communi- as Raffles in the founding of modern upon Farquhar, Raffles ordered the and other rebuffs, Farquhar assured who had appointed Farquhar.50 Feeling ties who showed their deep affection Singapore. His vital role in the events swamp to be filled in to form a new com- Raffles of his full cooperation, gave humiliated, Farquhar protested to the and respect for him, and their sense leading to the establishment of a foothold mercial precinct.41 advice when asked, and allowed the Bengal government. However, swayed of loss at his departure. The European on the island cannot be brushed aside. The relationship between the two committee to use his maps. by Raffles’ despatches, but at the same merchants were more circumspect in Although Raffles raised the British flag, men grew more acrimonious. Raffles Farquhar’s and Raffles’ differing time concerned at the lack of evidence their written address, but still collected it was Farquhar who kept it flying despite continued to undermine Farquhar’s attitudes on the status of Singapore sustaining his accusations, the govern- $3,000 for a farewell gift. The Chinese intense pressure to abandon the post. reputation by sending letters to Hastings further strained relations between them. ment appointed John Crawfurd to take raised $700 for their own gift. This money Above all, he developed the settlement making accusations against Farquhar. Raffles saw Singapore as a British port, charge. Upon Crawfurd’s arrival, Raffles paid for silverware which Farquhar later into such a commercial success that in He repeated his earlier complaints that while Farquhar regarded it as a Malay received in London: an elegant epergne 1824, Britain decided to retain it. Farquhar had overspent government port that belonged to the Malay rulers. from the Chinese, and a magnificently For various reasons, Farquhar funds, but later withdrew that criticism.42 Farquhar insisted on abiding by the terms engraved cup from the European and lost his rightful place in the history of Raffles later asked his friend Dr Nathaniel of the treaty signed by Sultan Hussein Armenian merchants. Singapore. The time to set the record Wallich to hint to Hastings that Farquhar and the Temenggong on 6 February In London, Farquhar composed a straight is all the more important as the had illegally acquired large areas of land, 1819, without which Singapore could Memorial to the Court of Directors com- city-state marks the 200th year of its but later retracted that allegation. In fact, not have been founded, as well as the plaining of his illegal and unjustified dis- founding in 2019. after admitting that he had been misled arrangements Raffles and he had signed missal, and petitioned to be reinstated.52 over the extent of Farquhar’s land acquisi- with the Malay rulers on 26 June 1819. petent” local authority.47 Yet the very next It was a war of words with Raffles battling tions, Raffles went on to authorise him Farquhar expressed concern when day Raffles wrote to his cousin, ecstatic for his pension, and Farquhar for his This essay is based on the author’s a grant of some 150 acres.43 Raffles began to sell land, pointing out at the progress Singapore had made reputation. In the end, Farquhar lost.53 PhD thesis, “Image is All: Farquhar, Raffles further claimed that Farquhar that Raffles had no authority to do so under Farquhar: EIC protocol, the changing political Raffles and the Founding and Early had not provided a detailed account of the as the land rightfully belonged to the scene and, above all, Raffles’ misrep- Development of Singapore”, as land grants he had allotted, and favoured . Raffles interpreted this as “The progress of my new settlement resentations and untruths prevailed. well as her book, William Farqu- certain individuals when granting land. another instance of Farquhar’s opposi- is in every way most satisfactory, Farquhar’s friend John Palmer had fore- har and Singapore: Stepping Out In contrast, Raffles selected the best tion to his plans. and it would gladden your heart to shadowed the final outcome, warning from Raffles’ Shadow. The book allotments for his family and friends, and Raffles wrote to Hastings on 11 Janu- witness the activity and cheerfulness is on sale and is also available allowed his brother-in-law William Flint ary 1823, stating that he did not consider which prevails throughout. Every for reference and loan at the Lee to build on reserved land.44 Although Farquhar capable of running Singapore day brings us new settlers, and The epitaph on William Farquhar’s tombstone inside Kong Chian Reference Library and Farquhar sent detailed despatches and after his own resignation, when Singapore Singapore has already become his mausoleum at Greyfriars Burial Ground in Perth, selected public libraries (Call nos.: , bears testament to his contributions as documents to Hastings that clearly refuted would fall directly under the Bengal gov- a great emporium. Houses and “Resident in Malacca and afterwards at Singapore RSING 959.5703 WRI-[HIS] and those charges, the seeds of doubt had ernment’s supervision. Hence, he wanted warehouses are springing up in which later settlement he founded”. © Philip Game, SING 959.5703 WRI). been sown.45 Farquhar quickly replaced by “a more com- every direction.”48 photographersdirect.com.

7 Ricoeur, P. (2004). Memory, history, forgetting (p. 284). Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles (p. 383). Singapore: Oxford correspondence. See Gallop, A. (1994). The legacy of 30 Farquhar to Raffles, 17 April 1821, L. 4; Farquhar to 1956. Microfilm, Monash University; Swinton to Raffles, Notes Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Call no.: SING University Press. (Call no.: RSING 959.57021092 RAF-[HIS]) the Malay letter = Warisan warkah Melayu (p. 167). Hull, 6 November 1822, L. 9, SSR; Farquhar to Raffles, 29 March 1823, L. 18, SSR 1 Farquhar, W. (1830, May–August). The establishment 128.3 RIC) 14 Sincapore. (1820, January–June). The Asiatic Journal and London: British Library for the National Archives of 2 June 1823, L. 15, SSR; Court Minutes, 25 May 1825, 41 Farquhar to Hull, 4 December 1822, L. 6, SSR; Hull to of Singapore. The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register 8 The Eastern Archipelago refers to the islands that Monthly Register for British India and its Dependencies, . (Call no.: RSING q899.286 GAL) IOR B/178: 92. Farquhar, 4 December 1822, L. 11, SSR; Farquhar to for British India and its Dependencies, 2, pp. 142. form much of today’s Indonesia – Sumatra, Java, , 9, p. 402. Retrieved from Internet Archive website. 22 Farquhar to Raffles, 2 November 1819, L. 10, SSR. 31 Farquhar to Raffles, 11 January 1821, L. 4, SSR; Hull, 5 November 1822, L. 9, SSR; Farquhar to Sherer, Retrieved from Internet Archive website. Lombok, Bangka, Belitun, Maluku Islands and Borneo. 15 Sincapore. (1820, July–December). The Asiatic 23 Public Advertisement No. 8, 1 May 1820; Appendix to Farquhar to Mackenzie, 9 March 1822, L. 7, SSR; 28 December 1822, L. 11, SSR; Farquhar to Hull, 5 2 Boulger, D. C. (1999). The life of Sir Stamford Raffles. 9 Memorandums, vol. 10, SSFR; Farquhar to Bannerman, Journal and Monthly Register for British India and Memorial of Lt Col. Farquhar, 2 April 1825, IOR MS No. Farquhar, W. (1827). Thermometrical and barometrical April 1823, L. 15, SSR. Amsterdam: The Pepin Press. (Call no.: RSING 6 September 1818, vol. 67, SSFR. its Dependencies, 10, pp. 292–293. Retrieved from 542, p. 155, SSR; Notice, 23 August 1823, L. 19, SSR. tables. Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of 42 Raffles to Bengal, 1 January 1823, vol. 71, JFR. 959.57021092 BOU) 10 Hastings to Bannerman, 28 November 1818, vol. Internet Archive website. 24 Raffles to Mackenzie, 20 December 1819, enclosed in Great Britain and Ireland, 1 (2), pp. 585–586. (Call no.: 43 Hull to Farquhar, 4 February 1823, L. 17, SSR. 3 Boulger, 1999, pp. 351–352, 362. 182A, SSFR; Adam to Farquhar, 28 November 1818, 16 Jack to Wallich, 8 June 1819, in Burkill, I.H. (1916, July). Raffles to Dart, 28 December 1819, vol. 50, Sumatra RRARE 551.609595 FAR-[JSB]) 44 Raffles to Farquhar, 26 June 1819, L 10, SSR. 4 Bastin, J. (2005). William Farquhar first resident and L. 10, East India Company, William Jack’s letters to , 1819–1821. Factory Records, East India Company, National University 32 Farquhar to Hull, 6 December 1822, L. 6, SSR. 45 Farquhar to de la Motte, 30 April 1822, L. 7, SSR; commandant of Singapore (p. 27). Eastbourne: Privately Records, Government of the , Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, of Singapore; India Office Library and Records. London: 33 Farquhar to Hull, 24 January 1823, L. 13, SSR; Peterson, Farquhar to Raffles, 17 April 1821, L. 4, SSR; Farquhar printed. (Call no.: RCLOS 959.503 BAS-[JSB]); Turnbull, Raffles National Library Archives, 1961. Microfilm, 73, p. 178. (Call no.: RRARE 582.09595 JAC-[JSB]) Recordak Microfilm Service. 1960. Monash University. (1952, July 19). Post office was set up in nine days. The to Raffles, 5 November 1822, L. 9, SSR. C.M. (1989). A history of Singapore, 1819–1988 (2nd ed, Monash University. Hereafter these records are cited 17 Historical sketch of the settlement of Singapore. (1823, 25 Raffles to Travers, 20 March 1820, vol. 50, Sumatra Singapore Free Press, p. 1. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. 46 Jackson to Hull, 29 October 1822, L. 9, SSR; Hull to p. 30). Singapore: Oxford University Press. (Call no.: RSING as SSR. July–December). The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Factory Records. 34 Farquhar to Milton, 19 May 1820; Farquhar to Raffles, Farquhar, 7 February 1823, L. 17. 959.57 TUR); Chew, E.C.T. (2002, Apr–Jun). The man who 11 Raffles had disobeyed the sequence of Hastings’ Register for British India and its Dependencies, 16, 26 Jennings to Farquhar, 15 August 1820, L. 4, SSR; 23 June 1820, L. 10, SSR. 47 Raffles to Swinton, 11 January 1823, vol. 71, JFR. Raffles left behind: William Farquhar (1774–1839), Raffles instructions which caused an irrevocable rift with pp. 28–29. Retrieved from Internet Archive website. Accountant General’s office, 8 March 1826, vol. 71, 35 Farquhar to Raffles, 23 February 1820, L. 10, SSR; 48 Raffles to Rev. Dr Raffles, 12 January 1823. See Town Club, 7. (Call no.: RCLOS 959.503 RAF-JSB]) Bannerman. 18 Farquhar to Raffles, 18 June 1819, NAB 1668; Java Factory Records, East India Company, London, Raffles to Farquhar, 2 May 1820, L. 4, SSR. Boulger, 1999, pp. 331–332. 5 Who was the founder of Singapore? (2007, July 3). 12 Elout to Capellen, 25 August 1818, in Wurtzburg, C. Farquhar to Raffles, 17 April 1821, L. 4, SSR Buckley, Recordak Microfilm Services, 1956. Microfilm, Monash 36 Translation of an address from His Highness Arong 49 Hull to Farquhar, 28 April 1823, L. 17, SSR. Retrieved from Victoria’s School History blogspot. (1954). Raffles of the eastern isles (p. 451). London, C.B. (1965). An anecdotal history of old times in University. Hereafter referred to as JFR. Belawa, the Soolawatan (or Captain of the Bugis) 50 Adam to Farquhar, 28 November 1818, L. 10, SSR. 6 Although some 380 streets in Singapore are named Hodder and Stoughton. (Call no.: RCLOS 959.570210924 Singapore (pp. 68–69). : University of 27 Trocki, C. (2006). Singapore: Wealth, power and the and the Bugis inhabitants of Singapore, to Lieut. Col. 51 Hull to Farquhar, 22 May 1823, L. 19, SSR. after government officials and prominent people from WUR); Crawfurd, J. (1828). Journal of an embassy to the Malaya Press. (Call no.: RCLOS 959.57 BUC) culture of control (p. 20). London; New York: Routledge. Farquhar. Thursday 25th day of Dec. 1823. Prince of 52 The Memorial of William Farquhar, and Appendix to the the colonial era, none commemorate Farquhar. Farquhar courts of Siam and Cochin China (p. 565). London: Henry 19 Farquhar to Raffles, 17 April 1821, L. 4, SSR. (Call no.: RSING 959.5705 TRO-[HIS]) Wales Island Gazette, 24 January 1824. Memorial, Home Miscellaneous Series no. 541 India Street, which ran parallel to Rochor Road, disappeared Colburn. (Call no.: RRARE 915.9044 CRA). It is noteworthy 20 Badriyah Haji Salleh. (1999). Warkah al-Ikhlas 1818– 28 Farquhar to Raffles, 2 September 1819, L. 10, SSR. 37 Raffles to the Duchess of Somerset, 30 November Office Records, British Library. in 1994 after roads in the area were expunged. Mt that Raffles never claimed that he had specifically 1821 (pp. 28–29, 155–156). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Raffles made no response to the news of this harbour 1822. See Raffles, 1991, p. 525. 53 Raffles too suffered as the EIC refused to grant him Farquhar, which was a low hill near the General Hospital, suggested Singapore. His first choices were Rhio and Bahasa dan Pustaka. (Call no.: RSING Malay 091 WAR) leading Farquhar to again inform him of its value; 38 Raffles, 1991, p. 525. his anticipated pension. has long been levelled. Farquhar’s Straits appeared as Banca as he wanted to control the Sunda Straits. 21 Dr Annabel Teh Gallop, a scholar on Malay works, Farquhar to Raffles, 21 July 1820, L. 4 SSR. 39 Farquhar to Hull, 13 November 1822, L. 9, SSR. 54 Palmer to Farquhar, February 1824, Palmer to Coombs, an alternative name to the Old Straits of Singapore in the 13 Raffles to the Duchess of Somerset, 11 June 1819. See attributes Farquhar’s success in attracting regional 29 His honour’s folly. (1900, April 19). The Straits Times, 40 Raffles to Bengal, 9 August 1821, vol. 71, JFR, East 11 February 1824. See Wurtzburg, 1954, p. 688. first map of Singapore but was short-lived. Raffles, S. (1991). Memoir of the life and public services of commerce to Singapore to his careful diplomatic p. 2. Retrieved from NewspaperSG. India Company, London, Recordak Microfilm Services, 08 09