Taxonomy of Coccids (Hemiptera: Coccidae: Coccus
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Zootaxa 4521 (1): 001–051 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2018 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4521.1.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D2096E74-49D8-4235-B26C-2C97170DBDC7 Taxonomy of coccids (Hemiptera: Coccidae: Coccus L.) associated with Crematogaster ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the stems of Macaranga plants (Euphorbiaceae) in Southeast Asia PENNY J. GULLAN1, TAKUMASA KONDO2, BRIGITTE FIALA3 & SWEE-PECK QUEK4 1Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Acton, Can- berra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] 2Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Agrosavia), Centro de Investigación Palmira, Calle 23, Carrera 37 Con- tinuo al Penal, Palmira, Valle, Colombia. E-mail: [email protected] 3Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany. E- mail:[email protected] 4Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] Table of content Abstract . 1 Introduction . 2 Materials and methods . 4 Taxonomy . 8 Coccus Linnaeus . 8 Diagnosis for Coccus species associated with Macaranga. 9 Key to adult females of Coccus species associated with Macaranga . 12 Coccus caviramicolus Morrison . 13 Coccus circularis Morrison. 14 Coccus heckrothi Gullan & Kondo sp. n. 18 Coccus lambirensis Gullan & Kondo sp. n. 20 Coccus macarangae Morrison . 22 Coccus macarangicolus Takahashi . 25 Coccus penangensis Morrison . 30 Coccus pseudotumuliferus Gullan & Kondo sp. n. 34 Coccus secretus Morrison . 39 Coccus tumuliferus Morrison . 43 Discussion . 46 Acknowledgements . 48 References . 48 Abstract The Southeast Asian soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) associated with ants of the Crematogaster borneensis-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and living in the hollow stems of Macaranga plants (Euphorbiaceae) are revised taxonomically. Ten species of the genus Coccus L. are recognised: seven were described previously and three new species are described herein. The species are: Coccus caviramicolus Morrison, C. circularis Morrison, C. heckrothi Gullan & Kondo sp. n., C. lambirensis Gullan & Kondo sp. n., C. macarangicolus Takahashi, C. macarangae Morrison, C. pen- angensis Morrison, C. pseudotumuliferus Gullan & Kondo sp. n., C. secretus Morrison and C. tumuliferus Morrison. All of these species are described or redescribed and newly illustrated based on the adult females, and a key to distinguish the species is provided. We designate a lectotype for C. macarangicolus. The first-instar nymphs of all species are morpho- logically extremely similar and therefore only the first-instar nymph of C. macarangae is described and illustrated. Seven of these species currently are known only from Macaranga, but C. macarangae, C. secretus and perhaps C. pseudotumu- liferus have been recorded from the hollow stems of several other ant-plants and a few non-myrmecophytes. The Coccus species from Macaranga are closely related to C. hesperidum L., the type species of the genus, and therefore are retained Accepted by G. Watson: 17 Sept. 2018; published: 13 Nov. 2018 1 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 in the genus Coccus even though the adult females exhibit a few morphological differences from C. hesperidum. The spe- cies of Coccus from Macaranga appear to be parthenogenetic because no male nymphs or adults have been found, despite extensive collecting. Key words: soft scale, myrmecophyte, mutualism, Coccomorpha Introduction Many species of the Southeast Asian Macaranga plants (Euphorbiaceae) have an intimate association with ants of the genus Crematogaster (Formicidae) (Fiala et al. 1989, 1991, 1999; Inui et al. 2001; Itino et al. 2001b; Quek et al. 2004, 2007; Ueda et al. 2015). These myrmecophytic or ant-plant species of Macaranga provide the ants with nesting sites inside their naturally hollow stems (domatia) or ant-excavated stems, as well as nutrient-rich food bodies (Fiala & Maschwitz 1992a, 1992b; Heil et al. 1997, 1998; Davies et al. 2001; Itino et al. 2001a) and access to honeydew, as explained below. The ants provide their Macaranga host plants with protection against herbivores and plant competitors (Fiala et al. 1989; Federle et al. 2002). Myrmecophytic Macaranga species also possess extrafloral nectaries on their leaf margins but their function is not well understood (Fiala & Maschwitz 1991; Davies et al. 2001). Myrmecophytism involving varying degrees of plant morphological specialisation has evolved more than once within Macaranga but only in the western Malesian lineage of the genus, with myrmecophytic species found in three Macaranga sections, namely Pachystemon, Pruinosae and Winklerianae (Blattner et al. 2001; Davies et al. 2001; Bänfer et al. 2004). The relationship is obligate for certain Crematogaster ants, which nest only inside these myrmecophtic Macaranga species (Fiala et al. 1999; Fiala & Maschwitz 1992a; Feldhaar et al. 2016). The taxonomy and phylogeny of these specialist ants have been the subject of a number of studies (e.g. Fiala et al. 1999; Itino et al. 2001; Feldhaar et al. 2003; Quek et al. 2007; Feldhaar et al. 2010; Ueda et al. 2015; Feldhaar et al. 2016) and currently the majority of the ants are recognised as belonging to the Crematogaster borneensis-group (Blaimer 2012), comprising eight species (Feldhaar et al. 2016). These ants colonise Macaranga hosts in the sections Pachystemon (naturally-hollowing stems) and Pruinosae (solid stems, excavated by ants), whereas plants in the section Winklerianae are colonised only by C. morphospecies 8 that belongs to a different Crematogaster subclade (Feldhaar et al. 2016). The natural history of these ants, including data on the Macaranga species inhabited by each ant species, was reviewed by Feldhaar et al. (2016). In addition to the ants, myrmecophytic Macaranga species usually house honeydew-producing coccids (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae: Coccus L.) inside their hollow stems (Heckroth et al. 1998, 2001; Ueda et al. 2008; Quek et al. 2017). The coccids provide the ants with sugar-rich liquid waste called honeydew, supplementing the food bodies produced by the plants (Heckroth et al. 2001; Itino et al. 2001a). Coccid honeydew may be especially important to the survival of the Crematogaster ants during colony establishment on the Macaranga plants (Handa & Itioka 2011). In general for any ant-coccid association, the benefits to coccids of living inside ant nests or under shelters constructed by ants include reduced levels of parasitisation and predation, improved sanitation through removal of honeydew by the ants, and sometimes ant transport to other feeding sites (Sugonyayev 1996; Gullan 1997; Heckroth et al. 1998). Although associations of coccids with ants are beneficial for both partners, usually they are facultative, with the ants often existing without the coccids and vice versa (Gullan 1997). In the Macaranga-Crematogaster-coccid system, the coccids occur in the ant nest inside the hollow stems of almost all healthy Macaranga plants, but the specificity of the coccids for particular ant or plant species is not high, although some associations occur more frequently than expected in relation to partner availability (Heckroth et al. 1998; Quek et al. 2017). Furthermore, it is common to find two or three coccid species living inside a single Macaranga plant (Heckroth et al. 1998; Houadria et al. 2018). Although most Macaranga- associated Coccus species have been collected only from inside the hollow stems of myrmecophytic Macaranga species, three Coccus species, especially C. secretus Morrison, have been found occasionally on other unrelated plants, but mostly inside the hollow stems of other ant-plants (Heckroth et al. 1998; Moog et al. 2005). In the myrmecophytic Macaranga system, coccid first-instar nymphs (called crawlers) disperse between plants either by being carried by the wind or by walking, and then either are carried into the hollow stems by patrolling ants or enter unassisted through an ant-nest exit hole. It has been shown experimentally that Crematogaster ants discriminate between symbiotic coccids and non-symbiotic scale insects by generally carrying the former into their nests, but throwing the latter off the plant (Handa et al. 2012). Furthermore, ants have been shown to discriminate 2 · Zootaxa 4521 (1) © 2018 Magnolia Press GULLAN ET AL. among symbiotic coccid species: as noted by Heckroth et al. (2001), ants from M. hypoleuca generally accepted nymphs of C. tumuliferus placed in the internode of their host plant, but threw nymphs of C. penangensis off their host plant. Ants of the Crematogaster borneensis-group have been shown to solicit honeydew from the coccids, but there is no evidence that the ants ever consume the coccids (Heckroth et al. 2001; Houadria et al. 2018). Some internodes of the hollow stems contain refuse piles produced by the ants and consisting of amorphous dark brown material usually swarming with nematodes (Maschwitz et al. 2016), but no arthropod remains have been found in these piles (Heckroth et al. 2001; Houadria et al. 2018). Coccus is a species-rich genus of soft scales (about 90 species are currently recognised) and is also the type genus of the family Coccidae (Ben-Dov 1993; Williams &