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Corruption Perceptions Index 2019

Corruption Perceptions Index 2019

CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2019 International is a global movement with one vision: a world in which , business, civil and the daily lives of people are free of . With more than 100 chapters worldwide and an international secretariat in Berlin, we are leading the fight against corruption to turn this vision into reality.

#cpi2019 www.transparency.org/cpi

Every effort has been made to verify the accuracy of the information contained in this report. All information was believed to be correct as of January 2020. Nevertheless, Transparency International cannot accept responsibility for the consequences of its use for other purposes or in other contexts.

ISBN: 978-3-96076-134-1

2020 Transparency International. Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under CC BY-ND 4.0 DE. Quotation permitted. Please contact Transparency International – [email protected] – regarding derivatives requests. CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2019

2-3 14-15 22-23 Map and results Pacific Western Europe & Indonesia 4-5 Papua New Guinea summary Recommendations 16-17 Eastern Europe & 24-25 Trouble at the top 6-8 Global highlights TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE 26 Methodology 9-11 18-19 Political integrity Middle East & North 27-29 Transparency in Endnotes Political decision-making

12-13 20-21 Americas Sub-Saharan Africa TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL

180 COUNTRIES. 180 SCORES. HOW DOES YOUR COUNTRY MEASURE UP?

The perceived levels of corruption in 180 countries/territories around the world.

SCORE Highly Very Corrupt Clean

0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-100 No data

SCORE COUNTRY/TERRITORY RANK 69 23 56 Czech Republic 44 45 66 87 Denmark 1 69 United States of 23 56 44 45 66 America 87 1 56 44 44 70 68 25 86 3 55 Dominica 48 44 70 67 26 85 4 55 Saint Lucia 48 44 70 66 Seychelles 27 85 Sweden 4 54 Malta 50 44 Suriname 70 65 Taiwan 28 85 4 53 Grenada 51 43 74 64 Bahamas 29 84 7 53 51 43 Jamaica 74 62 Barbados 30 82 Netherlands 8 53 51 62 30 43 Tunisia 74 80 9 53 51 42 Armenia 77 62 30 80 Luxembourg 9 53 Saudi Arabia 51 42 77 62 30 78 11 52 Mauritius 56 42 Solomon Islands 77 61 Botswana 34 77 12 52 Namibia 56 41 Benin 80 60 35 77 Austria 12 Darussalam 52 56 41 80 77 Canada 12 60 35 50 Slovakia 59 41 Ghana 80 77 12 60 Lithuania 35 48 60 41 80 76 16 60 Slovenia 35 48 Greece 60 41 Morocco 80 75 Belgium 17 59 Korea, South 39 48 60 40 Burkina Faso 85 74 Estonia 18 59 Saint Vincent and 39 47 63 40 Guyana 85 74 Ireland 18 the Grenadines 46 Sao Tome and 64 40 Indonesia 85 Principe 73 20 58 Cabo Verde 41 40 85 46 Vanuatu 64 71 United Arab 21 58 41 40 Lesotho 85 45 66 Emirates 58 41 40 Trinidad and 85 71 21 56 Costa Rica 44 45 66 Tobago

2 CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2019

39 91 34 113 28 Dominican 137 24 158 39 91 34 Nepal 113 Republic 23 160 28 137 38 Ecuador 93 34 Philippines 113 22 161 28 137 38 Sri Lanka 93 34 Eswatini 113 20 162 28 Liberia 137 38 Timor-Leste 93 34 113 20 162 28 Mauritania 137 37 Colombia 96 33 119 20 Iraq 162 37 96 28 Papua New 137 19 Burundi 165 32 120 Guinea 37 Gambia 96 19 Congo 165 32 Niger 120 28 Paraguay 137 37 Tanzania 96 19 Turkmenistan 165 32 Pakistan 120 28 137 37 Vietnam 96 31 123 18 Democratic 168 28 Uganda 137 Republic of 36 Bosnia and 101 31 Gabon 123 the Congo Herzegovina 26 Angola 146 31 Malawi 123 18 Guinea Bissau 168 36 Kosovo 101 26 146 30 126 18 Haiti 168 36 101 26 Guatemala 146 30 126 18 168 36 101 26 Honduras 146 30 Kyrgyzstan 126 17 Korea, North 172 36 101 26 146 16 Afghanistan 173 35 106 30 126 26 146 16 173 35 106 29 Guinea 130 26 146 29 Laos 130 16 173 35 Brazil 106 25 153 29 130 16 173 35 Cote d'Ivoire 106 25 Central African 153 29 Mali 130 Republic 15 177 35 106 29 130 25 Comoros 153 13 178 35 North Macedonia 106 29 130 25 153 12 South Sudan 179 35 106 29 130 25 153 9 Somalia 180 34 El Salvador 113 24 Madagascar 158

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 reveals a staggering number of countries are showing little to no improvement in tackling corruption. Our analysis also suggests that reducing big in and promoting inclusive political decision-making are essential to curb corruption.

In the last year, anti-corruption From that occurs at the political integrity in many movements across the globe highest levels of government to countries. To have any chance of gained momentum as millions of petty that blocks access curbing corruption, people joined together to speak to basic public services like health must strengthen checks and out against corruption in their care and , citizens balances, limit the influence governments. are fed up with corrupt leaders of big money in politics and and institutions. This frustration ensure broad input in political from Latin America, fuels a growing lack of trust in decision-making. Public policies North Africa and Eastern Europe government and further erodes and resources should not be to the Middle East and Central public confidence in political determined by economic power Asia made headlines as citizens leaders, elected officials and or political influence, but by fair marched in Santiago, , . consultation and impartial budget Beirut, and a host of other allocation. to voice their frustrations in The current state of corruption the streets. speaks to a need for greater

100 THE CPI USES A 0 COUNTRIES SCALE FROM 0 180 SCORED TO 100

The CPI scores 180 countries and territories by 100 is very clean and 0 is highly corrupt their perceived levels of public sector corruption, according to experts and business people.

2/3 OF COUNTRIES SCORE BELOW THE AVERAGE SCORE IS

50/100 43/100 4 CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2019

Recommendations

To end corruption and restore trust in politics, it is imperative to prevent opportunities for and to foster the integrity of political systems. Transparency International recommends:

$

MANAGE CONFLICTS OF CONTROL POLITICAL STRENGTHEN ELECTORAL INTEREST FINANCING INTEGRITY

Governments should reduce In order to prevent excessive For democracy to be effective the risk of undue influence in money and influence in politics, against corruption, governments policy-making by tightening governments should improve must ensure that are controls over financial and and properly enforce campaign free and fair. Preventing and other interests of government finance . Political sanctioning vote-buying and officials. Governments should parties should also disclose their misinformation campaigns are also address “revolving doors”, sources of income, assets and essential to rebuilding trust in establish cooling-off periods loans, and governments should government and ensuring that for former officials and ensure empower oversight agencies citizens can use their vote to rules are properly enforced and with stronger mandates and punish corrupt politicians. sanctioned. appropriate resources.

REGULATE TACKLE PREFERENTIAL EMPOWER CITIZENS ACTIVITIES TREATMENT

Governments should promote Governments should create Governments should protect open and meaningful access to mechanisms to ensure that and political rights, decision-making and consult a service delivery and public including , wider range of groups, beyond resource allocation are not driven expression and association. well-resourced lobbyists and a by personal connections or are Governments should engage few private interests. Lobbying biased towards special interest and protect citizens, activities should be public and groups at the expense of the activists, and easily accessible. overall public good. journalists in monitoring and exposing corruption.

REINFORCE CHECKS AND BALANCES

Governments must promote the separation of powers, strengthen judicial independence and preserve checks and balances.

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GLOBAL HIGHLIGHTS This year’s Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) shows corruption is more pervasive in countries where big money can flow freely into electoral campaigns and where governments listen only to the voices of wealthy or well-connected individuals.

HIGHEST SCORING REGION LOWEST SCORING REGION WESTERN EUROPE & SUB-SAHARAN EUROPEAN UNION AFRICA

66/100 32/100

AVERAGE REGIONAL SCORE AVERAGE REGIONAL SCORE

SINCE 2018 SINCE 2018

6 CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2019

0 100

01 DENMARK 87/100

02 NEW ZEALAND 87/100

03 FINLAND 86/100

04 SINGAPORE 85/100

TOP COUNTRIES 05 SWEDEN 85/100

06 SWITZERLAND 85/100

176 VENEZUELA 16/100

177 YEMEN 15/100

178 SYRIA 13/100

179 SOUTH SUDAN 12/100

BOTTOM COUNTRIES 180 SOMALIA 9/100

0 100 GLOBAL AVERAGE

The index ranks 180 countries Similar to previous years, the The bottom countries are and territories by their perceived data shows that despite some Somalia, South Sudan and Syria levels of public sector corruption, progress, a majority of countries with scores of 9, 12 and 13, according to experts and are still failing to tackle public respectively. These countries business people. It uses a scale of sector corruption effectively. are closely followed by Yemen zero to 100, where zero is highly (15), Venezuela (16), Sudan corrupt and 100 is very clean. The top countries are New (16), Equatorial Guinea (16) and Zealand and Denmark, with Afghanistan (16). More than two-thirds of countries scores of 87 each, followed by score below 50 on this year’s CPI, Finland (86), Singapore (85), with an average score of just 43. Sweden (85) and Switzerland (85).

Governments must urgently address the corrupting role of big money in financing and the undue influence it exerts on our political systems.

Delia Ferreira Rubio Chair Transparency International

Photo: World Economic Forum / Benedikt von Loebell https://flic.kr/p/H4VYaw CC BY-NC-SA 2.0

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In the last eight years, only 22 Since 2012: countries significantly improved their CPI scores, including Greece, COUNTRIES IMPROVED* Guyana and Estonia. In the same Including: period, 21 countries significantly decreased their scores, including Greece (+12) Canada, Australia and Nicaragua. Guyana (+12) In the remaining 137 countries, Estonia (+10) the levels of corruption show little to no change. 22 COUNTRIES DECLINED* Including:

Canada (-7) Nicaragua (-7) 21 Australia (-8)

THE REMAINING COUNTRIES MADE * In these six examples, the country score LITTLE OR NO PROGRESS IN THE FIGHT changed significantly between 2012 and 2019. AGAINST CORRUPTION IN RECENT YEARS

RESULTS BY REGION

Average regional scores, with top and bottom performers in each region.

66 35 WESTERN EUROPE EASTERN EUROPE & EU & CENTRAL ASIA Average score Average score

Top: Denmark (87/100) Top: Georgia (56/100) Bottom: Bulgaria (43/100) Bottom: Turkmenistan (19/100) 43 39 AMERICAS Average score MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA Top: Canada (77/100) Average score Bottom: Venezuela (16/100) Top: (71/100) Bottom: Syria (13/100) 45 ASIA PACIFIC 32 Average score SUB-SAHARAN Top: New Zealand (87/100) AFRICA Bottom: Afghanistan (16/100) Average score

Top: Seychelles (66/100) Bottom: Somalia (9/100)

8 CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2019

POLITICAL INTEGRITY Keeping big money out of politics is essential to ensure political decision-making serves the and curb opportunities for corrupt deals.

This year, our research highlights Sixty per cent of countries that scores since 2012 do not engage the relationship between significantly improved their the most relevant political, social politics, money and corruption. CPI scores since 2012 also and business actors in political Unregulated flows of big money strengthened their enforcement decision-making. in politics also make public policy of campaign finance regulations. vulnerable to undue influence. Countries with lower CPI scores Countries with stronger In addition, when policy-makers also have a higher concentration enforcement of campaign finance listen only to wealthy or politically of political power among wealthy regulations have lower levels of connected individuals and citizens.1 Across the board, corruption, as measured by groups, they often do so at the there is a concerning popular the CPI. expense of the citizens perception that rich people buy they serve. elections, both among some of Countries where campaign the lowest-scoring countries on finance regulations are Countries with broader and more the CPI, as well as among certain comprehensive and open consultation processes higher-scoring countries, such as systematically enforced have an score an average of 61 on the CPI. the United States.2 average score of 70 on the CPI, By contrast, where there is little whereas countries where such to no consultation, the average regulations either don’t exist score is just 32. or are poorly enforced score an average of just 34 and 35 A vast majority of countries that respectively. significantly declined their CPI

To have any chance of ending corruption and improving peoples’ lives, we must tackle the relationship between politics and big money. All citizens must be represented in decision-making.

Patricia Moreira Managing Director Transparency International

Photo: Transparency International CC BY 4.0 DE

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TRANSPARENCY IN CAMPAIGN FINANCE

Greater transparency of campaign is associated with lower levels of corruption. Each dot represents a country’s CPI 2019 score and the circles represent the average CPI score as compared to the strength of enforcement.3

100

80

70

60 55 CPI 2019

40 34 35

20

0 NO DISCLOSURE EXIST DISCLOSURE DISCLOSURE COMPREHENSIVE REQUIREMENTS WITH REQUIREMENTS NOT REQUIREMENTS, UNCLEAR ENFORCEMENT COMPREHENSIVE, BUT ENFORCED ENFORCED

VARIETIES OF DEMOCRACY (V-DEM) 2019 “DISCLOSURE OF CAMPAIGN DONATIONS”

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA CÔTE D’IVOIRE

36 59 35

With a score of 36, Bosnia and With a score of 59, South Korea This year, Côte d’Ivoire scores Herzegovina significantly declined significantly improved by six 35 on the CPI, a significant by six points on the CPI since points on the CPI since 2016. increase of six points since 2012. 2012. The country also suffers While a large share of funding Campaign finance regulations are from weak enforcement of comes from private donations, partially enforced in the country. campaign finance regulations. campaign contributions are well Since 2010, there have been few During the 2018 elections, regulated and the rules enforced.5 complaints about irregularities in political parties and civil society Many elected officials and elections. International observers organisations raised concerns parliamentarians have lost their have deemed elections inclusive over irregularities, threats offices or seats due to violations and transparent, from the against voters, the misuse of of these regulations. candidate registration process to public resources and unequal vote counting.6 access to the media.4

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POLITICAL DECISION-MAKING

Broad consultation in political decision-making is associated with lower levels of corruption. Each dot represents a country’s CPI 2019 score and the circles represent the average CPI score as compared to the extent of consultation.7

100

80

60 61 CPI 2019 40 41 32

20

0 NO OR LITTLE CONSULTATION PLURAL POLITICAL CONSULTATION SOME OR MOST RELEVANT WITHIN RULING PARTY POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND BUSINESS ACTORS ARE CONSULTED

VARIETIES OF DEMOCRACY (V-DEM) 2019 “RANGE OF CONSULTATION”

NICARAGUA ECUADOR TURKEY

22 38 39

With a score of 22, Nicaragua Since 2016, Ecuador significantly This year, Turkey scores 39 on the significantly declined by seven improved six points to earn CPI, a significant decrease points on the CPI since 2012. a score of 38 on the CPI this of 10 points since 2012. There There is little to no consultation year. Over the past two years, is little space for consultative on political decisions with the government rolled back decision-making in the country. political, social and business some restrictions on civil The government recently groups in the country. Civil society. Despite these positive cracked down on NGOs, closing society and opposition parties developments, the government at least 1,500 foundations and are systematically excluded from retains excessive regulatory associations and seizing their the policy process, while groups power over NGOs and it remains assets, while continuing to harass, critical of the government operate to be seen how it responds to arrest and prosecute civil society in an increasingly restrictive recent protests in the country.9 leaders.10 environment.8

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AMERICAS With an average score of 43 for the fourth consecutive year, the Americas region fails to make significant progress in the fight against corruption. TOP SCORERS

CANADA 77/100 32 URUGUAY 71/100

COUNTRIES ASSESSED UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 69/100 BOTTOM SCORERS BOTTOM

NICARAGUA 22/100 /100 43 HAITI 18/100 AVERAGE REGIONAL VENEZUELA SCORE 16/100

While Canada is consistently a Latin America, points to a surge and other corruption issues in top performer, with a score of 77 in illegal political contributions or Mexico, a recent anti-corruption out of 100, the country dropped donations as part of one of the reform, along with a new, legally four points since last year and biggest corruption scandals autonomous attorney general’s seven points since 2012. At the in history.12 office are positive changes.14 bottom of the index, Venezuela In Nicaragua, social unrest and scores 16, which is also one of Odebrecht, the Brazilian violations are on the bottom five scores globally. construction giant at the heart the rise.15 Public services and of the case, was convicted for consultative decision-making are The region faces significant paying US$1 billion in bribes over sorely lacking in the country. challenges from political leaders the past 15 years, including to acting in their own self-interest at political leaders in Brazil, Peru With a score of 40, Guyana is the expense of the citizens they and Argentina during elections. a significant improver on the serve. Specifically, political party CPI since 2012.16 While there financing and electoral integrity With scores of 22 and 29 is still much work to do, the are big challenges. respectively, Nicaragua and government is demonstrating Mexico are significant decliners political will to hold former For example, the Lava Jato on the CPI since 2012. Although politicians accountable for the investigation,11 or “Operation Car the recent Global Corruption misuse of state resources. Wash”, which exposed corruption Barometer – Latin America and the spanning at least 10 countries in Caribbean13 highlights vote-buying

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COUNTRIES TO WATCH

United States (US) and the ever-increasing of scandals, resignations and influence of special interests allegations of unethical behaviour With a score of 69, the United in government,19 to the use of suggest that the “pay-to-play” States drops two points since last anonymous shell by culture has only become more year to earn its lowest score on criminals, corrupt individuals entrenched.21 In December 2019, the CPI in eight years. This comes and even terrorists, to hide illicit the US House of Representatives at a time when Americans’ trust in activities.20 formally impeached President government is at an historic low Trump for of power and of 17 per cent,17 according to the While President Trump obstruction of Congress.22 Pew Research Center. campaigned on a promise of “draining the swamp” and making The US faces a wide range of government work for more challenges, from threats to its than just Washington insiders system of checks and balances,18 and political elites, a series

A complaint sparked the process, providing a powerful reminder of the need to protect, and expand, the legal and everyday environment for whistleblowers and to avoid the and that often ensues if their identities are revealed.23

Photo: Michael Fleshman https://flic.kr/p/eJrGgh CC BY-NC 2.0

Brazil an anti-corruption agenda, Brazil laundering system25 and an illegal experienced a series of setbacks inquiry that secretly targeted Corruption remains one of the to its legal and institutional anti- enforcement agents.26 biggest impediments to economic corruption frameworks.24 The and social development in Brazil. country also faced difficulties in Ongoing challenges include With a score of 35, Brazil remains advancing wide-ranging reforms growing political interference stagnated, with its lowest CPI to its . with anti-corruption institutions score since 2012. by President Bolsonaro, and Setbacks included a Supreme congressional approval of After the 2018 national elections, Court injunction that virtually legislation that threatens which were strongly influenced by paralysed Brazil’s anti-money the independence of law enforcement agents and the of political parties.

Progress in Brazil’s anti-corruption agenda is at risk and mounting impunity threatens to weaken democracy and destabilise the country.

Photo: Mario Roberto Duran Ortiz/Wikimedia Commons

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ASIA PACIFIC A regional average of 45, after many consecutive years of an average score of 44, illustrates general stagnation across the Asia Pacific. TOP SCORERS

NEW ZEALAND 87/100 31 SINGAPORE 85/100 COUNTRIES ASSESSED AUSTRALIA 77/100 BOTTOM SCORERS BOTTOM

CAMBODIA 20/100 /100 45 17/100

AVERAGE REGIONAL AFGHANISTAN SCORE 16/100

Despite the presence of high see economic openness as a way and undue influence in decision- performers like New Zealand forward, however, governments making and lobbying by powerful (87), Singapore (85), Australia across the region, from China to corporate interest groups, result (77), Hong Kong (76) and Japan Cambodia to Vietnam, continue in stagnation or decline in control (73), the region hasn’t witnessed to restrict participation in public of corruption. substantial progress in anti- affairs, silence dissenting voices corruption efforts or results. In and keep decision-making out addition, low performers like of public scrutiny.27 Afghanistan (16), North Korea (17) and Cambodia (20) continue to Given these issues, it comes as highlight serious challenges no surprise that vibrant economic in the region. powers like China (41), Indonesia (40), Vietnam (37), the Philippines While often seen as an engine (34) and others continue to of the global economy, in struggle to tackle corruption. terms of political integrity and , the region performs Even in , such as only marginally better than the Australia28 and India29, unfair global average. Many countries and opaque political financing

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COUNTRIES TO WATCH

Indonesia commission, the KPK, is the government’s aspirations currently being thwarted by the and President Widodo’s own With a score of 40, Indonesia government.30 agenda, which prioritises foreign improves by two points on investment and a booming the CPI. A promising emerging The Komisi Pemberantasan economy.31 With corruption economy is coupled with Korupsi (KPK), is seen as issues in the limelight, Indonesia repression of civil society and a symbol of progress and risks scaring off investors and weak oversight institutions. The modernisation, but is undergoing slowing economic progress. independence and effectiveness a loss of autonomy and power. of Indonesia’s anti-corruption Paradoxically, this contradicts

The re- of President Joko Widodo was a setback to political integrity that surprised many, undercutting the impressive democratic and anti-corruption resurgence the country experienced in the last few years.32

Photo: Adek Berry/AFP

Papua New Guinea corruption, the government previous commitments, as well instituted structural changes as its 20-year anti-corruption With a score of 28, Papua New and introduced new legislation strategy established in 2012, Guinea remains stagnant on to establish an Independent and work to investigate and the CPI. However, despite low Commission against Corruption punish bribery, fraud, conflicts performance on the CPI for (ICAC). Together, these small of interest, and other years, recent anti-corruption improvements give citizens a corrupt acts. developments are encouraging. reason for optimism.

Following the removal of former Under the current leadership Prime Minister O’Neill, currently of Prime Minister Marape, the being investigated for alleged government should uphold its

More progress is needed to make real change in Papua New Guinea and civil society organisations must remain vigilant in holding the government accountable.

Photo: David Gray/Reuters

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EASTERN EUROPE & CENTRAL ASIA Eastern Europe and Central Asia is the second-lowest performing region on the CPI, with an average score of 35. TOP SCORERS

GEORGIA 56/100 19 BELARUS 45/100

COUNTRIES ASSESSED MONTENEGRO 45/100 BOTTOM SCORERS BOTTOM

TAJIKISTAN 25/100 /100 35 UZBEKISTAN 25/100 AVERAGE REGIONAL TURKMENISTAN SCORE 19/100

Across the region, countries Despite aspirations to join the failure to preserve checks experience limited separation of European Union, the scores in and balances. powers, abuse of state resources six Western Balkan countries and for electoral purposes, opaque Turkey have not improved. While Uzbekistan has loosened political party financing and some media restrictions, conflicts of interest.33 34 Turkey (39) declined significantly it still remains one of the by 10 points since 2012, while most authoritarian regimes Only three countries score above Bosnia and Herzegovina (36) worldwide.35 the global average: Georgia (56), declined by six points in the same Belarus (45) and Montenegro (45). period. A lack of political will and and the At the bottom of the region are a decline in implementation of concentration of power in private Turkmenistan (19), Uzbekistan and regulations are real hands remain a major stumbling (25) and Tajikistan (25). challenges. block in the region. Corruption can only be addressed effectively Strong political influence over Since 2012, Belarus (45), if political leaders prioritise public oversight institutions, insufficient Kyrgyzstan (30) and Uzbekistan interests and set an example for judicial independence and limited (25) have significantly improved transparency. press freedoms serve to create on the CPI. However, these three an over-concentration of power in post-Soviet states continue to many countries across the region. experience state capture and a

16 CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2019

COUNTRIES TO WATCH

Armenia Despite these improvements, enforcement and the conflicts of interests and non- are critical first steps in ensuring With a score of 42, Armenia transparent and unaccountable appropriate checks and balances improves by seven points since public operations remain and improving anti-corruption last year. Following the impediments to ending efforts.38 in 2018 and the formation of corruption in the country.37 a new parliament, the country has demonstrated promising While improving political integrity developments in advancing anti- will take time and resources, corruption policy reforms.36 increasing in law

In Armenia, political will and implementation of anti-corruption policies are important, while fundamental and urgent change of political culture and governance is crucial.

Photo: Amnat Phuthamrong/shutterstock.com

Kosovo the Self-Determination However, it remains to be (Vetevendosje) party, which seen if a new government will With a score of 36, Kosovo, recently won a majority of live up to a higher standard of is experiencing a shift in parliamentary seats, has a chance political integrity. It can do so by parliamentary power that could to demonstrate its commitment abandoning the usual practice offer an opportunity for change. to combating corruption.40 of political appointments in After years of criticising the state-owned enterprises and government and international During the election campaign, by establishing a strong legal community in Kosovo for their the party was one of a few obligation for financial disclosure failure to address corruption,39 that responded to requests by political parties. to disclose campaign costs.

In Kosovo, the new parliament has an opportunity to reverse the shortcomings of the previous administration and prioritise anti-corruption efforts.

Photo: Albinfo/Wikimedia Commons

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MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA With the same average score of 39 as last year, there is little progress in improving control of corruption in the Middle East and North Africa region. TOP SCORERS

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 71/100 18 QATAR 62/100 COUNTRIES ASSESSED BOTTOM SCORERS BOTTOM

LIBYA 18/100 /100 39 YEMEN 15/100 AVERAGE REGIONAL SYRIA SCORE 13/100

With a score of 71, the United Barometer — Middle East and with the potential to act as a Arab Emirates is the best regional North Africa, nearly one in two check on the executive branch performer, followed by Qatar people in Lebanon is offered are rare or non-existent.42 (62). At the bottom of the region, bribes in exchange for their votes, Syria scores 13, followed by while more than one in four To improve citizens’ trust in Yemen with a score of 15. Both receives threats if they don’t vote government, countries must build countries are significant decliners a certain way.41 transparent and accountable on the CPI, with Yemen dropping institutions and prosecute eight points since 2012 and Syria In a region where fair and wrongdoing. They should also dropping 13 points during the democratic elections are hold free and fair elections and same period. the exception, state capture allow for citizen engagement and is commonplace. Powerful participation in decision-making. The region faces significant individuals routinely divert public corruption challenges that funds to their own pockets at highlight a lack of political the expense of ordinary citizens. integrity. According to our Separation of powers is another recent report, Global Corruption challenge: independent

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COUNTRIES TO WATCH

Tunisia For anti-corruption laws to slow.44 An independent judiciary be effective, decrees and is another major challenge. While With a score of 43, Tunisia implementing orders from the the recent establishment of a remains at a standstill on the executive branch are needed. judiciary council is encouraging, CPI despite advances in anti- In addition, financial and human the council is not yet fully corruption legislation over the resources are vital to strengthen operational and still lacks total past five years. Recent laws the country’s anti-corruption independence from the to protect whistleblowers and commission and increase its legislative branch.45 improve access to information, independence. combined with stronger social accountability and space for civil To date, few political leaders have society, are important steps, but been prosecuted for corruption,43 they are not enough. and recovery of stolen assets is

In Tunisia, the lack of enforcement of laws and regulations is a major challenge. Without proper implementation mechanisms and administrative decrees, laws will remain ineffective.

Photo: ColorMaker/Shutterstock.com

Saudi Arabia In 2017, the Saudi Crown Prince This year, Saudi Arabia takes on Mohammad Bin Salman carried the presidency of the G20. As it With a score of 53, Saudi Arabia out an ”anti-corruption” purge as assumes this leadership role, the improved by four points since part of his reform of the country. country must end its crackdown last year. However, its score does Despite government claims of on civil liberties and strengthen not reflect the myriad problems recovering approximately US$106 further checks on the executive in the country, including a dismal billion of stolen assets,46 there branch to foster transparency human rights record and severe was no due process, transparent and accountability. restrictions on journalists, political investigation or fair and free trial activists and other citizens. for suspects.47

The social and economic reforms that helped improve Saudi Arabia’s business environment and attract foreign investment came with a heavy human rights price tag.

Photo: Faisal Nasser/Reuters

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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA As the lowest-scoring region on the CPI, with an average of 32, Sub-Saharan Africa’s performance paints a bleak picture of inaction against corruption. TOP SCORERS

SEYCHELLES 66/100 49 BOTSWANA 61/100

COUNTRIES ASSESSED CABO VERDE 58/100 BOTTOM SCORERS BOTTOM

SUDAN 16/100 /100 32 SOUTH SUDAN 12/100 AVERAGE REGIONAL SOMALIA SCORE 9/100

With a score of 66, the Seychelles Since 2012, several countries, began legal action against earns the highest mark in the including Congo (19), Liberia (28), more than half of the country’s region, followed by Botswana Madagascar (24) and Malawi (31) parliamentarians, who stand (61), Cabo Verde (58), Rwanda (53) have significantly declined on the accused of taking bribes.51 and Mauritius (52). At the bottom CPI. Congo has been the subject of the index are Somalia (9), of repeated reports of money Money is used to win elections, South Sudan (12), Sudan (16) and laundering and consolidate power and further Equatorial Guinea (16). of public funds by the country’s personal interests. Although political elite48 with no action the Convention Significant improvers since 2012, taken by national authorities.49 on Preventing and Combatting Cote d’Ivoire (35) and Senegal Corruption has provisions (45) still have much work to do. In Madagascar, despite a 2018 to prevent corruption and The political will demonstrated constitutional court ruling against encourage transparency by the leaders of both countries, electoral amendments favouring in campaign financing, which saw a number of key legal, the incumbent president and implementation is weak. policy and institutional reforms cited as unconstitutional, implemented in their early days judicial independence remains in office, has been on a backslide a concern.50 More recently, the since 2016. national anti-corruption agency

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COUNTRIES TO WATCH

Angola also known as “Africa’s richest recovered US$5 billion in stolen woman”, was fired from her job assets, more needs to be done to Following four decades of as head of the state oil and gas strengthen integrity and promote authoritarian rule, Angola (26) firm, Sonangol, months after transparency in for jumped seven points in this President Lourenço’s election. In oil revenue.53 year’s CPI, making it a significant December 2019, as investigations improver. However, given its into corruption allegations overall low score, the country is progressed, an Angolan court still well below the global average ordered a freeze of Dos of 43. Santos’s assets.52

Isabel Dos Santos, the former Although the president’s daughter, who is country has

Following a change of regime in 2017, the Angolan government introduced a set of governance reforms to crack down on corruption.

Photo: Stephen Eisenhammer/Reuters

Ghana and the of investigative the Office of Special Prosecutor journalist Ahmed Hussein-Suale was established, which has Known as a beacon of democracy in early 201955 cast serious the power to investigate and in West Africa, Ghana dropped doubts on the country’s anti- prosecute cases of corruption. In seven points on the CPI since corruption efforts. 2019, a right to information bill 2014, moving from 48 in 2014 to was also passed. These efforts, 41 in 2019. Revelations of bribery Despite these developments, combined with the enhanced in Ghana’s high court in 201554 there is hope for change. In 2017, performance of the Auditor General’s office, offer hope for improvement.

Given recent scandals, corruption is expected to feature prominently in electoral debates during the upcoming elections in 2020.

Photo: demerzel21/iStockphoto.com

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WESTERN EUROPE & EUROPEAN UNION Fourteen of the top 20 countries in this year’s CPI are from Western Europe and the European Union (EU), including nine countries from the EU alone. TOP SCORERS

DENMARK 87/100 31 FINLAND 86/100

COUNTRIES ASSESSED SWEDEN 85/100 BOTTOM SCORERS BOTTOM

HUNGARY 44/100 /100 66 ROMANIA 44/100 AVERAGE REGIONAL BULGARIA SCORE 43/100

Despite being the best concrete improvements, including prime minister and his efforts performing region, with an legislative progress in Italy with to obtain public money through average score of 66 out of 100, the passage of anti-corruption EU subsidies for his Western Europe and the EU are laws56 and the creation of an highlight a startling lack of not immune to corruption. anti-corruption agency57 in both political integrity.59 The scandals countries. also point to an insufficient With 87 points, Denmark is the level of transparency in political highest-scoring country in the Most post-communist EU campaign financing. region, followed by Finland (86), member states are struggling to Sweden (85) and Switzerland (85). address corruption effectively. Issues of , At the bottom of the region are Several countries, including abuse of state resources for Bulgaria (43), Romania (44) and Hungary, Poland and Romania, electoral purposes, insufficient Hungary (44). have taken steps to undermine disclosure of political party and judicial independence, which campaign financing, and a lack With a score of 53, Italy increased weakens their ability to prosecute of are by 11 points since 2012 while cases of high-level corruption.58 prevalent and should take priority Greece (48) increased by 12 both for national governments points during the same period. In the Czech Republic (56), and the EU. Both countries experienced recent scandals involving the

22 CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2019

COUNTRIES TO WATCH

Malta the assassination of journalist dragged its feet in the judicial , who procedures. Several scandals With a score of 54, Malta was killed while reporting on involving the , is a significant decliner on corruption, the country is still the collapse of a Maltese the CPI, dropping six points mired in corruption. and the “golden visa” scheme since 2015. Given the “pair of that sells Maltese citizenship to political machines [that] have Despite calls from Maltese wealthy overseas investors may [for decades] operated with citizens, Caruana Galizia’s family also contribute to Malta’s decline impunity on the island”60 it’s no and the international community on the CPI. wonder that two years after to solve the case, the government

In Malta, corruption is undermining the . A significant lack of political integrity contributes to politicians and others hiding illicit wealth behind secret companies.

Photo: Darrin Zammit Lupi/Reuters

Estonia petty corruption and make laundering scandals involving the political party financing open Estonian branch of For the past decade, Estonia and transparent. There is a need, demonstrate a greater need for (74) has seen a stable rise on however, to legally define and integrity and accountability in the the CPI. A significant improver, regulate lobbying to prevent and banking and business sectors.61 the country increased its detect undue influence on The scandal also highlights a score by 10 points since 2012. policy-making. need for better and stronger A comprehensive legislative EU-wide anti- framework, independent Although private sector supervision.62 institutions and effective online corruption is not captured tools make it possible to reduce on the CPI, recent money

The public institutions of Estonia are largely characterised by high levels of integrity and transparency.

Photo: Kollawat Somsri/shutterstock.com

23 TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL

TROUBLE AT THE TOP Top scoring countries on the CPI like Denmark, Switzerland and Iceland are not immune to corruption. While the CPI shows these public sectors to be among the cleanest in the world, corruption still exists, particularly in cases of money laundering and other private sector corruption.

The Nordic economies stand Despite some high-profile fines The CPI highlights where out as leaders on the CPI, with and prosecutions, our research stronger anti-corruption efforts Denmark (87), Finland (86), shows that enforcement of are needed across the globe. It Sweden (85), Norway (84) and foreign bribery laws among OECD emphasises where businesses Iceland (78) taking five of the countries is shockingly low.63 should show the greatest top 11 places. The outsized roles that some responsibility to promote companies play in their national integrity and accountability, However, integrity at home economies gives them political and where governments must does not always translate into support that too often triumphs eliminate undue influence from integrity abroad, and multiple over real accountability. Some private interests that can have a scandals in 2019 demonstrated and businesses aren’t just devastating impact on sustainable that transnational corruption is too big to fail – they’re also too development. often facilitated, enabled and powerful to pay. Anti-money perpetuated by seemingly clean laundering supervision and . sanctions for breaches are often disjointed and ineffective.

THE FISHROT FILES ICELAND 78/100 In November, the Fishrot Files NORWAY 84/100 investigation revealed that Samherji, one of Iceland’s largest fishing conglomerates, allegedly bribed government officials in CYPRUS Namibia (52) and Angola (26) for 58/100 rights to massive fishing quotas. The company established shell companies in tax havens such as the UAE (71), Mauritius (52), UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Cyprus (58) and the Marshall 71/100 Islands, some of which were allegedly used to launder the ANGOLA proceeds of corrupt deals. Many 26/100 of the funds seem to have been transferred through a Norwegian state-owned bank, DNB.64

NAMIBIA MAURITIUS bribery 52/100 52/100 illicit finances

24 CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2019

TELECOM BRIBERY

SWEDEN CHINA Last year, Swedish telecoms giant, 85/100 41/100 Ericsson, agreed to pay over US$1 billion to settle a foreign bribery case over its 16-year cash-for- VIETNAM campaign in China 37/100 (41), Djibouti (30), Kuwait (40), Indonesia (40) and Vietnam (37). This is the second largest fine KUWAIT 65 paid to US authorities. 40/100

DJIBOUTI INDONESIA 30/100 40/100 bribery

THE SNC-LAVALIN AFFAIR

In Canada (77), which drops four points since last year, a former executive of construction CANADA company SNC-Lavalin was 77/100 convicted in December over bribes the company paid in Libya (18).

LIBYA 18/100

bribery

DANSKE BANK SCANDAL

DENMARK Following the money laundering 87/100 scandal at Danske Bank, the largest bank in Denmark (87), major banks like in Sweden (85) and GERMANY in Germany (80), were reportedly 80/100 investigated in 2019 for their role in handling suspicious payments from high-risk non-resident clients, mostly from Russia (28), through Estonia (74). SWEDEN ESTONIA RUSSIA illicit finances 85/100 74/100 28/100

25 TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL

METHODOLOGY

The Corruption Perceptions Index + Considers only the 3. Calculate the average. For a (CPI) aggregates data from a assessments of country country or territory to be included number of different sources that experts or businesspeople in the CPI, a minimum of three provide perceptions by business- sources must assess that country. people and country experts of the + Is regularly updated A country’s CPI score is then level of corruption in the public calculated as the average of all sector. The following steps are The CPI 2019 is calculated using standardised scores available for taken to calculate the CPI: 13 different data sources from 12 that country. Scores are rounded different institutions that capture to whole numbers. 1. Select data sources. Each perceptions of corruption within data source used to construct the past two years. 4. Report the measure of the CPI must fulfil the following uncertainty. The CPI score is criteria to qualify as a valid 2. Standardise data sources accompanied by a standard error source: to a scale of 0-100. This and confidence interval. This standardisation is done by captures the variation across + Quantifies risks or subtracting the mean of each the data sources available for a perceptions of corruption in source in the baseline year from country or territory. the public sector each country score, then dividing by the standard deviation of that + Is based on a reliable and source in the baseline year. This valid methodology subtraction and division using the baseline year parameters + Comes from a reputable ensures that the CPI scores are organisation comparable year on year since 2012. After this procedure, + Allows for sufficient variation the standardised scores are of scores to distinguish transformed to the CPI scale by between countries multiplying with the value of the CPI standard deviation in 2012 + Ranks a substantial number (20) and adding the mean of CPI of countries in 2012 (45), so that the data set fits the CPI’s 0-100 scale.

26 CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2019

ENDNOTES

1 Based on the variable Power dataset, which rates the range of America and the Caribbean, September Distributed by social group consultation when policy changes 2019, https://www.transparency. (v2pepwrsoc) in Varieties of Democracy, are being considered. The answers org/gcb10/latin-america-and-the- https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/data- to the question range from 0 for no caribbean version-9/ consultation to 5 for comprehensive 14 Cámara De Diputados Del H. consultation exercises involving 2 Electoral Integrity Project, Congreso De La Unión, Ley Orgánica all parts of the political spectrum Perceptions of US Electoral De La Fiscalía General De La República, and other relevant actors (business Integrity, May 2019, https://www. December 2018, http://www. and civil society). For visualization electoralintegrityproject.com/data diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/ purposes the categories were merged LOFGR_201218.pdf 3 The data is taken from the into three categories only, one for variable “v2eldonate” in the VDEM consultation with groups close to the 15 Milken Institute Review, dataset, which rates the disclosure government, one with political groups Authoritarian Populism Loses Its Glow of campaign donations in national not in the government and a last in Nicaragua, July 2018, https:// election campaigns. The answers to category containing a broader range www.milkenreview.org/articles/ the question range from a scale of of actors. authoritarian-populism-loses-its-glow- 0 for no disclosure requirements to in-nicaragua 8 Freedom House, Freedom in the 4 for comprehensive requirements World 2019: Nicaragua, February 2019, 16 Thomas, Troy, Optimism that are consistently observed and https://freedomhouse.org/report/ about fighting corruption in Guyana, enforced. For data visualization freedom-world/2019/nicaragua September 2019, https://voices. purposes, categories 0 and 1 were transparency.org/optimism-about- merged. 9 Freedom House, Freedom in the fighting-corruption-in-guyana- World 2019: Ecuador, February 2019, 4 OSCE, Bosnia and Herzegovina f5307f402344 https://freedomhouse.org/report/ General Elections: ODIHR Election freedom-world/2019/ecuador 17 Pew Research Center. Public Observation Mission Final Report, 2019, Trust in Government: 1958-2019, April https://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/ 10 Freedom House, Freedom in the 2019, https://www.people-press. bih/389537 World 2019: Turkey, February 2019, org/2019/04/11/public-trust-in- https://freedomhouse.org/report/ 5 Kalinowski, T., Rhyu, S.Y. and government-1958-2019/ freedom-world/2019/turkey Croissant, A, South Korea Report: 18 . Clash Sustainable Governance Indicators 11 Transparency International, Between Trump and House Democrats 2019. Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2019, 25 corruption scandals that shook Poses Threat to Constitutional Order, https://www.sgi-network.org/2019/ the world, July 2019, https://www. May 2019, https://www.nytimes. South_Korea transparency.org/news/feature/25_ com/2019/05/07/us/politics/trump- corruption_scandals 6 Bertelsmann Stiftung, BTI 2018 democrats.html Country Report — Côte d’Ivoire. 12 Deutsche Welle, Odebrecht bribed 19 Open Secrets, Lobbying spending Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2018, https:// across Latin America, December reaches $3.4 billion in 2018, highest in www.bti-project.org/fileadmin/files/ 2016, https://www.dw.com/en/ 8 years, January 2019, https://www. BTI/Downloads/Reports/2018/pdf/ odebrecht-bribed-across-latin- opensecrets.org/news/2019/01/ BTI_2018_Cote_d_Ivoire.pdf america/a-36887600 lobbying-spending-reaches-3-4-billion- 7 The data is taken from the 13 Transparency International, in-18/ variable “v2dlconslt” in the VDEM Global Corruption Barometer – Latin

27 TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL

20 Fact Coalition, Incorporation 2018, https://theconversation. 37 OECD, Anti-corruption reforms Transparency, https://thefactcoalition. com/australias-political-lobbying- in Armenia: 4th round of monitoring org/issues/incorporation- regime-is-broken-and-needs-urgent- of the Istanbul Anti-Corruption Action transparency reform-123003 Plan, July 2018, https://www.oecd.org/ corruption/acn/OECD-ACN-Armenia- 21 Bloomberg, Trump Team’s 29 Quartz, Here’s why India’s electoral 4th-Round-Monitoring-Report-July- Conflicts and Scandals: An Interactive bonds make political funding even more 2018-ENG.pdf Guide, March 2019, https://www. opaque, April 2019, https://qz.com/ bloomberg.com/graphics/trump- india/1593577/modis-electoral-bonds- 38 Transparency International administration-conflicts/ make-2019-indian-election-funding- Armenia, Statement on International opaque/ Anti-corruption Day, December 2019, 22 The New York Times. Trump https://transparency.am/en/news/ ‘Ignored and Injured’ the National 30 Asia Times, End of an anti- view/2943 Interest, Democrats Charge in corruption era in Indonesia, January Impeachment Articles, December 2020, https://www.asiatimes. 39 , Kosovo ‘enslaved 2019, https://www.nytimes. com/2020/01/article/end-of-an-anti- from within’ by corruption, says com/2019/12/10/us/politics/trump- corruption-era-in-indonesia/ incoming PM, December 2019, https:// impeachment-articles.html www.ft.com/content/ddc2f794-060e- 31 Center for Strategic and 11ea-a984-fbbacad9e7dd 23 Politico. GOP Rep. Louie Gohmert International Studies, Jokowi 2.0: publicly identifies person purported Policy, Politics, and Prospects for 40 Al Jazeera, ‘New chapter’: to be whistleblower, December Reform, October 2019, https://www. What a left-wing victory means for 2019, https://www.politico.com/ csis.org/analysis/jokowi-20-policy- Kosovo, October 2019, https://www. news/2019/12/11/gohmert- politics-and-prospects-reform aljazeera.com/indepth/features/ whistleblower-impeachment-083234 chapter-left-wing-victory-means- 32 The Jakarta Post, Indonesia kosovo-191007084722337.html 24 France, Guilherme, Brazil: has reasons for optimism despite setbacks in the legal and institutional democratic setbacks, December 41 Transparency International, anti-corruption frameworks. 2019, https://www.thejakartapost. Global Corruption Barometer – Middle Transparency International, com/news/2019/12/10/indonesia- East and North Africa 2019, December November 2019, https://www. has-reasons-for-optimism-despite- 2019, https://www.transparency.org/ transparency.org/whatwedo/ democratic-setbacks.html gcb10/middle-east-and-north-africa publication/brazil_setbacks_in_ 33 Brookings Institution, The 42 International Institute for the_legal_and_institutional_anti_ Anatomy Of Illiberal States: Assessing Democracy and Electoral Assistance, corruption_frameworks And Responding To Democratic Decline The Global State of Democracy 2019, 25 Martini, Maíra, Brazil’s Supreme In Turkey And , February November 2019, https://www.idea.int/ Court halts anti-money laundering 2019, https://www.brookings.edu/ publications/catalogue/global-state- investigations, July 2019, https:// wp-content/uploads/2019/02/illiberal- of-democracy-2019 voices.transparency.org/the-role-of- states-web.pdf 43 Independent Arabia, We are financial-intelligence-units-and-the- 34 International Institute for headed towards a “ state”, May fight-against-corruption-in-brazil- Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2019, http://bit.ly/2sssRW8 e745f1c8e749 The Global State of Democracy 2019, 44 Mosaique FM, Rahmani: These 26 Folha de Sao Paulo, Dodge November 2019, https://www.idea.int/ are the reasons for the slow pace of the compara STF a ‘tribunal de exceção’ e publications/catalogue/global-state- recovery of looted funds, June 2019, vê inquérito das como ilegal, of-democracy-2019 http://bit.ly/2FL8aaQ August 2019, https://www1.folha. 35 Freedom House, Freedom in uol.com.br/poder/2019/08/dodge- 45 Al-Quds-Al-Arabi, Was the the World 2019: Uzbekistan, February compara-stf-a-tribunal-de-excecao- independence of the judicial council 2019, https://freedomhouse. e-ve-inquerito-das-fake-news-como- achieved after the revolution?, org/report/freedom-world/2019/ ilegal.shtml September 2019, http://bit.ly/30lsidi uzbekistan 27 Freedom House, Regions: Asia- 46 , Saudi Arabia 36 OCCRP, Armenia Continues Pacific, 2019, https://freedomhouse. claims anti-corruption purge recouped Systemic Anti-Corruption Campaign, org/regions/asia-pacific $100bn, January 2018, https://www. July 2018, https://www.occrp.org/ theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/30/ 28 The Conversation, Australia’s en/27-ccwatch/cc-watch-briefs/8395- anti-corruption-purge-nets-more- political lobbying regime is broken armenia-continues-systemic-anti- than-100bn-saudi-arabia-claims and needs urgent reform, September corruption-campaign

28 CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2019

47 , Saudi December 2018, https://www.reuters. https://www.transparency.org/ Arabia: Clarify Status of ‘Corruption’ com/article/us-italy-corruption-law/ whatwedo/publication/exporting_ Detainees, February 2019, https:// italy-parliament-approves-corruption- corruption_2018 www.hrw.org/news/2019/02/18/ crackdown-in-win-for-5-star- 64 Stundin, An Icelandic fishing saudi-arabia-clarify-status-corruption- idUSKBN1OH25B company bribed officials in Namibia detainees 57 OCCRP, Greece: New Government and used Norway’s largest bank to 48 Quartz, Congo Brazzaville’s ‘first Forms Anti- Body, August 2018, transfer 70 million dollars to a tax son’ laundered $50 million through six https://www.occrp.org/en/27-ccwatch/ haven, November 2019, https:// European countries – report, August cc-watch-briefs/10588-greece-new- stundin.is/grein/9920/?sfns=mo 2019, https://qz.com/africa/1682083/ government-forms-anti-graft-body 65 BBC News, Sweden’s Ericsson to congo-brazzaville-president-son- 58 Reuters, EU targets Poland, pay over $1bn to settle US corruption accused-of-laundering-50m/ Romania with defense of judicial probe, December 2019, https:// 49 Freedom House, Freedom in independence, April 2019, https:// www.bbc.com/news/world-us- the World 2019: Republic of Congo, www.reuters.com/article/us-eu- canada-50695438 February 2019, https://freedomhouse. poland-judiciary/eu-targets-poland- org/report/freedom-world/2019/ romania-with-defense-of-judicial- congo-republic-brazzaville independence-idUSKCN1RF14V

50 Freedom House, Freedom in the 59 Transparency International, World 2019: Madagascar, February confirms Czech 2019, https://freedomhouse. Prime Minister Andrej Babiš has conflict org/report/freedom-world/2019/ of interest, June 2019, https://www. madagascar transparency.org/news/pressrelease/ european_commission_confirms_ 51 OCCRP, Over Half of Madagascar’s czech_prime_minister_andrej_babish_ MPs Accused of Corruption, May 2019, has_conflic https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/9765- over-half-of-madagascar-s-mp-s- 60 The Guardian, Malta’s corruption accused-of-corruption is not just in the heart of government, it’s the entire body, December 2019, 52 Reuters, Angola hits ‘Princess’ dos https://www.theguardian.com/ Santos with asset freeze, December commentisfree/2019/dec/03/malta- 2019, https://www.reuters.com/ corruption-daphne-caruana-galizia- article/us-angola-corruption/angola- murder hits-princess-dos-santos-with-asset- freeze-idUSKBN1YZ0IB 61 Martini, Maíra, Why Danske Bank Estonia appears in so many money- 53 Al Jazeera, Angola recovers more laundering scandals, August 2018, than $5bn in stolen assets, December https://voices.transparency.org/ 2019, https://www.aljazeera.com/ why-danske-bank-estonia-appears-in- news/2019/12/angola-recovers-5bn- so-many-money-laundering-scandals- stolen-assets-191217172830128.html 424047fe987c 54 Reuters, Ghana suspends 62 Brillaud, Laure and Martini, seven high court judges over Maíra, The case for an EU anti-money corruption accusations, October laundering agency is clear: will the EU 2015, https://www.reuters.com/ take action?, December 2019, https:// article/us-ghana-judiciary/ghana- voices.transparency.org/the-case-for- suspends-seven-high-court-judges- an-eu-anti-money-laundering-agency- over-corruption-accusations- is-clear-will-the-eu-take-action- idUSKCN0S002U20151006 a12133d59896 55 BBC News, Murder in Accra: The 63 Dell, Gillian and McDevitt, life and of Ahmed Hussein-Suale, Andrew, Exporting Corruption - January 2019, https://www.bbc.com/ Progress Report 2018: Assessing news/world-africa-47002878 enforcement of the OECD anti- 56 Reuters, Italy parliament approves bribery convention. Transparency corruption crackdown in win for 5-Star, International, September 2018,

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