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The Biogeography and Geomorphology of the Niobrara River Valley Near Valentine, Nebraska

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The Biogeography and Geomorphology of the Niobrara River Valley Near Valentine, Nebraska University of Nebraska at Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Student Work 5-1-1978 The biogeography and geomorphology of the Niobrara River Valley near Valentine, Nebraska. Paul J. Hearty Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork Recommended Citation Hearty, Paul J., "The biogeography and geomorphology of the Niobrara River Valley near Valentine, Nebraska." (1978). Student Work. 3350. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork/3350 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Work by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE BIOGEOGRAPHY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE NIOBRARA RIVER VALLEY NEAR VALENTINE, NEBRASKA A thesis Presented to the Department of Geography-Geology and the Faculty of the Graduate College University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science University of Nebraska at Omaha by Paul J. Hearty UMI Number: EP74952 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI EP74952 Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 - 1346 Accepted for the faculty of the Graduate College of the University of Nebraska at Omaha, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. GRADUATE COMMITTEE Name Department 4 & C j h U 4 A i_______________ - 6te/ bo-i 3/ /9 7 / r1 B = y ^ \ o j ~ , S k s m J A / r T Chairman TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction ....................... 1 A. Study Area .................. 2 B. Geology ' . 5 1. Stratigraphy . .......... 7 2. Tectonics .................. 11 3. Cenozoic History ........ ... 14 IT. Geomorphology .............. 20 A. Geomorphological Regions . .......................... 20 B. Mass Wasting - 35 1. Introduction .................................. 35 2. Methodology .................. 35 3. Findings ...................... 37 C. Terrace Morphology ............. 54 1. Introduction ........................ 54 2. Methodology ................................ 54 3. Findings . .............................. 55 D. Terrace Stratigraphy . ................................ 67 1. Introduction ....................................... 67 2. Methodology ...... ............................ 67 3. Findings ................................ ...... 67 III. Vegetation E c o l o g y .......................................... 74 A. Introduction ........ 74 B. Methodology ............................... 76 C. R e s u l t s ............... .. ............................... 78 D. Tributary Discussion .......... ...... 86 E. General Discussion ............... 86 F. Plant Succession on Landslips ................... 90 G. Plant Succession on Terraces ............................ 90 H. Habitat Characteristics of Paper Birch . ............. 96 IV. Conclusions ................... ............ 1 0 1 V. References C i t e d ............ , ................... 103 VI. A p p e n d i x ........... 107 I. Valley Profiles ....................... 108 II. Map of the Terraces of the Niobrara Valley . ......... LIST OF TABLES I. Data on Slide 1 . ................... 43 II. Photo and Data on Slide 2 ... ..................... 45 III. Photo and Data on Slide 3 ..................... 47 IV. Photo and Data on Slide 4 ............... 49 V. Habitat Characteristics of Dominant Species .......... 82 LIST OF FIGURES 1. Location Map of the Study A r e a .............................. 3 2. Generalized Profile of the Valley (North-South)..... 6 3. Geologic Cross-Section at Meadville, Nebraska ............ 8 4. Geologic Cross-Section in the Study Area ....... ........ 10 5. Eastward Rise of Pleistocene Fluvial Deposits .......... 12 6. Topographic Map of Possible Tectonic Features to the East of the Study Area ......... .................... 15 7. Correlation of Terrace Systems ...... ............ 18 8. Sequence of Valley Development ..... ................... 19 9. Map of Geomorphic Regions within the Study Area ..... 21 10. Location Map of Areas of Uplift ..................... 23 11. ERTS Image of High Terraces ............................ 25 12. Map and Profiles in the Area of Douglas, Wyoming ...... 26-27 13. ERTS Image of the Nebraska Sandhills .................. 28 14. Aerial Photo of Oriented Topography ..................... 31 15. Photo of an Unusual T h a l w e g ................ 36 16. Map of Areas of Landsliding ............... 38 17. Diagram(s) and Photos of Slide 1 . .... ................ 40-43 18. Diagrams of Slide 2 ................ 44 19. Diagrams of Slide 3 ............................ 46 20. Diagrams of Slide 4 ........... .. '48 21. Profiles and Photos of Slide 5 . ............. 50-51 22. Photo of New Landslide in the Study Area ........... 52 23. Comparison of Tread Height and Riser.Slope ................. 57 24. Photos of Step-like Terraces ....................... 58 25. Photos of Gullying on Terrace Risers and Deposition on T r e a d s .................................................. 61 26. Evolution of Terrace-land Morphology ....................... 62 27. Evolution of Lower Valley Morphology ....................... 63 28. Panorama of the North V i e w ................ 65 29. Profile of Tributary Terraces .............................. 66 30. Location of Stratigraphic Sections .......................... 68 31. Diagrams of Terrace Stratigraphy ............. 69 32. Diagrams of Cut and Fill Sections ....................... 72 33. Map of Vegetation Transects .............. 77 34. Results of Point-centered Quarter Samples ................ 79 35. Vegetation profile of the South Bank . ................... 80 36. Vegetation profile of the North Bank ..... 81 37. Map and Profiles of Tributary Vegetation .....................88-89 38. Sequence of Landslide Revegetation ................ 91-92 39. Photos of Landslide Revegetation ............................ 93-94 40. Diagram of Plant Succession on Terraces ................... 95 41. Map of Areas Supporting Paper B i r c h ............... 98 42. Photos of Paper Birch .............................. 100 THE BIOGEOGRAPHY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE NIOBRARA RIVER VALLEY NEAR VALENTINE, NEBRASIA ABSTRACT By Paul J. Hearty Within the study area located near Valentine, Nebraska, the Niobrara River is deeply entrenched in Tertiary siltstones and sand­ stones, and covered with Pleistocene and Holocene eolian deposits of sand and loess. The 100 m depth of the valley reflects this entrench­ ment. Periods of equilibrium of the river are indicated by the numerous benchlands that lie within and adjacent to the valley. Mass wasting in the form of landslides and creep significantly alter the form of these terracelands when it is combined with the shifting of the river and saturation by groundwater. Many of the terraces have been correlated with climatic events of the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs. There is some evidence of uplift in the area. The stratig­ raphy of the low terraces reflects the overall downcutting interspersed with periods of aggradation. Some elements of the vegetative community are unique to the grasslands, to Nebraska, and to the Great Plains. Representatives of' the Rocky Mountain, eastern deciduous, and northern forests interact with variables of topography, stratigraphy, and microclimate. Active landslides and newly exposed terraces are revegetated in a definite sequence from annuals to hardwood forests or to grasslands in some cases. The parallel zones of woody vegetation on the right bank is disrupted by mass wasting events. The paper birch is a Pleistocene relic and thrives in the valley under stringent habitat requirements such as north facing slopes, springs, and shade of other trees. The results of this study are numerous and diverse. However, in synthesis, they present a concept of the dynamic interaction of the physical and biological factors in the area. From these individual factors, a grander hypothesis was formulated that describes the Niobrara River as the principal contributor of sand in the formation of the Nebraska Sandhills. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this project would have been impossible were it not for the help of many people. My sincere gratitude is extended to all who helped, mentioned here or not. Special thanks go to the Wayne Sharp family who provided a campground on their land but most of all for their friendship and hospitality. Dr. John Shroder and the Geography Department at the University of Nebraska at Omaha provided a camper in which I was able to work and sleep in comfort. Dr- Shroder aided greatly in the conception and completion of this paper. To him, and to my other advisors, Drs. Bariss and Sharpe, I extend my gratitude. Dan Miller gave his time and energy to assist in the field and stimu­ lated thought throughout. Many thanks go to Mark Laustrup and Dr. Rundquist who provided maps and other help. Finally and most of all, I thank my parents Fred and Josephine Hearty, my sisters, Chris and Eileen, my friends Nancy, Ted,
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