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General and Engineering Geology of the W Ray Area, Colorado and Nebraska

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General and Engineering Geology of the W Ray Area, Colorado and Nebraska General and Engineering Geology of the W ray Area, Colorado and Nebraska By DOROTHY R. HILL and JESSIE M. TOMPKIN 'G E Q_ L 0 G I C A L S U R V E Y B U L L E T I N 1 0 0 1 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1953 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Douglas McKay, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E. Wrather, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printin~ Office Washi~ton 25, D. C. - Price 90 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Abstract_________ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ 1 Introduction______________________________________________________ 2 Location and accessibility_______________________________________ 2 Purpose of investigation________________________________________ 3 Fieldwork____________________________________________________ 4 Acknowledgments_____________________________________________ 4 Geography________________________________________________________ 5 Physiography_________________________________________________ 5 Drainage and water supply_ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 5 Climate and vegetation_________________________________________ 7 Culture ________ - ____ - _________ - ___ -__________________________ 8 Descriptive geology________________________________________________ 8 General relations ___________________________________________ ~ __ 8 Cretaceous system_______ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 10 Upper Cretaceous series___ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ 10 Pierre shale________ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 Tertiary system_______________________________________________ 12 Pliocene series_____ __ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ 12 Ogallala formation_____________________________________ 12 Quaternary system____________________________________________ 22 Pleistocene series_ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 22 Grand Island formation________________________________ 23 Peorian loess ______________________ ·- __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 25 Late Pleistocene and Recent series___________________________ 28 Sandy silt and clay ________________ ·- __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 29 Valley filL___ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 30 Sand Hills formation____________________________________ 32 Recentseries______________________________________________ 33 Alluvium______________________________________________ 33 Geologic History _________________________________________________ ~ _ 33 Engineering Geology_______________________________________________ 39 Engineering problems ______________________ .. __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ 39 Foundation conditions _________________ .. __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 39 Drainage_________________________________________________ 43 Stability in cuts ______________________ .. ____________________ 43 Excavation_______________________________________________ 44 Sources of construction materials_____________ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ 45 Surfacing_________________________________________________ 47 Ballast___________________________________________________ 47 Base course_______________________________________________ 48 Binder___________________________________________________ 48 Mineral filler_________ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 48 Blending sand____ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 8 Pozzolan_________________________________________________ 49 Concrete aggregate_ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ 50 Fill______________________________________________________ 51 Well Logs________________________________________________________ 51 Selected bibliography_ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ 62 Index____________________________________________________________ 65 III IV CONTENTS IIJLUSTRATIONS Page PLATE 1. Geologic map and section of the Wray area, Colorado- ~ebraska __________________________________________ Inpocket FIGURE 1. Index map showing location of the Wray area_______________ 2 2. Location of Wray dam___________________________________ 3 3. Contact between Pierre shale and Ogallala formation_________ 10 4. Cross-bedded conglomerate at base of Ogallala formation_____ 15 5. Ledges and slopes of Ogallala formation____________________ 17 6. Volcanic ash of the Ogallala formation______________________ 19 7. Exposure of typical "algal limestone" of the Ogallala formation_ 20 8. Gravel of the Grand Island formation exposed in pit_________ 25 9. Exposure of valley fill____________________________________ 38 10. Size analysis graph of construction materials in the Wray area_ 46 TABLES TABLE 1. Geologic formations in the Wray area______________________ 9 2. Properties and uses of earth materials in the Wray area______ --·40 3. Summary of tests of construction materials ________ ~ _ _ _ _ Facing 44 .. GENERAL AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE WRAY AREA COLORADO-NEBRASKA By DoROTHY R. HILL and JEssiE M. ToMPKIN ABSTRACT The Wray area, consisting of the Wray no. 3 and Wray no. 4 15-minute quad­ rangles, includes part of eastern Yuma County in eastern Colorado, and part of southwestern Dundy County in southwestern N ebruska. The North Fork of the Republican River flows eastward through the area, joining the Arikaree River just east of the Wray no. 4 quadrangle. North of the Republican River are northwestward-trending sand hills, alternating with flat, silty, sandy farmlands. The Ogallala formation forms steep cliffs along the southern side of the valley of the Republican River, and the rolling uplands south of the cliffs are covered with loess. The Wray quadrangles lie on the eastern flank of the Julesburg Basin, which forms a great structural trough extending along the foothills of the Rocky Moun­ tain Front Range from southern Wyoming to southern Colorado, and eastward into eastern Wyoming, western Nebraska, and northwestern Kansas. The forma­ tions exposed in the Wray quadrangles are flat-lying, or have only a slight dip not discernible in outcrops. The oldest formation is the Pierre shale, of Late Cretaceous age, which is unconformably overlain by the Ogallala formation, of Pliocene age. The Ogallala formation consists of sands, silts, and gravels which are cemented to varying degrees by calcium carbonate. The beds are discon­ tinuous; none can be traced more than a few hundred feet. Unconformably overlying the Ogallala formation are the Pleistocene Grand Island formation and the Pleistocene and Recent sandy silt and clay. South of the Republican River, the Grand Island formation and the sandy silt and clay are absent, and the Pleistocene Peorian loess rests directly on the Ogallala formation. North of the Republican River, where very little loess is present, the Grand Island formation and the sandy silt and clay are overlain in some places by sand hills. Valley fill chokes the ravines of streams tributary to the Republican River. The Pierre shale was deposited in the vast inland Cretaceous sea which covered eastern Colorado and much of the surrounding area. After formation of the Julesburg Basin at the end of Cretaceous time, the Pierre shale was eroded and the Pliocene Ogallala formation was deposited by fresh-water streams flowing over the irregular surface of the Pierre shale. During Pleistocene time, streams cut deep valleys in the Ogallala formation and deposited the sand and gravel of the Grand Island formation in the valleys. After much of the sand and gravel was removed by erosion, the valleys were choked with valley fill or with wind-blown Peorian loess. South of the Republican River, a thick mantle of undisturbed loess covered the surface, and north of the Republican River the loess mantle was reworked by streams and covered by sand drifting :into the area from the north. In late Pleistocene and Recent time, streams cut terraces in the valley fill. Most of the formations in the Wray area are fair foundation materials, although good construction materials are scarce. The gravel of the Grand Island formation 1 2 GEOLOGY OF THE WRAY AREA, COLO. AND NEBR. and the gravels in the Ogallala formation contain large quantities of clay1 silt, sand, and calcium carbonate, and have very fe'v pebbles larger than one-half inch in diameter. None of the gravel is suitable for concrete aggregate, but it may be used for ballast, base- and top-course. Volcanic ash in the Ogallala / formation may be used as mineral filler, pozzolanic material, and cleansing powders. The Pleistocene sandy silt and clay may be used for binder; the Peorian loess is a possible source of ceramic slag aggregate and serves as a good mineral filler. Blending sand and earth-fill dam material are available in the valley fill. INTRODUCTION LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY The Wray area, consisting of the Wray no. 3 and w-ray no. 4 15-minute quadrangles, includes part of eastern Yuma County in eastern Colorado and part of southwestern Dundy County in south­ western Nebraska. The quadrangles cover an area of approximately 440 square miles, which extends northward from the 40th parallel to latitude 40°15' N., and westward from longitude 102° to 102°30' W. The location of the area is shown in figure 1. Base from U.S.G.S. map of 25 100 Miles United States,1:2,500,000 FIGURE 1.-Index map showing location of the Wray area.
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