DOCSLIB.ORG

The Effects of Triclosan, 2,4-D, and Their By-Products on the Adrenocortical Cells of Rainbow Trout

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Effects of Triclosan, 2,4-D, and Their By-Products on the Adrenocortical Cells of Rainbow Trout View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OPUS: Open Uleth Scholarship - University of Lethbridge Research Repository University of Lethbridge Research Repository OPUS http://opus.uleth.ca Theses Arts and Science, Faculty of 2011 The effects of triclosan, 2,4-D, and their by-products on the adrenocortical cells of rainbow trout Dann, Andrea B Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Biological Sciences, c2011 http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3154 Downloaded from University of Lethbridge Research Repository, OPUS THE EFFECTS OF TRICLOSAN, 2,4-D, AND THEIR BY-PRODUCTS ON THE ADRENOCORTICAL CELLS OF RAINBOW TROUT ANDREA B. DANN Bachelor of Science, University of Lethbridge, 2009 A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of the University of Lethbridge in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree MASTERS OF SCIENCE Department of Biological Sciences University of Lethbridge Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada © Andrea B. Dann, 2011 ABSTRACT The ubiquitous presence of anthropogenic chemicals and their transformation products in surface water represents a toxicological concern from both an ecological standpoint and a human perspective as many of these chemicals are capable of altering hormonal function. Endocrine disrupting compounds can be traced back to numerous sources and may fall under the class of pesticide, industrial chemical, pharmaceutical, personal care product, and/or heavy metals. The adrenal gland is the most common target for endocrine disruptors, although in comparison to the sex steroids, this system has received much less attention in published research. Corticosteroids play a pivotal role in many physiological processes, including immunity, cognitive function, growth, metabolism, reproduction, mineral balance, and blood pressure. A primary cell culture of rainbow trout adrenocortical cells was used to investigate the endocrine disrupting activity of two commonly detected water-borne toxicants, a personal care product, triclosan (TCS), a pesticide, dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and their transformation products, methyl-triclosan (M-TCS) and dichlorophenol (DCP). Previously, it has been shown that TCS, 2,4-D, and DCP exhibit a potential for endocrine disruption, although it is currently unknown if these chemicals are capable of affecting corticosteroid balance. In this study, all four chemicals showed significant inhibitory effects on corticosteroid synthesis, even though there were considerable differences in their activity. The chemical that exhibited the highest toxicity was 2,4-D, followed by TCS, DCP, and M-TCS. Both parent-compounds proved to be more toxic than their degradation products. More research with suitable test systems is needed to determine the mechanism(s) of action of these corticosteroid disruptors and the health risk that they may present. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Alice Hontela for all of her support and guidance on this project. My interest in toxicology was ignited in one of Dr. Hontela’s physiology classes and it was due to her encouragement that I chose to pursue an M.Sc degree. I would like to convey my sincerest gratitude for her criticisms and insights pertaining to this thesis. I would like to acknowledge Roger Royer for all his hard work maintaining the aquatic facility and assisting with the animal husbandry. I would like to express appreciation to my academic supervisory committee members, Dr. Andrew Iwaniuk and Dr. Roy Golsteyn for their suggestions and feedback. Lastly, I would like to recognize the generous assistance received from my family. I could not have finished the thesis without their support and cannot hope to adequately thank them. This project was funded by the University of Lethbridge and NSERC. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................................................... i APPROVAL/SIGNATURE PAGE ................................................................................................. ii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ viii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ ix CHAPTER 1. TRICLOSAN, 2,4-D, AND THEIR BY-PRODUCTS: KNOWLEDGE GAPS AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Triclosan ................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Properties and Sources ............................................................................................................ 4 1.2.2 Occurrence in the Aquatic Environment ................................................................................. 4 1.2.3 Environmental Behavior of Triclosan ..................................................................................... 5 1.2.4 Effects of Triclosan in Animals .............................................................................................. 5 1.3 2,4-D ......................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.1 Properties and Sources ............................................................................................................ 6 1.3.2 Occurrence in the Aquatic Environment ................................................................................. 7 1.3.3 Environmental Behaviour of 2,4-D ......................................................................................... 8 1.3.4 Effects of 2,4-D in Animals .................................................................................................. 10 1.3.5 Commercial Pesticide Formulations ..................................................................................... 11 1.4 Dichlorophenol (DCP) ........................................................................................................... 12 1.4.1 Properties and sources ........................................................................................................... 12 1.4.2 Occurrence in the Aquatic Environment ............................................................................... 13 1.4.3 Environmental Behaviour of DCP ........................................................................................ 13 1.4.4 Effects of DCP in Animals ................................................................................................... 14 1.5 Methyl-Triclosan (M-TCS) ................................................................................................... 15 1.5.1 Properties and Sources .......................................................................................................... 16 1.5.2 Occurrence in the Aquatic Environment ............................................................................... 16 1.5.3 Environmental Behaviour of M-TCS .................................................................................... 17 1.6 Mixtures .................................................................................................................................. 17 1.7 Physiological Stress Response ............................................................................................... 18 1.7.1 Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Interrenal Axis ............................................................................... 18 1.7.2 Pollutants and the Stress Response ....................................................................................... 21 1.8 Hypotheses .............................................................................................................................. 23 v 1.9 Objectives ............................................................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 2. TRICLOSAN: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE, TOXICITY AND MECHANISMS OF ACTION ....................................................................................................... 32 2.1 Background ............................................................................................................................ 32 2. 2 Identity, physical and chemical properties, manufacture, and use .................................. 34 2.2.1 Identity, physical, and chemical properties ........................................................................... 34 2.2.2 Manufacture and use ............................................................................................................. 34 2.3 Environmental exposure ....................................................................................................... 35 2.3.1 Occurrence in the aquatic environment ...............................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Triclosan Disrupts Thyroid Hormones: Mode-Of-Action, Developmental Susceptibility, and Determination of Human Relevance
    Triclosan Disrupts Thyroid Hormones: Mode-of-Action, Developmental Susceptibility, and Determination of Human Relevance Katie Beth Paul “A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Curriculum of Toxicology.” Chapel Hill 2011 Approved by: Kim L. R. Brouwer, Pharm.D., Ph.D. Kevin M. Crofton, Ph.D. Michael J. DeVito, Ph.D. Philip C. Smith, Ph.D James A. Swenberg, D.V.M., Ph.D. ©2011 Katie Beth Paul ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii Abstract Katie Beth Paul Triclosan Disrupts Thyroid Hormones: Mode-of-Action, Developmental Susceptibility, and Determination of Human Relevance (Under the direction of Kevin M. Crofton, Ph.D.) Preliminary study demonstrated that triclosan (TCS), a bacteriostat in myriad consumer products, decreases serum thyroxine (T4) in rats. Adverse neurodevelopmental consequences result from thyroid hormone (TH) disruption; therefore determination of whether TCS disrupts THs during development, its mode-of-action (MOA), and the human relevance is critical. This research tested the hypothesis that TCS disrupts THs via activation of pregnane X and constitutive androstane receptors (PXR, CAR), mediating Phase I-II enzyme and hepatic transporter expression and protein changes, thereby increasing catabolism and elimination of THs, resulting in decreased TH concentrations. For Aim One, the hypothesized MOA was assessed using weanling female Long-Evans rats orally exposed to TCS (0-1000 mg/kg/day) for four days. Serum T4 decreased 35% at 300 mg/kg/day. Activity and expression of markers of Phase I (Cyp2b, Cyp3a1) and Phase II (Ugt1a1, Sult1c1) metabolism were moderately induced, consistent with PXR and/or CAR activation and increased hepatic catabolism.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Active Chemicals in Minnesota Lakes
    Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Active Chemicals in Minnesota Lakes May 2013 Authors Mark Ferrey Contributors/acknowledgements The MPCA is reducing printing and mailing costs This report contains the results of a study that by using the Internet to distribute reports and characterizes the presence of unregulated information to wider audience. Visit our website contaminants in Minnesota’s lakes. The study for more information. was made possible through funding by the MPCA reports are printed on 100 percent post- Minnesota Clean Water Fund and by funding by consumer recycled content paper manufactured the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency without chlorine or chlorine derivatives. (EPA), which facilitated the sampling of lakes for this study. The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) thanks the following for assistance and advice in designing and carrying out this study: Steve Heiskary, Pam Anderson, Dereck Richter, Lee Engel, Amy Garcia, Will Long, Jesse Anderson, Ben Larson, and Kelly O’Hara for the long hours of sampling for this study. Cynthia Tomey, Kirsten Anderson, and Richard Grace of Axys Analytical Labs for the expert help in developing the list of analytes for this study and logistics to make it a success. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 520 Lafayette Road North | Saint Paul, MN 55155-4194 | www.pca.state.mn.us | 651-296-6300 Toll free 800-657-3864 | TTY 651-282-5332 This report is available in alternative formats upon request, and online at www.pca.state.mn.us. Document number: tdr-g1-16 Contents Contents ...........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Antimicrobial Triclosan on Reproductive System of Male
    A tica nal eu yt c ic a a m A r a c t h a P Ibtisham et al., Pharm Anal Acta 2016, 7:11 Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta DOI: 10.4172/2153-2435.1000516 ISSN: 2153-2435 Review Article Open Access Effect of Antimicrobial Triclosan on Reproductive System of Male Rat Fahar Ibtisham, Aamir Nawab, Yi Zhao, Guanghui Li, Mei Xiao and Lilong An* Agricultural Collage, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China *Corresponding author; Lilong An, Agricultural Collage, Guangdong Ocean University, Haida Road, Mazhang District, Zhanjiang 524088, Guangdong, China, Tel: +86-759-2383247; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: October 31, 2016; Accepted date: November 26, 2016; Published date: November 28, 2016 Copyright: © 2016 Ibtisham F, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol: TCS) is a synthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial agent used in broad range of household and personal care products including hand soap, toothpaste, and deodorants. Recently, concerns have been raised over TCS’s potential for endocrine and reproductive disruption. This review contains the information about deleterious toxic effects of TCS on reproductive system of male rat and the possible mechanism. The literature findings showed that TCS deadly affects the reproductive profile of male rats. According to literature TCS depress the testicular function of male rat including spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis by decreasing the androgen production. 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β- HSD) are two critical enzymes in the steroidogenesis pathway, while according to findings TCS treated rats had lowered concentration of androgen.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Methyl Triclosan and Halogenated Analogues
    SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 407 (2009) 2102– 2114 available at www.sciencedirect.com www.elsevier.com/locate/scitotenv Identification of methyl triclosan and halogenated analogues in male common carp (Cyprinus carpio) from Las Vegas Bay and semipermeable membrane devices from Las Vegas Wash, Nevada Thomas J. Leikera,1, Sonja R. Abneya, Steven L. Goodbredb, Michael R. Rosenc,⁎ aUS Geological Survey, Box 25046, MS 407, Denver, CO 80225-0046, USA bUS Geological Survey, California State University, Modoc Hall, 3020 State University Drive East, Suite 3005, Sacramento, CA 95819-6129, USA cUS Geological Survey, 2730 North Deer Run Road, Carson City NV, 89701, USA ARTICLE DATA ABSTRACT Article history: Methyl triclosan and four halogenated analogues have been identified in extracts of individual Received 22 August 2008 whole-body male carp (Cyprinus carpio) tissue that were collected from Las Vegas Bay, Nevada, Received in revised form and Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMD) that were deployed in Las Vegas Wash, Nevada. 3 November 2008 Methyl triclosan is believed to be the microbially methylated product of the antibacterial agent Accepted 9 November 2008 triclosan (2, 4, 4'-trichloro-4-hydroxydiphenyl ether, Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number Available online 2 December 2008 3380-34-5, Irgasan DP300). The presence of methyl triclosan and four halogenated analogues was confirmed in SPMD extracts by comparing low- and high-resolution mass spectral data and Keywords: Kovats retention indices of methyl triclosan with commercially obtained triclosan that was Triclosan derivatized to the methyl ether with ethereal diazomethane. The four halogenated analogues of Methyl triclosan methyltriclosandetectedinbothwhole-body tissue and SPMD extracts were tentatively Common carp identified by high resolution mass spectrometry.
    [Show full text]
  • Conjugate and Prodrug Strategies As Targeted Delivery Vectors for Antibiotics † † ‡ Ana V
    Review Cite This: ACS Infect. Dis. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX pubs.acs.org/journal/aidcbc Signed, Sealed, Delivered: Conjugate and Prodrug Strategies as Targeted Delivery Vectors for Antibiotics † † ‡ Ana V. Cheng and William M. Wuest*, , † Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States ‡ Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States ABSTRACT: Innate and developed resistance mechanisms of bacteria to antibiotics are obstacles in the design of novel drugs. However, antibacterial prodrugs and conjugates have shown promise in circumventing resistance and tolerance mechanisms via directed delivery of antibiotics to the site of infection or to specific species or strains of bacteria. The selective targeting and increased permeability and accumu- lation of these prodrugs not only improves efficacy over unmodified drugs but also reduces off-target effects, toxicity, and development of resistance. Herein, we discuss some of these methods, including sideromycins, antibody-directed prodrugs, cell penetrating peptide conjugates, and codrugs. KEYWORDS: oligopeptide, sideromycin, antibody−antibiotic conjugate, cell penetrating peptide, dendrimer, transferrin inding new and innovative methods to treat bacterial F infections comes with many inherent challenges in addition to those presented by the evolution of resistance mechanisms. The ideal antibiotic is nontoxic to host cells, permeates bacterial cells easily, and accumulates at the site of infection at high concentrations. Narrow spectrum drugs are also advantageous, as they can limit resistance development and leave the host commensal microbiome undisturbed.1 However, various resistance mechanisms make pathogenic infections difficult to eradicate: Many bacteria respond to antibiotic pressure by decreasing expression of active transporters and porins2 and 3,4 Downloaded via EMORY UNIV on April 18, 2019 at 12:34:17 (UTC).
    [Show full text]
  • USP Reference Standards Catalog
    Last Updated On: January 6, 2016 USP Reference Standards Catalog Catalog # Description Current Lot Previous Lot CAS # NDC # Unit Price Special Restriction 1000408 Abacavir Sulfate R028L0 F1L487 (12/16) 188062-50-2 $222.00 (200 mg) 1000419 Abacavir Sulfate F0G248 188062-50-2 $692.00 Racemic (20 mg) (4-[2-amino-6-(cyclo propylamino)-9H-pur in-9yl]-2-cyclopenten e-1-methanol sulfate (2:1)) 1000420 Abacavir Related F1L311 F0H284 (10/13) 124752-25-6 $692.00 Compound A (20 mg) ([4-(2,6-diamino-9H- purin-9-yl)cyclopent- 2-enyl]methanol) 1000437 Abacavir Related F0M143 N/A $692.00 Compound D (20 mg) (N6-Cyclopropyl-9-{( 1R,4S)-4-[(2,5-diami no-6-chlorpyrimidin- 4-yloxy)methyl] cyclopent-2-enyl}-9H -purine-2,6-diamine) 1000441 Abacavir Related F1L318 F0H283 (10/13) N/A $692.00 Compound B (20 mg) ([4-(2,5-diamino-6-c Page 1 Last Updated On: January 6, 2016 USP Reference Standards Catalog Catalog # Description Current Lot Previous Lot CAS # NDC # Unit Price Special Restriction hloropyrimidin-4-yla mino)cyclopent-2-en yl]methanol) 1000452 Abacavir Related F1L322 F0H285 (09/13) 172015-79-1 $692.00 Compound C (20 mg) ([(1S,4R)-4-(2-amino -6-chloro-9H-purin-9 -yl)cyclopent-2-enyl] methanol hydrochloride) 1000485 Abacavir Related R039P0 F0J094 (11/16) N/A $692.00 Compounds Mixture (15 mg) 1000496 Abacavir F0J102 N/A $692.00 Stereoisomers Mixture (15 mg) 1000500 Abacavir System F0J097 N/A $692.00 Suitability Mixture (15 mg) 1000521 Acarbose (200 mg) F0M160 56180-94-0 $222.00 (COLD SHIPMENT REQUIRED) 1000532 Acarbose System F0L204 N/A $692.00 Suitability
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicity Assessment of the Antimicrobial Triclocarban Using Sub-Lethal Behaviour and Reproduction Endpoints Melanie Raby Ryerson University
    Ryerson University Digital Commons @ Ryerson Theses and dissertations 1-1-2013 Toxicity Assessment Of The Antimicrobial Triclocarban Using Sub-Lethal Behaviour And Reproduction Endpoints Melanie Raby Ryerson University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.ryerson.ca/dissertations Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Raby, Melanie, "Toxicity Assessment Of The Antimicrobial Triclocarban Using Sub-Lethal Behaviour And Reproduction Endpoints" (2013). Theses and dissertations. Paper 2017. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Ryerson. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Ryerson. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TOXICITY ASSESSMENT OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL TRICLOCARBAN USING SUB-LETHAL BEHAVIOUR AND REPRODUCTION ENDPOINTS by Melanie Raby Bachelor of Science (Honours) University of Waterloo, 2011 A thesis presented to Ryerson University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Applied Science in the Program of Environmental Applied Science and Management Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2013 © MELANIE RABY, 2013 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, and accepted by my examiners. I authorize Ryerson University to lend this thesis to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I further authorize Ryerson University to reproduce this thesis by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public.
    [Show full text]
  • The 5 Stupidest Chemicals That Shouldn't Be in Your House (PDF)
    MARCH 2013 NRDC faCT SHEET FS:13-03-A The 5 Stupidest Chemicals That Shouldn’t be in Your House As you begin the annual spring cleaning purge, make sure that you aren’t leaving behind a house filled with toxic chemicals that can harm you, your family, and your pets. Get rid of the chemicals that harm more than they help. 1. ANTIBACTERIAL PRODUCTS 2. TOXIC FLAME RETARDANTS Soaps, cosmetics, cleansers, lotions, toothpaste and other Furniture foam is saturated with flame retardant chemicals products may carry an “antibacterial” label, but you are really that not only don’t stop furniture fires, but also make fires paying extra for unnecessary additives like triclosan and its more toxic by forming deadly gases and soot, the real killers chemical cousin triclocarban—which may be doing more in most fires. What’s worse, flame retardant chemicals are harm than good. Triclosan is found in over 80 percent of linked to real and measurable health impacts, including Americans’ bodies and exposure has been linked to allergies, lower IQs and decreased attention spans for children exposed impaired reproduction, hormone disruption, and weakened in the womb, male infertility, male birth defects, and early muscles. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) puberty in girls. A recent study in animals linked flame admitted that triclosan is no more effective at preventing retardants to autism and obesity. illness than regular soap. Widespread use—in everything Americans carry much higher levels of flame retardants from cutting boards, yoga mats, bedding, soaps and gels— in their bodies than anyone else in the world, due in large could also be promoting drug-resistant bacteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Triclocarban
    Triclocarban sc-213106 Material Safety Data Sheet Hazard Alert Code Key: EXTREME HIGH MODERATE LOW Section 1 - CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION PRODUCT NAME Triclocarban STATEMENT OF HAZARDOUS NATURE CONSIDERED A HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE ACCORDING TO OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200. NFPA FLAMMABILITY1 HEALTH0 HAZARD INSTABILITY0 SUPPLIER Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. 2145 Delaware Avenue Santa Cruz, California 95060 800.457.3801 or 831.457.3800 EMERGENCY ChemWatch Within the US & Canada: 877-715-9305 Outside the US & Canada: +800 2436 2255 (1-800-CHEMCALL) or call +613 9573 3112 SYNONYMS C13-H9-Cl3-N2-O, "carbanilide, 3, 4, 4' -trichloro-", "N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N' -(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)urea", "N-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-N' -(4-chlorophenyl)urea", "3, 4, 4' -trichlorodiphenylurea", triclocarban, "urea, N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N' -(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-", Cusiter, Cutisan, "ENT 26925", Genoface, Procutene, NSC-72005, Solubacter, TCC, disinfectant Section 2 - HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION CHEMWATCH HAZARD RATINGS Min Max Flammability: 1 Toxicity: 0 Body Contact: 0 Min/Nil=0 Low=1 Reactivity: 1 Moderate=2 High=3 Chronic: 2 Extreme=4 CANADIAN WHMIS SYMBOLS 1 of 8 EMERGENCY OVERVIEW RISK Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect. Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS SWALLOWED ! Although ingestion is not thought to produce harmful effects, the material may still be damaging to the health of the individual following ingestion, especially where pre-existing organ (e. g. EYE ! Although the material is not thought to be an irritant, direct contact with the eye may cause transient discomfort characterized by tearing or conjunctival redness (as with windburn).
    [Show full text]
  • Early Pregnancy Exposure to Bisphenol a May Affect Thyroid Hormone Levels
    Volume 13 | Issue 3 | March 2020 Clinical Thyroidology® for the Public THYROID AND PREGNANCY Early pregnancy exposure to Bisphenol A may affect thyroid hormone levels BACKGROUND thyroid medications. Blood and urine samples were In recent years, there has been increased awareness of the collected at their first prenatal visit, which was on average effect of chemicals in our environment on body processes. at 10 weeks of pregnancy. Several different measures of Those that interfere with the endocrine glands and hormone thyroid function (thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), levels are called endocrine disruptors. Two such endocrine thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3)), and thyroid disruptors are bisphenols and triclosan. Bisphenols are a antibody levels were measured from blood sample. The group of chemicals used to make commonly used plastics majority of thyroid hormone made by thyroid gland is in such as those for food and water containers, receipts, CDs, the form of T4, which is changed to a more active form, DVDs, toys, and plastic bags. Triclosan is an antibacterial T3 in the body. BPA, BPS, BPF, and triclosan levels were chemical frequently used to make hand sanitizers or other measured from urine samples. personal care products. They are commonly detected in environments, and consequently, in humans. BPA, BPS, BPF and triclosan were detected in most of pregnant women in the study (99% for BPA, 80% for Animal studies have shown that bisphenols and triclosan BPS, 88% for BPF, and 93% for triclosan). However, may affect thyroid function. Bisphenol A (BPA) may affect the levels were overall low. Higher BPA levels were uptake of iodine into thyroid gland, which is required associated with lower T4 levels, but not with changes to make thyroid hormone.
    [Show full text]
  • (SCCS) Request for a Scientific Advice on the Safety of Triclocarban
    EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs Dir F: Ecosystems I: Chemicals, food, Retail Unit F2: Bioeconomy, Chemicals & Cosmetics SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON CONSUMER SAFETY (SCCS) Request for a scientific advice on the safety of Triclocarban (CAS No. 101 20-2, EC No. 202-924-1) and Triclosan (CAS No. 3380-34-5, EC No. 222182-2) as substances with potential endocrine disrupting properties in cosmetic products Commission Department requesting the Opinion: Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs 1. Background on substances with endocrine disrupting properties On 7 November 2018, the Commission adopted a review1 of Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 on cosmetic products (‘Cosmetics Regulation’) regarding substances with endocrine disrupting properties. The review concluded that the Cosmetics Regulation provides the adequate tools to regulate the use of cosmetic substances that present a potential risk for human health, including when displaying ED properties. The Cosmetics Regulation does not have explicit provisions on EDs. However, it provides a regulatory framework with a view to ensuring a high level of protection of human health. Environmental concerns that substances used in cosmetic products may raise are considered through the application of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (‘REACH Regulation’). In the review, the Commission commits to establishing a priority list of potential EDs not already covered by bans or restrictions in the Cosmetics Regulation for their subsequent safety assessment. A priority list of 28 potential EDs in cosmetics was consolidated in early 2019 based on input provided through a stakeholder consultation. The Commission then organised a public call for data2 from 16 May 2019 to 15 October 2019 on 143 of the 28 substances (to be treated with higher priority) in order to be able to prepare the safety assessment of these substances.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Undetected Chemical Contaminant
    2016 Undetected Chemical Contaminant ESTROGENS AND OTHER HORMONES Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Estriol 17alpha-Estradiol Estrone 17beta-Estradiol 17alpha-Ethynl estradiol PERFLUORINATED COMPOUNDS N-ethyl Perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) N-methyl Perfluorooctanedsulfonamidoacetic acid Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) N-methyl Perfluorooctanedsulfonamidoacetic acid Perfluorolauric acid (PFDoA) Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) Perfluoromyristic acid (PFTA) Perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) INORGANIC CHEMICALS Beryllium Lanthanum Cadmium Lead Cerium Lutetium Cesium Mercury Cobalt Molybdenum Cyanide Neodymium Dysprosium Niobium Erbium Osmium Europium Palladium Gadolinium Platinum Germanium Praseodymium Gold Rhenium Hafnium Rhodium Holmium Rhodium Iridium Ruthenium NITROSAMINES N-Nitropyrrolidine (NPYR) N-Nitrosomorpholine N-Nitrosodi-N-butylamine (NDBA) N-Nitrosodiphenylamine N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) N-Nitrosodi-N-propylamine (NDPA) ORGANIC CHEMICALS Acenaphthene 1,2-Dichlorobenzene Acenaphthylene 1,3-Dichlorobenzene Acetaldehyde 1,4-Dichlorobenzene Acetochlor trans-1,2-Dichloro-2-butylene Acetone Dichlorodifluoromethane Acrylonitrile 1,1-Dichloroethane Alachlor 1,2- Dichloroethane Aldicarb (Temik) 1,1-Dichloroethylene Aldicarb sulfone 1,2-Dichloroethylene, cis Aldicarb sulfoxide 1,2-Dichloroethylene, trans Aldrin Di (2-chloroethyl) ether Allyl chloride Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) tert-Amyl Methyl ether 1,2-Dichloropropane Ametryn 1,3-Dichloropropane Anilizine 2,2-Dichloropropane
    [Show full text]