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Geographies of Health and Development

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Geographies of Health and Development GEOGRAPHIES OF HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT Geographies of Health Series Editors Allison Williams, Associate Professor, School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Canada Susan Elliott, Professor, Department of Geography and Environmental Management and School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Canada There is growing interest in the geographies of health and a continued interest in what has more traditionally been labeled medical geography. The traditional focus of ‘medical geography’ on areas such as disease ecology, health service provision and disease mapping (all of which continue to reflect a mainly quantitative approach to inquiry) has evolved to a focus on a broader, theoretically informed epistemology of health geographies in an expanded international reach. As a result, we now find this subdiscipline characterized by a strongly theoretically-informed research agenda, embracing a range of methods (quantitative; qualitative and the integration of the two) of inquiry concerned with questions of: risk; representation and meaning; inequality and power; culture and difference, among others. Health mapping and modeling has simultaneously been strengthened by the technical advances made in multilevel modeling, advanced spatial analytic methods and GIS, while further engaging in questions related to health inequalities, population health and environmental degradation. This series publishes superior quality research monographs and edited collections representing contemporary applications in the field; this encompasses original research as well as advances in methods, techniques and theories. The Geographies of Health series will capture the interest of a broad body of scholars, within the social sciences, the health sciences and beyond. Also in the series Soundscapes of Wellbeing in Popular Music Gavin J. Andrews, Paul Kingsbury and Robin Kearns Mobilities and Health Anthony C. Gatrell Space, Place and Mental Health Sarah Curtis Healing Waters Therapeutic Landscapes in Historic and Contemporary Ireland Ronan Foley Geographies of Health and Development Edited by ISAAC LUGINAAH The University of Western Ontario, Canada RACHEL BEZNER KERR Cornell University, USA © Isaac Luginaah and Rachel Bezner Kerr 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Isaac Luginaah and Rachel Bezner Kerr have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editors of this work. Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company Wey Court East 110 Cherry Street Union Road Suite 3-1 Farnham Burlington, VT 05401-3818 Surrey, GU9 7PT USA England www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows: Geographies of health and development / [edited] by Isaac Luginaah and Rachel Bezner Kerr. p. ; cm. -- (Ashgate’s geographies of health series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4094-5457-1 (hardback) -- ISBN 978-1-4094-5458-8 (ebook) -- ISBN 978- 1-4094-7341-1 (epub) I. Luginaah, Isaac N., editor. II. Bezner Kerr, Rachel, editor. III. Series: Ashgate’s geographies of health series. [DNLM: 1. Delivery of Health Care. 2. Developing Countries. 3. Geography, Medical. 4. Health Status Disparities. 5. Socioeconomic Factors. WA 395] RA441 362.1--dc23 2014033740 ISBN 9781409454571 (hbk) IBSN 9781409454588 (ebk – PDF) ISBN 9781409473411 (ebk – ePUB)V Printed in the United Kingdom by Henry Ling Limited, at the Dorset Press, Dorchester, DT1 1HD Contents List of Figures vii List of Tables ix Notes on Contributors xi Preface xv List of Abbreviations xvii 1 Introduction 1 Isaac Luginaah, Rachel Bezner Kerr and Jenna Dixon PART I DISPARITIES IN HEALTH OUTCOMES AND THE CHALLENGES TO HEALTH EQUITY 2 Malaria Risk Profiles, Treatment Seeking Practices and Disease Intervention Efforts in Poor Communities: A Case Study in Sierra Leone 11 Florence M. Margai and Jacob B. Minah 3 The Geography of Maternal Mortality in Nigeria 29 Joseph R. Oppong and Jane Ebeniro 4 Sex [Work] and [Structural] Violence: A Study of Commercial Sex Workers in Budhwar Peth, Pune, India 45 Jacqueline P. Hellen and Vandana Wadhwa 5 Aboriginal Health and Development: Two Steps Forward and One Step Back? 61 Kathi Wilson, Mark. W. Rosenberg and Ashley Ning PART II HEALTH ACCESS AND UTILISATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 6 The Place of ‘Health’ in Social Health Insurance in Developing Countries: A Study in Ghana’s Upper West Region 75 Jenna Dixon and Paul Mkandawire 7 From Effective Cure to Affective Care: Access Barriers and Entitlements to Health Care Among Urban Poor in Chennai, India 93 Christina Ergler, Patrick Sakdapolrak, Hans-George Bohle and Robin Kearns vi Geographies of Health and Development 8 Human Resources for Health: Challenges Facing Sub-Saharan Africa 115 Gavin George, Candice Reardon and Tim Quinlan 9 Wanting to Care: A Comparison of the Ethics of Health Worker Education in Cuba and the Philippines 133 Robert Huish PART III ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT 10 Living in the Same Place, Eating in a Different Space: Food Security and Dietary Diversity of Youth Living in Rural Northern Malawi 151 Lauren Classen, Rachel Bezner Kerr and Lizzie Shumba 11 Resource Depletion, Peak Oil, and Public Health: Planning for a Slow Growth Future 177 Michael Pennock, Blake Poland and Trevor Hancock 12 The Water-Health Nexus 197 Corinne J. Schuster-Wallace, Susan J. Elliott and Elijah Bisung 13 Groundwater Arsenic Contamination and its Health and Social Impacts in Rural Bangladesh 209 Bimal Kanti Paul PART IV GLOBALISATION AND URBANISATION: GLOBAL POLICY CONSEQUENCES ON LOCAL HEALTH PROBLEMS 14 Tuberculosis: A Scourge for Development? 227 Jana Fried and John Eyles 15 Globalisation and the Misplacement of Health: An Emerging Agenda 245 Sarah Lovell and Mark M. Rosenberg 16 Global Reach, Local Depth, and New Cartographies of Metropolitan Health 261 Ted Schrecker 17 Medical Migration From Zimbabwe: Towards New Solutions? 281 Abel Chikanda and Belinda Dodson 18 Conclusion: Healthy Development/Developing Health 297 Robin Kearns and Pat Neuwelt Index 303 List of Figures 1.1 Geographies of health and development 4 2.1 Principal pathways for estimating the costs of malaria morbidity 13 2.2 Malaria prevention and treatment approaches: challenges and limitations 15 2.3 Spatial coverage of bednets in districts across Sierra Leone 20 3.1 Map showing maternal mortality rates (MMR) by state 33 3.2 Map showing women who gave birth in a healthcare facility 36 3.3 Map showing women with no access to postnatal care 36 3.4 Map showing women with less than secondary education 38 3.5 Map showing women living below $1.25 a day 38 3.6 Map showing women less than 20 years at first marriage 39 3.7 Map showing women 15–19 years at first childbirth 39 3.8 Map showing female Muslim distribution 40 6.1 Ghana’s Upper West Region 81 7.1 Conceptual framework adapted from Leach et al. (1999, p. 234) 96 7.2 Geographies of health care – Anju Kudesai 101 10.1 Hunger is suffering 161 10.2 Caring for grandparents is suffering 165 10.3 Alcoholism, abuse and hunger 170 11.1 Crude Oil Prices 1861–2011 (2011 US Dollars) 183 14.2 Estimated TB incidence rates, 2011 (WHO 2012) 230 14.2 Estimated HIV prevalence in new TB cases, 2011 (WHO 2012 233 17.1 Number of Doctors in Zimbabwe, 1991–2004 284 This page has been left blank intentionally List of Tables 2.1 Comparison of AntiMalarials (therapies and prophylaxes) by costs, efficacy and potential side effects 19 2.2 Distribution of eligible participants across treatment groups in Phases I, II, III and IV 22 2.3 Mean parasitic densities among valid subjects participating in all phases 23 3.1 Maternal mortality rates by state 34 3.2 Total variance explained 35 3.3 Component matrix 35 8.1 Shortage of HRH by region 117 8.2 Cross-country comparison of physician and nurse rations per 100,000 population 119 10.1 Key factors influencing experiences of food insecurity by rural youth 158 10.2 Dietary diversity and marriage 160 11.1 Forecasted dates for world peak petroleum production 181 13.1 Long-term health effects of exposure to arsenic 210 13.2 Stages of chronic arsenic poisoning 214 13.3 Types of physician consulted (N=230)1 217 13.4 The cost of different alternative drinking water sources 221 17.1 Location of Zimbabwean medical doctors worldwide, 2000 283 This page has been left blank intentionally Notes on Contributors Rachel Bezner Kerr, PhD is an Associate Professor in the Department of Developmental Sociology at Cornell University. Her research interests converge on the broad themes of sustainable agriculture, food security, health, nutrition and social inequalities, with a primary focus in southern Africa. She uses principles of participatory action research in her work. Elijah Bisung is a PhD candidate from Ghana studying in the Department of Geography, University of Waterloo. His research interests span the environment and human development. Hans-Georg Bohle, PhD who passed away in September 2014, was a German geographer and development researcher. He was chair of development geography in the Geography Department of Bonn University. He published widely on issues of vulnerability, human security and resilience, with special emphasis on food, water and health in South Asia. Abel Chikanda, PhD is a Project Manager at the Balsillie School of International Affairs in Waterloo, Ontario. He is an active member of the Southern African Migration Programme (SAMP) which regularly conducts applied research on migration and development issues in southern Africa. Lauren Classen, PhD received her doctorate in Anthropology from the University of Toronto. Her research interests include the social life of development programmes and child/ youth health in African contexts.
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