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C:\Users\Abc\Desktop\Jsir Spl.I Journal of Scientific &NAMPOOTHIRI Industrial Research et al: MICROBIAL BIODIVERSITY OF WESTERN GHATS OF INDIA 617 Vol. 72, Sept - Oct 2013, pp. 617-623 Western Ghats of India: Rich source of microbial biodiversity K Madhavan Nampoothiri*, B Ramkumar and Ashok Pandey Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum 695 019, India Received 19 March 2013; revised 17 May 2013; accepted 29 May 2013 Western Ghats is one of the unique biodiversity niches, with varied flora, fauna and landscapes. This review presents some data on microbial diversity of Western Ghats, emphasizing the prospects of exploiting them for potential applications that could be imperative for socio-economic development of India. Keywords: Biodiversity Hotspots, Heritage tag, Western Ghats Introduction forest in India. Within an area of 237.52 km2, it houses a Western Ghats of India, though covering an area of rich mosaic of varied habitats forming a unique preserve 180,000 km2, or just under 6% of the land area of India, of natural rainforests. Analyses of conservation outcomes contain more than 30% of all plant, fish, herpeto-fauna, reveal the presence of 332 globally threatened species bird, and mammal species found in India. Starting from and thousands of endemic species in the forests and hill southern tip of Gujarat and extending from Satpura Range ranges of Western Ghats with over 450 birds and 5000 in the north traversing through the States of Maharashtra, vascular plants species, of which 35% and 30% Goa, Karnataka and Kerala, hills of Western Ghats ends respectively are endemic1, besides a vast array of fresh at southern tip of India, standing tall at an altitude of water fishes, invertebrates and amphibians, which are 2695 m (Anamudi) in Kerala. Being the “gene pool” endemic to the region. Among various ranges of harbouring millions of species of animals, plants and organisms in Western Ghats, microorganisms are a vast microbes, the heritage unit of UNESCO grants a section array of novel and unidentified microbes, which could be of Western Ghats lying in the states of Kerala, explored for potential applications. Karnataka, Maharashtra and Gujarat with a “heritage This review presents data on microbial diversity of tag”. In August, 2011, Western Ghats Ecology Expert Western Ghats of India, with an emphasis on exploiting Panel (WGEEP) designated entire Western Ghats as an them for potential applications for socio-economic Ecologically Sensitive Area (ESA) and, assigned three development of India. levels of ecological sensitivity to its different regions. Unique biodiversity of Western Ghats are protected and New microbial Isolates from Western Ghats conserved through the establishment of biosphere Bacteria and Actinomycetes reserves, national parks and several wildlife sanctuaries Bacterial species of 21 different genera (Table 1). Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve comprising 5500 [Proteobacteria (58%), Firmicutes (26%), km² of evergreen forests of Nagarahole; deciduous Actinobacteria (13%) and Bacteroidetes (3%)] were forests of Bandipur National Park; Nugu in Karnataka isolated from water samples of Western Ghats region, and adjoining regions of Wayanad; Mudumalai National which shows an abundance of microbial diversity of Park and Mukurthi National Park in the states of Kerala ecosystem2. Two new species from a group, Pontibacter and Tamil Nadu forms the largest contiguous protected niistensis sp. nov3 and Paracoccus niistensis sp. nov4, area in Western Ghats. Silent Valley National Park were isolated from soil samples of Western Ghat hotspot located in Nilgiri Hills in Palakkad district of Kerala is region. Similarly, 300 new isolates of Bacillus one among the last tracts of virgin tropical evergreen thuringiensis (Bt), isolated from Western Ghats, produce 7 different types of parasporal crystalline inclusions, *Author for correspondence predominantly cuboidal type (27%). Variation in mass of E-mail: [email protected] crystal proteins, purified from these isolates, revealed 618 J SCI IND RES VOL 72 SEPT - OCT 2013 Table 1—Major hot spots in Western Ghats Major ‘Hot spots’ in Western Ghats State Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary and Mollem National Park Goa Anshi National Park, Bandipur National Park, Bhadra Wildlife Karnataka Sanctuary, Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple (BRT)Wildlife Sanctuary, Kudremukh National Park, Rajiv Gandhi National Park (Nagarhole) and Sharavati Valley Wildlife Sanctuary Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Eravikulam National Park, Senduruney Kerala Wildlife Sanctuary, Parambikulam Wildife Sanctuary, Periyar National Park, Silent Valley National Park and Wyanad Wildlife Sanctuary Indira Gandhi (Anamalai) National Park, Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tamil Nadu Tiger Reserve (KMTR), Mudumalai National Park, Mukurthi National Park, Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary, Grizzled Giant Squirrel Sanctuary and Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary unique molecular diversity of this bacterium in Western Capparaceae, Commelinaceae, Cyperaceae and Ghat regions5. A novel species of green phototrophic Portulacaceae) that are assumed to be non-mycorrhizal, bacterium, Rhodobacter viridis sp. nov. [Strain JA737 showed AM association for the first time. AM fungal (T)] of genus Rhodobacter (Family, Rhodo spores of 35 species belonging to Acaulospora, bacteraceae), was isolated from mud of a stream in Gigaspora, Glomus, Sclerocystis and Scutellospora Western Ghats. Strain JA737 (T) contained a were also reported. From fallen fruits of medicinal plant, bacteriochlorophyll and a carotenoid, neurosporene. Terminalia chebula, collected from forests of Western Strain clustered with members of genus Rhodobacter Ghats, two novel fungi of Gliocephalotrichum 6 of the class Alphaproteobacteria . longibrachium and G. bulbilium were isolated10. The first occurrence of Gliocephalotrichum simplex, a Fungal Species species not previously known from India, was reported11 Thermo-tolerance study with spores of mesophilic from Western Ghats region. Four new species of fungi subjected to dry season fire, isolated from a tropical hyphomycete genera (Phaeoramularia viz. semi-arid habitat in southern hills of Western Ghats, P.caesalpinae; Pseudocercospora viz. P. Tiliacearum; indicated that among 25 species of Ascomycota isolated and , occurring from leaf litter, nine were able to grow after incubation Stenella viz. S. argyreiae S. grewiae) on the plants of Western Ghats, were identified12. in a dry oven for 2 h at 100°C; spores of two species Muthukumar & Prabha13 studied extent and type of survived 2 h incubation at 110°C; and one survived exposure to 115°C for 2 h. Molecular and physiological AM and septate endophytic (SE) fungal associations in mechanisms of heat resistance shown by these fungi five lycophytes and 50 ferns collected from Western could be efficiently exploited for future genetic Ghats regions of India, and observed that from 54 species engineering applications7. White rot fungus8, Fomes (belonging to 31 genera) examined, AM fungal spore lividus, isolated from logs of Shorea robusta in Western morphotypes belonged to Claroideoglomus, Ghats region of Tamil Nadu, India, was tested for Funneliformis, Glomus and Rhizophagus. Similarly, decolorization of azo dyes (orange G, Congo red, amido Lakshmipathy et al14 reported abundance and diversity black 10 B) and also for colour removal from dye industry of AM fungi across a gradient of land use intensity and effluents. A survey of plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal their seasonal variations in Niligiri Biosphere (natural (AM) association9, growing in Western Ghats region of forest, grassland, acacia plantations, cardamom Southern India, indicated that from 329 plant species plantations, coffee plantations and paddy fields) of (representing 61 families) examined, 174 showed Western Ghats. Sridhar & Sudheep15 mapped mycorrhizal associations. About 81 plant species filamentous fungal association with mechanically hard belonging to several families (Amaranthaceae, and soft woody litter naturally deposited in a stream of NAMPOOTHIRI et al: MICROBIAL BIODIVERSITY OF WESTERN GHATS OF INDIA 619 Western Ghats. In hardwood sections, 17 lignicolous symbiotic associations between tropical plants and fungi fungi (4 ascomycetes and 13 mitosporic) and 10 Ingoldian in Western Ghats regions, Riviere et al21 investigated fungi (9 lignicolous) and 3 Ingoldian as core-group taxa ectomycorrhizal (ECM) basidiomycete diversity, using a were recovered. In softwood, 10 lignicolous fungi (10 fragment of mitochondrial large subunit rRNA gene, to mitosporic) and 26 Ingoldian fungi (6 lignicolous) and 12 type 140 sporocarps and 54 ectomycorrhizas, thereby Ingoldian as core-group taxa were recovered. providing preliminary insights into taxonomic diversity, ECM status, and biogeographic patterns of ECM fungi Endophytic Fungi in tropical rain forest ecosystems. Several new endophytic fungal strains with potential applications were isolated from tropical rain forest region Microalgae of Western Ghats, viz., Fusarium solani isolated from Freshwater algae are a rich source of novel and Apodytes dimidiate (Icacinaceae), a medium sized biologically active metabolites. In recent years, algal bushy tree. Two strains of F. solani (MTCC 9667 and biofuel has become one of the most promising new MTCC 9668) were found to produce camptothecin and generation biofuel with potential industrial applications 10-hydroxy camptothecin, important precursors for due to fast and efficient growth cycle of microalgae. synthesis of
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