DOCSLIB.ORG

Prevalence of Salmonella Spp. in Pet Reptiles in Japan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

NOTE Public Health Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in Pet Reptiles in Japan Aya NAKADAI1,2), Toshiro KUROKI3), Yukio KATO2), Rieko SUZUKI3), Shiro YAMAI3), Chiharu YAGINUMA2), Ryo SHIOTANI4), Akira YAMANOUCHI5) and Hideki HAYASHIDANI1)* 1)Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Symbiotic Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3–5–8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183–8509, 2)Department of Public Health II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1–17–71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229–8501, 3)Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1–3–1 Shimomachiya, Chigasaki, Kanagawa 253–0087, 4)Gentleman Loser, 5–29–7 Fuchinobe-honcho, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229–0002 and 5)Yamanouchi Iguana Laboratory, 103 Lions Plaza 7–5–8 Sagami-ono, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228–0803, Japan (Received 28 May 2004/Accepted 27 August 2004) ABSTRACT. From November 2000 to July 2002, 112 fecal samples from pet reptiles, including 18 turtles, 71 lizards and 23 snakes, sold at a pet shop were examined for the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in Japan. Salmonella spp. were isolated from 83 (74.1%) of 112 samples, and a total of 112 Salmonella isolates were identified as subspecies I to IV. The majority of isolates (62.5%) belonged to sub- species I and 54 isolates could be identified as any of 28 serovars. The predominant serovars were found to be S. Bardo, S. Newport and S. Panama, which cause human salmonellosis. These results indicate that pet reptiles may be a potential infectious source of human salmonellosis in Japan. KEY WORDS: prevalence, reptiles, Salmonella. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 67(1): 97–101, 2005 Salmonellosis is known to be one of the most important Carry-Blair transport medium (Eiken Chemical Co., Ltd., cause of public health problems worldwide. In Japan, more Tokyo, Japan), and immediately transported to the labora- than 460 cases of human salmonellosis occurred in 2002, tory in an icebox. The fecal samples were suspended in 3 ml and most of them resulted from consumption of foods of of sterile saline, and 1 ml of the suspension was inoculated animal-origin contaminated with Salmonella [14]. Wild and into 10 ml of buffered peptone water (BPW, OXOID Ltd., pet reptiles are generally known to be asymptomatic carriers Basingstoke, Hampshire, England). After incubation at of several Salmonella serotypes, which are potentially 37°C for 24 hr, 1 ml of BPW culture was transferred to 10 pathogenic for humans. Recently, the number of exotic rep- ml of Hajna-tetrathionate broth (Eiken). The broth was tiles has been increasing in popularity as pets and the fact incubated at 37°C for 24 hr, then one loopful of each tube has led to an increase in the number of reptile-associated was inoculated onto a plate of brilliant green agar (BGN, Salmonella infections in the United States [4–6, 18] and OXOID) supplemented with 20 µg novobiocin/ml, desoxy- European countries [2, 7–9]. Majority of the patients cholate hydrogen sulfide lactose agar (DHL, Nissui Pharma- infected with Salmonella spp. from reptiles are infants, and ceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo) and mannitol lysine crystal violet usually show gastroenteritis, less frequently, fatal meningi- brilliant green agar (MLCB, Nissui). These plates were tis or septicemia [5,7,8]. Recently, many reptiles have also incubated at 37°C for 24 hr and three suspicious colonies been kept as pets in Japan as well as in other developed morphologically similar to Salmonella spp. from each plate countries and it is possible that these animals can be a source were subcultured for biochemical examinations. Biochemi- of human salmonellosis. However, little is known about the cal characteristics were examined on triple sugar iron prevalence of Salmonella spp. in reptiles except for aquar- medium (Nissui), lysine indole motility medium (Nissui) ium turtle in Japan [13,19]. This study was designed to and Voges-Proskauer semisolid medium (Eiken). The sub- investigate the presence of Salmonella in pet reptiles, sold species of Salmonella isolates was confirmed by biochemi- and kept in Japan. cal examinations according to Holt et al. [12]. Serotyping of During the period from November 2000 through July Salmonella isolates was accomplished with commercial O 2002, a total of 112 fecal samples of 50 reptile species con- and H antisera (Denka Seiken Co., Ltd., Tokyo) according sisting of 12 families were collected (Table 1). All reptiles to the method of Popoff and Le Minor [16]. except green iguanas were sold as pets in a pet shop located Salmonella spp. were isolated from 83 (74.1%) of 112 in Kanagawa Prefecture, and green iguanas were kept at fecal samples of reptiles (Table 1). Salmonella spp. were Yamanouchi Iguana Laboratory. Reptiles sold in the shop isolated from 23 (100%) of 23 snakes, 13 (72.2%) of 18 tur- had been kept in individual cages immediately after they tles, and 47 (66.1%) of 71 lizards. The isolation rate from were introduced into the shop. Fecal samples were put into snakes was the highest of all. This high proportion of Sal- monella infection in captive reptiles, especially snakes, is *CORRESPONDENCE TO: HAYASHIDANI, H., Division of Animal Sci- ence, Institute of Symbiotic Science and Technology, Tokyo similar to the results of several previous studies [10, 15, 18]. University of Agriculture and Technology, 3–5–8 Saiwai-cho, Geue et al. [10] examined the prevalence of Salmonella in Fuchu, Tokyo 183–8509, Japan. pet reptiles in Germany and Austria, and reported that Sal- 98 A. NAKADAI ET AL. Table 1. Distribution of samples examined, number of isolates and serovars of Salmonella associated with reptile species Reptile taxonomy No. of samples (%)a) No. of Subspecies and Serovars Common name Nomenclature isolates (No. of isolates) Order Testdines (Turtles) 13/ 18 (72.2) 20 Family Testdidae Red-footed Tortoise Geochelone carbonaria 0/ 1 (0.0) 0 – Indian Starred Tortoise Geochelone elegans 1/ 1 (100.0) 1 Salmonella subsp.I (UTb)) (1) Leopard Tortoise Geochelone pardaris 7/ 8 (87.5) 11 S. Minnesota (3) S. Montevideo (1) Salmonella subsp.I (UT) (5) Salmonella subsp.IIIb (UT) (2) Greace Tortoise Testudo graeca ibera 1/ 1 (100.0) 1 S. Bareilly (1) Central Asian Tortoise Testudo horsfieldi 1/ 1 (100.0) 3 S. Horsham (1) S. 13:z29:1,5 (subsp.II) (1) Salmonella subsp.II (UT) (1) Southern Spider Tortoise Pyxis arachnoides oblonga 0/ 1 (0.0) 0 – Madagascar Flat-shelled Tortoise Pyxis planicauda 0/ 1 (0.0) 0 – Family Emydidae Three-toad Box Turtle Terrapene carolina 2/ 2 (100.0) 2 Salmonella subsp.I (UT) (2) Family Chelydridae Snapping Turtle Chelydra serpentina 0/ 1 (0.0) – Alligator Snapping Turtle Macroclemys temminckii 1/ 1 (100.0) 2 S. Haifa (1) S. Potsdam (1) Order Squamata Suborder Sauria (Lizards) 47/ 71 (66.1) 57 Family Agamidae Inland Bearded Dragon Pagona vitticeps 15/ 16 (93.8) 16 S. Amsterdam (1) S. Beaudesert (1) S. Kisarawe (1) S. Minnesota (1) S. Rissen (1) S. 16:z4: – (subsp.IV) (1) Salmonella subsp.I (UT) (3) Salmonella subsp.II (UT) (5) Salmonella subsp.IV(UT) (2) Egyptian Spiny-tailed Agama Uromastyx aegypticus 1/ 1 (100.0) 1 Salmonella subsp.II (UT) (1) Indian Spiny-tailed Agama Uromastyx hardwickii 3/ 4 (75.0) 3 Salmonella subsp.I (UT) (3) Family Iguanidae Green Iguana Iguana iguana 3/ 12 (25.0) 3 Salmonella subsp.IV (UT) (3) Family Scincidae Monky-tailed Skink Corucia zebrata 0/ 1 (0.0) 0 – Pygmy Spiny-tailed Skink Egernia depressa 1/ 2 (50.0) 1 Salmonella subsp.I (UT) (1) Family Cordylidae Rough-scaled Plated Lizard Gerrhosaurus major 2/ 2 (100.0) 2 S. Amsterdam (1) Salmonella subsp.I (UT) (1) Family Helodermatidae Banded Gila Monsters Heloderma S. cinctum 1/ 1 (100.0) 1 S. Poona or Farmsenc) (1) Reticulated Gila Monsters Heloderma S. Suspectum 1/ 1 (100.0) 2 S. Alachua (1) Salmonella subsp.I (UT) (1) Family Varanidae Gray’s Monitor Varanus olivaceus 1/ 1 (100.0) 3 S. Haifa (1) Salmonella subsp.I (UT) (1) Salmonella subsp.IIIb (UT) (1) Roughneck Monitor Varanus rudicllis 1/ 1 (100.0) 2 S. Kentucky (1) S. Schwarzengrund (1) Family Gekkonidae Texas Banded Gecko Coleonyx brevis 1/ 2 (50.0) 1 S. Beaudesert (1) Central American Banded Gecko Coleonyx mitratus 0/ 2 (0.0) – Malayan Bow-fingered Gecko Cyrtodactylus pulchellus 0/ 1 (0.0) – Leopard Gecko Eublepharis macularius 1/ 5 (20.0) 1 S. Amsterdam (1) Japanese Gecko Gekko japonicus 1/ 1 (100.0) 2 S. Bardo (1) S. Panama (1) Continued on following page. SALMONELLA FROM PET REPTILES 99 Table 1. – Continued. Reptile taxonomy No. of samples (%)a) No. of Subspecies and Serovars Common name Nomenclature isolates (No. of isolates) Indian House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviridas 1/ 1 (100.0) 1 Salmonella subsp.IIIb (UT) (1) Masobe Madagascar Ground Gecko Paroedura masobe 1/ 1 (100.0) 1 S. Enteritidis (1) Madagascar Ground Gecko Paroedura pictus 6/ 9 (66.7) 8 S. Hvittingfos (1) S. Panama (1) S. Potengi (1) S. Soananina or Sundsvallc) (2) Salmonella subsp.I (UT) (1) Salmonella subsp.II (UT) (2) Carter’s Rock Gecko Pristurus rupestoris 1/ 1 (100.0) 1 S. Stanley (1) Crested Gecko Rhacodactylus ciliatus 3/ 3 (100.0) 4 S. Braenderup (2) Salmonella subsp.IV (UT) (2) Carrot-tailed Viper Gecko Teratolepis fasciata 2/ 2 (100.0) 2 S. Panama (2) Fantastic Flat-tailed Gecko Uroplatus phantasticus 1/ 1 (100.0) 2 S. Muenchen (1) Salmonella subsp.IIIb (UT) (1) Order Squamata Suborder Ophidia (Snakes) 23/ 23 (100.0) 35 Family Boidae Children’s Python Antaresia childreni 1/ 1 (100.0) 1 Salmonella subsp.II (UT) (1) Garden Tree Boa Corallus hortulaus 2/ 2 (100.0) 3 S. Kentucky (1) Salmonella subsp.IIIb (UT) (2) Kenyan Sand Boa Gongylophis colubrinus 1/ 1 (100.0) 1 Salmonella subsp.IIIb (UT) (1) Green Python Morelia viridis 1/ 1 (100.0) 1 S.
Recommended publications
  • Varanus Doreanus) in Australia

    Varanus Doreanus) in Australia

    BIAWAK Journal of Varanid Biology and Husbandry Volume 11 Number 1 ISSN: 1936-296X On the Cover: Varanus douarrha The individuals depicted on the cover and inset of this issue represent a recently redescribed species of monitor lizard, Varanus douarrha (Lesson, 1830), which origi- nates from New Ireland, in the Bismark Archipelago of Papua New Guinea. Although originally discovered and described by René Lesson in 1830, the holotype was lost on its way to France when the ship it was traveling on became shipwrecked at the Cape of Good Hope. Since then, without a holotype for comparitive studies, it has been assumed that the monitors on New Ireland repre- sented V. indicus or V. finschi. Recent field investiga- tions by Valter Weijola in New Ireland and the Bismark Archipelago and phylogenetic analyses of recently col- lected specimens have reaffirmed Lesson’s original clas- sification of this animal as a distinct species. The V. douarrha depicted here were photographed by Valter Weijola on 17 July and 9 August 2012 near Fis- soa on the northern coast of New Ireland. Both individu- als were found basking in coconut groves close to the beach. Reference: Weijola, V., F. Kraus, V. Vahtera, C. Lindqvist & S.C. Donnellan. 2017. Reinstatement of Varanus douarrha Lesson, 1830 as a valid species with comments on the zoogeography of monitor lizards (Squamata: Varanidae) in the Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea. Australian Journal of Zoology 64(6): 434–451. BIAWAK Journal of Varanid Biology and Husbandry Editor Editorial Review ROBERT W. MENDYK BERND EIDENMÜLLER Department of Herpetology Frankfurt, DE Smithsonian National Zoological Park [email protected] 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW Washington, DC 20008, US RUSTON W.
  • AMPHIBIAN and REPTILE TRADE in TEXAS: CURRENT STATUS and TRENDS a Thesis by HEATHER LEE PRESTRIDGE Submitted to the Office of Gr

    AMPHIBIAN and REPTILE TRADE in TEXAS: CURRENT STATUS and TRENDS a Thesis by HEATHER LEE PRESTRIDGE Submitted to the Office of Gr

    AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE TRADE IN TEXAS: CURRENT STATUS AND TRENDS A Thesis by HEATHER LEE PRESTRIDGE Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE August 2009 Major Subject: Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE TRADE IN TEXAS: CURRENT STATUS AND TRENDS A Thesis by HEATHER LEE PRESTRIDGE Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved by: Chair of Committee, Lee A. Fitzgerald Committee Members, James R. Dixon Toby J. Hibbitts Ulrike Gretzel Head of Department, Thomas E. Lacher August 2009 Major Subject: Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences iii ABSTRACT Amphibian and Reptile Trade in Texas: Current Status and Trends. (August 2009) Heather Lee Prestridge, B.S., Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Lee A. Fitzgerald The non-game wildlife trade poses a risk to our natural landscape, natural heritage, economy, and security. Specifically, the trade in non-game reptiles and amphibians exploits native populations, and is likely not sustainable for many species. Exotic amphibian and reptile species pose risk of invasion and directly or indirectly alter the native landscape. The extent of non-game amphibian and reptile trade is not fully understood and is poorly documented. To quantitatively describe the trade in Texas, I solicited data from the United States Fish and Wildlife Service’s (USFWS) Law Enforcement Management Information System (LEMIS) and Texas Parks and Wildlife Department’s (TPWD) non-game dealer permits.
  • Species Conservation Priorities in the Tropical Forests of Southeast Asia

    Species Conservation Priorities in the Tropical Forests of Southeast Asia

    SPECIES CONSERVATION PRIORITIES IN THE TROPICAL FORESTS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES SPECIES SURVIVAL COMMISSION ROLE OF THE SSC The Species Survival Commission (SSC) is composed of about 150 full members and over a thousand scientists and other experts organized into more than 75 specialist groups. This volunteer network serves as a primary source of the scientific and technical information required for the conservation of endangered and vulnerable flora and fauna, and recommends and promotes measures for their conservation. OBJECTIVES OF THE SSC To insure the maintenance of biological diversity by monitoring the status of species and populations, by developing action plans and promoting and implementing such plans, by interacting with a network of volunteers devoted to conservation concerns, and by advising and making policy recommendations to governments, other agencies and organizations. Subobjective no. 1: To maintain an international network of volunteers and a forum for the exchange of views and scien- tific information on species and populations of conservation concern. Subobjective no. 2: To cooperate with the IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre (CMC) in developing a data base on the status of, and trade in, wild flora and fauna and in assessing and disseminating such information to CITES and elsewhere for conservation action. Subobjective no. 3: To develop and review conservation action plans and priorities for species and populations. Subobjective no. 4: To promote implementation of conservation action plans and to respond to related issues.

  • Learning in Non‐Avian Reptiles 40 Years On

    Biol. Rev. (2021), 96, pp. 331–356. 331 doi: 10.1111/brv.12658 Learning in non-avian reptiles 40 years on: advances and promising new directions Birgit Szabo1,2* , Daniel W. A. Noble3 and Martin J. Whiting1 1Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia 2Division of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Wohlenstrasse 50a, Bern, 3032, Switzerland 3Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia ABSTRACT Recently, there has been a surge in cognition research using non-avian reptile systems. As a diverse group of animals, non-avian reptiles [turtles, the tuatara, crocodylians, and squamates (lizards, snakes and amphisbaenids)] are good model systems for answering questions related to cognitive ecology, from the role of the environment on the brain, behaviour and learning, to how social and life-history factors correlate with learning ability. Furthermore, given their variable social structure and degree of sociality, studies on reptiles have shown that group living is not a pre-condition for social learning. Past research has demonstrated that non-avian reptiles are capable of more than just instinctive reactions and basic cog- nition. Despite their ability to provide answers to fundamental questions in cognitive ecology, and a growing literature, there have been no recent systematic syntheses of research in this group. Here, we systematically, and comprehensively review studies on reptile learning. We identify 92 new studies investigating learning in reptiles not included in previous reviews on this topic – affording a unique opportunity to provide a more in-depth synthesis of existing work, its taxonomic distribution, the types of cognitive domains tested and methodologies that have been used.
  • Mammalian Community Responses to a Gradient of Land-Use Intensity on the Island of Borneo

    Mammalian Community Responses to a Gradient of Land-Use Intensity on the Island of Borneo

    Mammalian community responses to a gradient of land-use intensity on the island of Borneo Oliver Richard Wearn Division of Ecology and Evolution Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2015 ii Copyright declaration The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives licence. Researchers are free to copy, distribute or transmit the thesis on the condition that they attribute it, that they do not use it for commercial purposes and that they do not alter, transform or build upon it. For any reuse or distribution, researchers must make clear to others the license terms of this work. iii Abstract Southeast Asian rainforests have, in recent decades, experienced the highest rates of deforestation and logging across the major tropical regions. This has left a vast estate of degraded forest in the region, which is under threat from further degradation and conversion to agriculture, principally for the expansion of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantations. However, knowledge of the relative conservation value of different land-uses in the region is still limited, and a robust quantitative basis for resolving land-use tradeoffs, in particular between agricultural yield and biodiversity, is lacking. I aimed to assess terrestrial mammal species richness, abundance and β-diversity across a gradient of land-use intensity (old-growth forest, logged forest and oil palm) in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Overall mammal species richness was conserved even in the intensively-logged forests that I sampled, as were the majority of apparent old-growth specialists.
  • (Version 2) Non-Avian Reptile Learning 40 Years On

    (Version 2) Non-Avian Reptile Learning 40 Years On

    1 RUNNING HEAD: Review learning in Reptiles 1 PREPRINT (Version 2) 2 Non-avian reptile learning 40 years on: advances and promising 3 new directions 4 5 Birgit Szaboa*, Daniel W. A. Nobleb, Martin J. Whitinga 6 7 a Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia 8 b Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National 9 University, Canberra, Australia 10 11 12 13 14 15 *Corresponding author: Birgit Szabo, Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie 16 University, Marsfield, NSW 2109, Australia; mobile: +61 411 78 60 61; email: 17 [email protected], ORCID: 0000000232268621 18 19 M.J. Whiting ORCID: 0000-0002-4662-0227 20 D.W.A. Noble ORDID: 0000-0001-9460-8743 21 22 Word count: 27,623 2 RUNNING HEAD: Review learning in Reptiles 23Abstract 24Recently, there has been a surge in cognition research using non-avian reptile systems. As 25a diverse group of animals, non-avian reptiles (turtles, the tuatara, crocodilians, and 26squamates - lizards, snakes and amphisbaenids) are good model systems for answering 27questions related to cognitive ecology; from the role of the environment in impacting brain, 28behaviour and learning, to how social and life-history factors correlate with learning ability. 29Furthermore, given their variable social structure and degree of sociality, studies on reptiles 30have demonstrated that group living is not a pre-condition for social learning. Past research 31has undoubtedly demonstrated that non-avian reptiles are capable of more than just 32instinctive reactions and basic cognition. Despite their ability to provide answers to 33fundamental questions in cognitive ecology, and a growing literature base, there have been 34no systematic syntheses of research in this group.
  • An Annotated Bibliography of Captive Reproduction in Monitor Lizards (Varanidae: Varanus)

    An Annotated Bibliography of Captive Reproduction in Monitor Lizards (Varanidae: Varanus)

    Biawak, 11(1), pp. 40–49 © 2017 by International Varanid Interest Group An Annotated Bibliography of Captive Reproduction in Monitor Lizards (Varanidae: Varanus). Part II. Empagusia and Philippinosaurus ROBERT W. MENDYK1,2 1Department of Herpetology Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens 370 Zoo Parkway Jacksonville, FL 32218, USA 2Department of Herpetology Smithsonian National Zoological Park 30001 Connecticut Avenue Washington, D.C. 20008, USA E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Popular in zoos and private collections, monitor lizards have been maintained in captivity for nearly two centuries. During this time, but especially over the past three decades, a voluminous body of publications has brought to light important details and perspectives that have helped advance their captive husbandry and reproductive management. This bibliography presents an annotated compilation of publications pertaining strictly to the captive reproduction of monitor lizards belonging to the Varanus subgenera Empagusia and Philippinosaurus. It is intended to serve as a guide for zoos and private herpetoculturists looking to expand their knowledge and familiarity with this group and introduce readers to different perspectives on their management and reproduction in captivity. Introduction 1991). Eggs had also been received but not hatched by other keepers around this time (e.g., Thilenius, 1898); Monitor lizards have a long and fascinating history of these eggs were usually scattered by the females who being maintained in captivity that dates back to at least clearly did not have appropriate conditions available the early 19th Century. Some of the earliest published for nesting (Branch, 1992; Thilenius, 1898). A poor accounts of monitor lizards in captive collections understanding of monitor lizard biology and husbandry reference animals held in European menageries and and reptile egg incubation undoubtedly prohibited zoological gardens (Cox, 1831; Knight, 1867; Mitchell, successful captive breeding from taking place for many 1852; Sclater, 1877), although private keepers also decades.
  • LAPORAN TAHUNAN Annual Report 2010 Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar Dan Taman Negara

    LAPORAN TAHUNAN Annual Report 2010 Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar Dan Taman Negara

    LAPORAN TAHUNAN Annual Report 2010 Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara (PERHILITAN) Semenanjung Malaysia Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP) Peninsular Malaysia Kandungan Content Visi, Misi dan Objektif Pengurusan Tertinggi di Peringkat Negeri 4 Vision, Mission and Objectives 14 Management in the State Department of Wildlife and National Parks Piagam Pelanggan 6 Client’s Charter Penganugerahan Darjah dan 16 Pingat Kebesaran Perutusan Ketua Pengarah Award and Medal 8 Message from the Director General Kawasan Perlindungan Carta Organisasi 18 Protected Areas 10 Organization Chart Perundangan dan Penguatkuasaan Pengurusan Tertinggi 26 Law and Enforcement 12 di Peringkat Ibu Pejabat PERHILITAN Management at Department of Wildlife Konservasi In-situ and National Parks Headquarters 36 In-situ Conservation Konservasi Ex-situ Pengurusan 68 Ex-situ Conservation 110 Management Ekopelancongan Kalendar Aktiviti 82 Ecotourism 126 Calendar of Activities Latihan Produk 90 Training 140 Product Kesedaran Awam Lampiran 94 Public Awareness 144 Appendices Penyelidikan Senarai Singkatan 102 Research 190 List of Abbreviations Lembaga Pengarang 194 Editorial Board Visi Vision Menjadi institusi yang cemerlang dalam konservasi dan pengurusan lestari biodiversiti ke arah pencapaian wawasan negara. To be an excellent institution in the conservation and sustainable management of biodiversity towards achieving the nation’s vision. Objektif Objective 01 Perlindungan, pengurusan serta pengekalan biodiversiti untuk penghasilan faedah yang
  • Biawak 1(1): 3 © 2007

    Biawak 1(1): 3 © 2007

    BIAWAK Quarterly Journal of Varanid Biology and Husbandry Editor ROBERT W. MENDYK P.O. Box 61 Carle Place, NY 11514, US [email protected] Associate Editors HAROLD F. DELISLE DANIEL BENNETT P.O. Box 1975 School of Biology, Leeds University Twentynine Palms, CA 92277, US Leeds LS2 9JT, UK [email protected] [email protected] Editorial Review BERND EIDENMÜLLER MICHAEL FOST Griesheimer Ufer 53 Learning Tutoring Center 65933 Frankfurt, DE Georgia Perimeter College Clarkston Campus [email protected] 555 North Indian Creek Dr Clarkston, GA 30021, US [email protected] RUston W. Hartdegen ROBERT G. SPRACKLAND Department of Herpetology, Dallas Zoo Virtual Museum of Natural History 650 South R.L. Thornton Freeway Unit #4 2635 Prosch Ave W Dallas, Texas 75203, US Seattle, WA 98119, US [email protected] [email protected] MICHAEL J. BALSAI MICHAEL Cota Department of Biology, Temple University 59/306 M. 7 Thanmankhong Village Philadelphia, PA 19122, US T.Khlong Song, A. Khlong Luang [email protected] Pathum Thani 12120, TH [email protected] JEFFREY M. LEMM Applied Animal Ecology Division Conservation and Research for Endangered Species (CRES) Zoological Society of San Diego 15600 San Pasqual Valley Rd Escondido, CA 92027, US [email protected] INTERNATIONAL VARANID INTEREST GROUP www.varanidae.org The International Varanid Interest Group is a volunteer-based organization established to advance vara- nid research, conservation, and husbandry, and to promote scientific literacy among varanid enthusiasts. Membership to the IVIG is free, and open to anyone with an interest in monitor lizards and the advance- ment of varanid research. Membership includes subscription to Biawak, a quarterly journal of varanid biology and husbandry, and is available online through the IVIG website.
  • Herpetoculture 619

    Herpetoculture 619

    HERPETOCULTURE 619 HERPETOCULTURE Herpetological Review, 2014, 45(4), 619–632. © 2014 by Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles On the Thermal Husbandry of Monitor Lizards Thermal husbandry, the range of temperatures offered to maintenance and reproductive success relative to the number reptiles in captivity, is one of the most basic, yet critical aspects of specimens that have been kept (Bennett 1989, 1994; Bennett of herpetological husbandry. As poikilothermic ectotherms, and Thakoordyal 2003; Mendyk, unpubl.). Recent assessments reptiles are unable to physiologically maintain constant body suggest that many varanid species may not be reaching their full temperatures and must instead thermoregulate behaviorally lifespan potentials in captivity (Mendyk, unpubl.), and several by utilizing the range of temperatures available to them within authors have identified and discussed problematic areas of their their environment (Cowles and Bogert 1944; Bogert 1949, 1959). captive management and reproduction (Horn and Visser 1989; Because reptiles vary considerably in their thermal tolerances, Boyer and Boyer 1997; Horn and Visser 1997; Hartdegen 2002; preferences and thermoregulatory strategies, providing taxon- Spelman 2002; Horn 2004; Mendyk et al. 2013). Of the various specific husbandry consistent with a species’ ecology and factors known to affect the health and welfare of varanid lizards thermal biology should be a primary focus of reptile collections in captivity, inappropriate thermal husbandry appears to be one and caregivers
  • International Live Trade in Varanus Species Legal and Illegal Trade in 31 Varanus Species Native to Indonesia and Papua New Guinea Between 2000 and 2012

    International Live Trade in Varanus Species Legal and Illegal Trade in 31 Varanus Species Native to Indonesia and Papua New Guinea Between 2000 and 2012

    TRAFFIC SOUTH-EAST ASIA UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCE VAN HALL LARENSTEIN International Live Trade in Varanus Species Legal and illegal trade in 31 Varanus species native to Indonesia and Papua New Guinea between 2000 and 2012 Liselot Lange and Karen Schors 7th of July 2014 International Live Trade in Varanus Species A research on legal and illegal trade in 31 Varanus species native to Indonesia and Papua New Guinea between 2000 and 2012 Liselot Lange and Karen Schors Keywords: Varanus, reptiles, live, legal, illegal, international, trade, export, import, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, captive-bred, wild-caught. L.R. Lange 930726001 K.A. Schors 880521004 Animal Management Van Hall Larenstein Leeuwarden Logo obtained at www.hogeschoolvhl.nl July, 2014 Preface This research is carried out as a bachelor thesis for the study Animal Management at the University Van Hall Larenstein, the Netherlands. The research will form a basis for an extensive research by TRAFFIC Southeast Asia. We would like to thank our supervisors Ms. T. Griede and Mr. H. Bezuijen, who gave us feedback and supported the process of writing the report. Furthermore we are particularly grateful for Mr. C. R. Shepherd who assigned us with the project and Ms. S. Chng who gave feedback and a lot of insight information. Liselot R. Lange & Karen A. Schors 7th of July, 2014 Leeuwarden, The Netherlands Summary Varanus species are a popular species in the exotic pet trade. Little is known about the distribution of these species and trade could have a negative impact on the status of wild populations. Indonesia and Papua New Guinea have a large diversity of Varanus species and are both known as major wildlife trading countries.
  • PREPRINT (Version 2) Non-Avian Reptile Learning 40 Years On

    PREPRINT (Version 2) Non-Avian Reptile Learning 40 Years On

    RUNNING HEAD: Review learning in Reptiles 1 1 PREPRINT (Version 2) 2 Non-avian reptile learning 40 years on: advances and promising 3 new directions 4 5 Birgit Szaboa*, Daniel W. A. Nobleb, Martin J. Whitinga 6 7 a Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia 8 b Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National 9 University, Canberra, Australia 10 11 12 13 14 15 *Corresponding author: Birgit Szabo, Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie 16 University, Marsfield, NSW 2109, Australia; mobile: +61 411 78 60 61; email: 17 [email protected], ORCID: 0000000232268621 18 19 M.J. Whiting ORCID: 0000-0002-4662-0227 20 D.W.A. Noble ORDID: 0000-0001-9460-8743 21 22 Word count: 27,623 RUNNING HEAD: Review learning in Reptiles 2 23 Abstract 24 Recently, there has been a surge in cognition research using non-avian reptile systems. As 25 a diverse group of animals, non-avian reptiles (turtles, the tuatara, crocodilians, and 26 squamates - lizards, snakes and amphisbaenids) are good model systems for answering 27 questions related to cognitive ecology; from the role of the environment in impacting brain, 28 behaviour and learning, to how social and life-history factors correlate with learning ability. 29 Furthermore, given their variable social structure and degree of sociality, studies on reptiles 30 have demonstrated that group living is not a pre-condition for social learning. Past research 31 has undoubtedly demonstrated that non-avian reptiles are capable of more than just 32 instinctive reactions and basic cognition. Despite their ability to provide answers to 33 fundamental questions in cognitive ecology, and a growing literature base, there have been 34 no systematic syntheses of research in this group.