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An Abstract of the Thesis Of AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Steve Rene' Moothart for the degree of Master of Science in Geology presented on December 7. 1992. Title: Geology of the Middle and Upper Eocene Mcintosh Formation and Adjacent Volcanic and Sedimentary Rock Units. Willapa Hills. Pacific County. Southwest Washington. Signature redacted for privacy. Abstract approved: Alan R. Niem. The early to middle Eocene submarine basalts of the Crescent Formation form the core and basement of the structurally uplifted Willapa Hills region of southwest Washington. The formation consists of a thick sequence of predominantly subalkaline, tholeiitic pillow basalts and breccias formed as oceanic crust and seamounts at a sea floor spreading ridge or pull apart basin along the rifting continental margin of North America. Radiometric (Ar40 - Ar39) dating of the pillow basalt indicates an age of approximately 53 -55Ma for the formation. Foraminifera collected from mudstones interbedded with the pillow basalts of the Crescent Formation in southwestern Pacific County indicate a Ulatisian to lower Narizian (middle Eocene) age for the basalts and suggest that they were erupted in lower-middle bathyal(1500 -2000 m) water depths. Locally associated with the pillow basalts are hyaloclastic basalt breccias and basaltic sandstones. Overlying, and interbedded with the basalts of the Crescent Formation is the middle and upper Eocene Mcintosh Formation, which is composed of three members (informal). Stratigraphically from the lowest, these members are: 1) Fork Creek member; 2) Lebarn member, 3) McIntosh Volcanics member. The Fork Creek member consists of a thick sequence of normally graded, micaceous, coarse- to fine-grained, arkosic and lithic arkosic sandstones deposited by sand-rich, high concentration turbidity currents in the deep marine-marginal basin. The turbidites were fed by a fluvial system carrying granitic and metamorphic detritus derived from erosion of Mesozoic crystalline rocks of the Okanagan Uplift region of northeastern Washington and southeastern British Columbia, and possibly the Idaho Batholith. Lithologically equivalent, shallow-marine and fluvial-deltaic sandstones with quartz and chert pebbles include the middle Eocene Carbonado Formation of the Puget Group and the upper portion of the type McIntosh Formation to the east. Microprobe determination of composition of plagioclase microlites and phenocrysts in volcanic fragments in the sandstones indicate a proximal volcanic source such as a pre Western Cascade basaltic andesite (e.g. Northcraft Volcanics) or possibly Challis Volcanics further east. Paleocurrent measurements suggest that dispersal of the turbidity flows to the west southwest within the basin was controlled by the active volcanic highs of the Crescent Formation. Lithofacies and foraminifers suggest that the Fork Creek member represents a small lowstand fan deposited during a fall in relative sea level either due to eustatic sea-level drop and / or tectonic uplift of the basin. Numerous dikes and sill-like bodies of porphyritic basalt to gabbro intrude both the pillow basalts of the Crescent Formation and micaceous arkosic sandstones of the Fork Creek member. These intrusions are generally concentrated near the contact between the two units and some appear to be fault controlled. Based upon major and trace element compositions,the intrusions can be separated into two types. The first type consists of subalkaline tholeiitic basalts and gabbros chemically equivalent to the oceanic basalt of the Crescent Formation. Radiometric dating of one of these sills which intrudes the upper portion of the Fork Creek member of the McIntosh formation is 48.7 + 0.5 Ma. These intrusions likely represent late stage events associated with waning activity of the Crescent basalts. The second group of intrusive rocks consists of high Ti02 alkaline basalts similar in composition to the nearby subaerial basalt and basaltic andesite flows of the middle (?) to upper Eocene Grays River Volcanics. Radiometric dating of a trachybasalt dike from this group indicate an age of 41.4 + 0.7 Ma. Magnetic polarity measurements indicate that most middle Eocene basalts of the Crescent Formation formed at a time of normal magnetic polarity. Later intrusive equivalents of the Crescent Formation and the Grays River Volcanics typically show reversed magnetic polarities. An abrupt transgressive event due to eustatic sea level rise and / or tectonic subsidence within the basin is recognized by the deposition of the thick sequence of deeper marine mudstones, siltstones, and minor distal, thin bedded, micaceous arkosic turbidites of the middle to upper Eocene Lebam member of the McIntosh Formation. This transgression is accompanied by a landward shift in the supply of arkosic sand- rich sediments and a hiatus of deposition of arkosic sand in this portion of the basin. The sea level transgression may be due to thermal subsidence of the basin at the cessation of Crescent volcanism. Massive to weakly bedded basaltic tuff and tuff breccia of the McIntosh Volcanics member is locally interbedded with the deep-marine strata in the upper portion of the Lebam member. This basaltic aquagene tuff may be associated with similar tuffs within the Grays River Volcanics elsewhere. Fine-grained, glauconitic sandstones of the basal portion of the latest Eocene to Oligocene Lincoln Creek Formation conformably overlie deep-marine strata of the Lebam member. The sandstone is generally massive, bioturbated, and contains gastropods and articulated pelecypod fossils These sandstones were deposited during a time of low sedimentation rates and represent progradation of shallow-marine sands during a period of highstand in relative sea level. Thin section and quantitative analyses by permeameter of the fine- to medium- grained arkosic sandstones of the Fork Creek member indicate relatively good porosity. However, the formation of authigenic pore-lining nontronite (smectitic) and / or chlorite clay rim cement, zeolites, and sparry calcite during diagenesis has significantly reduced permeability making these well-indurated turbidite strata of marginal reservoir quality. However, diagenetic effects such as dissolution of lithic framework grains and feldspar is observed and may enhance the porosity and permeability of the sandstones in the subsurface and subsequently improve the reservoir quality locally. Hydrocarbon source rock potential of mudstones within the Fork Creek and Lebam members indicate that these strata are generally organically lean and gas-prone (type III kerogen) with little or no potential for formation of liquid hydrocarbons. Mudstones are typically thermally immature (e.g. Ro < .494%), although, heating by proximal basaltic intrusions in the area is observed to result in local thermal maturation of some sedimentary strata into the oil window and beyond. Northwest-trending, high-angle, right lateral, oblique-slip faults are the dominant structural feature in the area. A subordinate set of northeast-trending faults appears to be truncated by the northwest-trending faults, and could represent an earlier episode of faulting or could possibly be en echelon and conjugate structures. The structural pattern is similar to that mapped in the Mist gas field of northwest Oregon. Northwest-trending faults commonly juxtapose arkosic sandstones of the Fork Creek member against volcanics of the Crescent Formation and large intrusive units or against the siltstone- and mudstone-rich overlying Lebam member. These faults could form structural traps for hydrocarbons if present in the subsurface to the north and east. Other possible traps include stratigraphic pinch outs and channeling of the arkosic sand-rich turbidites of the Fork Creek member within deep marine mudstones or onlap of these reservoir sands against volcanic highs within the basin. The thick fine-grained strata of the overlying Lebam member and the glauconitic sandstone of the Lincoln Creek Formation could act as a seal for the 'reservoir sandstones" of the Fork Creek member. GEOLOGY OF THE MIDDLE AND UPPER EOCENE McINTOSH FORMATION AND ADJACENT VOLCANIC AND SEDIMENTARY ROCK UMTS, WILLAPA HILLS, PACIFIC COUNTY, SOUTHWEST WASHINGTON by Steve Rene' Moothart A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Completed December 7, 1992 Commencement June 1993 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION 3 LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILiTY 3 PREVIOUS WORK 5 METHODS OF INVESTIGATION 8 Field methods 8 Laboratory Procedures 9 REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHY AND GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF THE SOUTHERN WASHINGTON COAST RANGE 11 VOLCANIC ROCK UNITS 25 CRESCENT FORMATION 25 Nomenclature and Distribution 25 Contact Relations 28 Lithology 28 INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS 37 Nomenclature and Distribution 37 Contact Relations and Lithology 38 GEOCHEMISTRY OF IGNEOUS ROCKS 41 PETROGRAPHY OF IGNEOUS ROCKS 60 Introduction 60 Crescent Formation 60 Intrusive Igneous Rocks 69 MAGNETIC POLARITY 80 SEDIMENTARY ROCK UNITS 81 McINTOSH FORMATION 81 Nomenclature and Distribution 81 Age and Correlation 89 Lithology and Contact Relations 92 Fork Creek Member 92 Lebam Member 100 McIntosh Volcanics Member 106 Petrography 108 Fork Creek Member 112 Composition 114 Lebam Member 122 Compositional Maturity 124 Textural Maturity 125 MCINTOSH FORMATION Cont. Diagenesis 127 Authigenic Clays 127 Compaction 132 Calcite Cement 133 Zeolite Cement 135 Dissolution of Framework Grains 138 Paragenetic Sequence 139 Provenance 143 Depositional
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