DOCSLIB.ORG

Psilocybe Azurescens Cultivation Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Psilocybe Azurescens Cultivation Report Psilocybe azurescens Cultivation Report by Skillet original report: https://www.erowid.org/plants/mushrooms/mushrooms_cultivation_az10.shtml Table of Contents: Psilocybe azurescens (Wild Astoria) Psilocybe azurescens (Hammond) Spore germination Spawn media Bulk substrate preparation Preparation of outdoor beds Establishment of beds Pests! Maintenance Fruiting report soma rights re-served 1 since 27.03.2015 at http://www.en.psilosophy.info/ psilocybe azurescens cultivation report www.en.psilosophy.info/oeoimkiwbdifbncxceadbvjp Psilocybe azurescens (Wild Astoria) 1. Patch collected in Astoria OR 12/19/99. Patch dug up and placed, along with grasses, into large flower pots. 2. Pots brought back to Seattle, WA. Patches were then cleaned up of extra debris and alder woodchips were added. Makeup of pots as follows: Pots filled 3/4 with beach/riparian sand/silt. dune grasses and other plants arranged on sand. Mycelial bits laid on sand surface around grasses. whole thing covered with alder chips and planings. soma rights re-served 2 since 27.03.2015 at http://www.en.psilosophy.info/ psilocybe azurescens cultivation report www.en.psilosophy.info/oeoimkiwbdifbncxceadbvjp 3. Each pot was watered deeply and placed in a south facing window sill. The pots were sprayed with distilled water every day. note: after two weeks, there were signs of black mold in one of the pots. I cleared the mold out with tweezers and stopped spraying the pots. I noticed lots of mycelium growing at the border between the sand and woodchips. The pots were then watered only once a week, allowing them to dry at the surface. The grass has taken off, as has the weeds. A coast lupine has sprouted as have lots of other weeds. 4. Three of the six pots were taken outside on 2/6/00, 7 weeks after starting. Daytime highs were in the mid-50's, lows in mid-40's. I hope to have Mushrooms growing in flowerpots by mid-March. They should make lovely pictures. After the last flush, the pots will be broken down and planted into prepared beds. These beds will be composed of pits dug out and filled with sand from a nearby river. I will try to recreate the environment of the West Oregon sand dunes and get the Azurescens to take to the Puget Sound environment. A portion of the patch will be dug up and moved every year to a location along the Puget Sound. There are places locally soma rights re-served 3 since 27.03.2015 at http://www.en.psilosophy.info/ psilocybe azurescens cultivation report www.en.psilosophy.info/oeoimkiwbdifbncxceadbvjp with sand dunes containing dune grasses that the Azurescens will probably adapt to readily. Within ten years, Psilocybe Azurescens will be a predominant species in the Puget Sound Region. 5. A week after being put outside, a hard frost set in so I pulled the pots back into the house for a few weeks.(2/13/00-2/27/00) All the pots were put out on 2/28/00 along with a batch of P. Cyanescens. As of 4/7/00 there is no sign of activity from any of the pots. The weather has been 1/2 dry 1/2 rainy. Highs have been in the upper 50's to lower 60's, lows from the low 30's to mid 40's. With the weather warming (highs this weekend to near 70 degrees F.) I am fearing that any primordia may abort. Also, the pots go through a period of drying every week. I'll give it another month before I abort the mission and begin work on an outdoor patch. Psilocybe Azurescens. Psilocybe azurescens (Hammond) by Amanita original source: https://www.erowid.org/plants/mushrooms/mushrooms_cultivation_az2.shtml Spore germination Spores from a print were streaked out onto 2% malt agar and incubated in the dark at 25 °C. After 7 days, the healthiest looking rhizomorphic colonies were isolated and transferred to fresh plates, also cultured on agar slants in universal 1 oz glass bottles, for cold storage in the fridge (5.0 °C). Spores germinating on agar media. Spawn media 100 ml of organic rye grain and 80 ml of tap water was put in 1 pint glass jars, with synthetic filter discs fitted under the caps, and autoclaved for 20 minutes. Once cooled, 1cm wedges of mycelium were cut from the agar and transferred, 3 to each jar. Lids were replaced, and jars incubated at 25 °C for 7 days. Each jar was shaken to disperse the rapidly spreading mycelium, and then incubated for a further 7 days. Bulk substrate preparation Fully colonised grain spawn was then used to inoculate "filter patch spawn bags" . Each bag contained around 1 pound of mixed hardwood sawdust and alder wood shavings/chips. Enough boiling water was added to each bag to fully wet the substrate (approx. 5:4 substrate : water ratio). These substrate bags were left to soak overnight then autoclaved for 20 minutes, and allowed to cool. Around ½ pint of spawn was used to inoculate each bag of substrate and these were left to colonise in a dark cupboard for 2-3 weeks @ about 20 °C. An alternative method for an attempted indoor patch was using a plastic "washing-up" basin with a cased soma rights re-served 4 since 27.03.2015 at http://www.en.psilosophy.info/ psilocybe azurescens cultivation report www.en.psilosophy.info/oeoimkiwbdifbncxceadbvjp substrate consisting of wood shavings and wheat straw (#1). As you can see, the fungus loves this cellulose rich substrate. Fully colonised wood/straw substrate. Preparation of outdoor beds Patches were placed in different areas of the garden, during the summer around June-July, 1999: #1. Under Rhododendron bushes, next to grassy lawn #2. Under a pear tree amongst weeds/shrubbery #3. Under an ash tree with surrounding gooseberry bushes #4. In rich woody soil next to a compost heap Each site was prepared by digging trenches about 6 inches deep, around 2 square feet. The trenches were raked over and lined with a thin layer of moist, well rotted leaf litter/twigs. The colonised woody substrate was broken up and spread out (about 1 bag per patch). The spawn was then covered with another 2 inch layer of rotted leaves/twigs, and finally covered with a thin (1 inch) layer of soil. Preparation of an outdoor patch (#1). soma rights re-served 5 since 27.03.2015 at http://www.en.psilosophy.info/ psilocybe azurescens cultivation report www.en.psilosophy.info/oeoimkiwbdifbncxceadbvjp Establishment of beds It has now been about 6 weeks since preparing the patches and they are all doing very well. Rhizomorphic mycelium can be observed creeping over leaves, and spreading out into the surrounding leaf litter which comprises the top 2-3 inches of the soil. The weather is cooling down now (August) and it's getting wetter. Rhizomorphic mycelium spreading over leaf litter. Pests! Watch out for slugs, which like to eat mycelium. The best way of getting rid of them is to bait them with bread, and go out at night with a torch and remove them (wearing gloves!). Wood lice were also present and probably feasting on the mycelium. The other pests are squirrels, which discovered the grain and dug a few little holes in the patch under the pear tree (#2), soon after preparing the beds. Maintenance The patches were kept well-watered, mostly by rain, although they did encounter some dry periods, which implemented the use of a watering can. There was a light frost at the beginning of October, but the patches were snug under the leaf litter. Fruiting report #1 developed pinhead primordia, towards the end of October, This was mainly in the area which had been covered by a thin layer of moss, grass and leaves. The mossy turf had recovered and the mycelium could be seen around the grass roots. Over the following two weeks the primordia grew into mushrooms. Translucent caramel caps with whitish stems which have a very strong bluing reaction were bruised; truly an amazing species! They seem to grow very slowly at first, but accelerate as they got bigger. #2 is sparsely colonised at the surface, and not looking very happy. Partially due to animals digging up the grain spawn, and the soil is very clay rich with is not much wood content. The soil might be too moist. #3 under the ash tree, is still looking healthy, and there are plenty of thick rhizomorphic mycelium creeping out. It has a 2 inch covering of leaves, and seems to be retaining moisture well, but no sign of fruiting, yet. #4 also hasn't started to fruit, but the woody ground is very well colonised. The patch was covered with a thin layer of mossy turf: this is keeping it moist, and there is a carpet of rhizomorphic mycelium. soma rights re-served 6 since 27.03.2015 at http://www.en.psilosophy.info/ psilocybe azurescens cultivation report www.en.psilosophy.info/oeoimkiwbdifbncxceadbvjp The following images show the development of primordia to "grown-up" mushrooms. 21st October 27th October 1st November soma rights re-served 7 since 27.03.2015 at http://www.en.psilosophy.info/ psilocybe azurescens cultivation report www.en.psilosophy.info/oeoimkiwbdifbncxceadbvjp 4th November 6th November soma rights re-served 8 since 27.03.2015 at http://www.en.psilosophy.info/.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Toxic Fungi of Western North America
    Toxic Fungi of Western North America by Thomas J. Duffy, MD Published by MykoWeb (www.mykoweb.com) March, 2008 (Web) August, 2008 (PDF) 2 Toxic Fungi of Western North America Copyright © 2008 by Thomas J. Duffy & Michael G. Wood Toxic Fungi of Western North America 3 Contents Introductory Material ........................................................................................... 7 Dedication ............................................................................................................... 7 Preface .................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. 7 An Introduction to Mushrooms & Mushroom Poisoning .............................. 9 Introduction and collection of specimens .............................................................. 9 General overview of mushroom poisonings ......................................................... 10 Ecology and general anatomy of fungi ................................................................ 11 Description and habitat of Amanita phalloides and Amanita ocreata .............. 14 History of Amanita ocreata and Amanita phalloides in the West ..................... 18 The classical history of Amanita phalloides and related species ....................... 20 Mushroom poisoning case registry ...................................................................... 21 “Look-Alike” mushrooms .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Spor E Pr I N Ts
    SPOR E PR I N TS BULLETIN OF THE PUGET SOUND MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY Number 572 May 2021 FUNGUS TURNS WOOD PIEZOELECTRIC, GOLDEN MUSHROOM AWARD FOR 2021 ALLOWING IT TO POWER LEDS Michael Allen Brian S. Luther https://physicsworld.com/, Apr. 9, 2021 The 2021 Patrice Benson Golden Mushroom Infecting wood with wood-decay fungus can boost its piezoelectric award is going to a very deserving member output by 55 times, researchers in Switzerland have discovered. of PSMS—Wren Hudgins. The material scientists found that after 10 weeks of infection, Wren is originally from Virginia, then blocks of decayed wood could power LEDs. They say that floors moved here and joined PSMS in 1974. But built from fungus-treated wood could generate renewable elec- his life took him away from the area, and tricity from people’s footsteps. he lived in France for several years studying Decades ago, scientists discovered that wood generates an elec- the French language, which he’s fluent in. Wren Hudgins trical charge under mechanical stress. This piezoelectric effect There he met his wife, Leigh, who was also a student of French. is caused by the displacement of crystalline cellulose when it is He has a PhD in psychology, which was his life’s work. He and deformed, whereby shear stress in one plane produces an electrical his wife have two adult sons. Retired now, he’s also an avid skier, polarization perpendicular to it. But the piezoelectric effect is not naturalist, birder, and mushroomer. He has been very involved very strong—around twenty times smaller than that of a quartz as a member of the American Red Cross, especially relating to crystal—and wood does not deform easily.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultivation of Caramel Cap Psilocybes with the Pf Tek (Pdf)
    Cultivation of Caramel Cap Psilocybes with the PF TEK original source: https://mycotopia.net/topic/7234-cultivation-of-caramel-cap-psilocybes-with-the-pf-tek/ Caramel Cap Psilocybes are mushrooms which belong to the Psilocybe cyanescens species complex: they are closely related to eachother and it is often difficult to separate those in species which exactly can be defined. All Caramel Caps grow on raw uncomposted plant matter, preferably fresh twigs or wood chips, and they typically fruit in the fall when temperatures drop to ten centrigrade and below. Psilocybe azurescens is the most popular Caramel Cap due to its agressive growth, large mushrooms and high alkaloid content. Psilocybe azurescens (left) and Psilocybe cyanescens (right). Caramel Caps are quite rare in the wild. In the Netherlands the Psilocybe cyanescens is even specifically listed as an endangered species. Caramel Caps are near to impossible to cultivate indoors but grow easily in semi wild conditions. It are great mushrooms to grow in a shady place in the garden. Until recently there was no good method available to grow these species from spores without the need for sophisticated laboratory equipment. With a few adaptations it is however possible to grow these mushrooms in "PF TEK" style, i.e. by using a spore syringe and without the need of agar cultures, a pressure canner, isolation box etcetera. Such a technique is presented here. For the "outdoor" parts of this Caramel Caps cultivation technique the text heavily relies on an excellent pdf manual which was published on the internet by "The Azurescens Foundation" in June 2003.
    [Show full text]
  • Sacred Mushroom Studies
    ETHNOMYCOLOGICAL JOURNALS: SACRED MUSHROOM STUDIES An Independent Journal Documenting Historical Data Pertaining To The Occurrence And Use Of Psilocybian Fungi in South Asia, Southeast Asia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Bali and Fiji. Including a reference listing of all chemical analysis pertaining to such alkaloids found in psilocybian mushrooms DELUXE EDITION EDITED BY JOHN W. ALLEN and PRAKITSIN SIHANONTH VOLUME IX JAN-DEC 2012 [2013] NUMBERS 1-2 ONLINE - [MAPS.Org] Original Cover Art for Teonanácatl: A Bibliography of Entheogenic Fungi. Acrylic Art by Josh Bakehorn. ETHNOMYCOLOGICAL JOURNALS: SACRED MUSHROOM STUDIES VOLUME IX EDITED BY JOHN W. ALLEN AND PRAKITSIN SIHANONTH Psilocybe antioquensis, Bantrey Srei (Temple of the Women), Angkor Wat, Xiem Riap, Kampuchea. A Special Edition Published Online Courtesy of Rick Doblin and the Staff of MAPS Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies at: http://www.maps.org Three original articles, One book review (CD-ROM), and more than 246 full-colored photographs. ISBN 158-214-396-XPublisher: MAPS (Rick Doblin), John W. Allen (Seattle, Washington, U.S.A.) and Prakitsin Sihanonth, Ph.D., (Chulalongkorn University, Department of Microbiology, Bangkok, Thailand) and Exotic Forays, Seattle, Washington. January-December 2012 [2013] Ethnomycological Journals: An Ethnopharmacological and Ethnomycological Update on the Sacred Mushroom Studies Vol. Occurrence, Use, Cultivation, Chemical Analysis, and SEM IX. January-June 2012. An Independent research journal Photography of Neurotropic Fungi from Thailand, Cambodia and devoted to presenting current data other Regions of South and Southeast Asia, on studies concerning historical and Indonesia and Bali………………………………….……………….1 medical value of psilocybian John W. Allen, Prakitsin Sihanonth, Jochen Gartz and Gianluca Toro. mushrooms throughout history.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Diversity of the Genus Psilocybe (Basidio- Mycotina, Agaricales, Strophariaceae) in the World Mycobiota, with Special At
    International]ournal ofi11edicinal J11ushrooms, Vol. 7, pp. 305-331 (2005) Species Diversity of the Genus Psilocybe (Basidio­ mycotina, Agaricales, Strophariaceae) in the World Mycobiota, with Special Attention to Hallucinogenic Properties Gastón Guzmán In~tituto de Ecología, Apartado Postal 63, Xalapa 91000, Veracruz, Mexico; [email protected] This article is dedícated to the outstanding mycologist, colleague, andfriend, Professor Shu-Ting Chang ABSTRACT: An exhaustive world revision of ali names considered in the genus Psilocybe s.l. is pre­ sented, of which the haliucinogenic species were treated with special emphasis. Seven hundred eighteen names related to Psilocybe were found reportcd in the bibliography, of which only 227 are accepted taxa in P;ilqcybe. The concept of the genu~ foUowed here is that of Guzmán 1983; th ~i:~fore Hypholo"!:ª' lVlelanótus, and Stropharza were excluded: Moreover, 53 spec1es of Psathyrella, m8.ny times related w1th Psilocybe, were also e..'Ccluded. The hallucinogenic species are 144, which are oistübuted m ali the coriti­ nents, of which Latín America (iiiduding the Caribbae), has the top, with more than 50 species. There are only 22 species in Canada and the US, while Mexico is the country with the higest number iri t he world, with 53 species. Europe has only 16 species, Asia 15, Africa 4, and Australia·and eastern islands 19. Sorne Psilocybe·species are common iii several countries or regions, as are P cubensis and P subcuben­ sis in ali the tropics; P coprophila in many temperate and tropical regions; P. argentina in several high ___ _111ountains or in tl:ie Austral anci .B_on;al_ regiQn§; anq fjin1etcy:ja and P semi/aneeata in Et!JOp_e, Carni,da, ----~~ -~--- e - .
    [Show full text]
  • Psilocybin Mushroom Image Vault
    Psilocybin Mushroom Image Guide Copelandia bispora Copelandia bispora Color photo of four rare C. bispora mushrooms from above. Photo by John W. Allen. Copelandia cambodgeniensis Copelandia cambodgeniensis Color photo of C. cambodgeniensis, the most potent of the Copelandia species which is very common on Oahu Island in Hawaii. Photo by John W. Allen. Copelandia tropicalis Copelandia tropicalis Color photo of the uncommon C. tropicalis. Photo by John W. Allen. Gymnopilus spectabilis (Big Laughing Gym) Gymnopilus spectabilis Color photo of a small cluster of G. spectabilis growing on a stump in Mendocino, CA. Gymnopilus spectabilis Color photo of two Laughing Gyms growing out of wood. Photo by Christopher B. Gymnopilus spectabilis Color photo of two freshly picked G. spectabilis. Photo by Christopher B. Gymnopilus spectabilis Color photo of two Laughing Gyms growing out of wood. Shows underside of the cap. Photo by Christopher B. Gymnopilus spectabilis Color photo of several Big Laughing Gyms growing on the side of a tree. Photographer unknown, originally archived by the Altered Consciousness BBS. Gymnopilus spectabilis Color photo of several Big Laughing Gyms with unusually deformed caps, growing at the base of a tree. Photo from Mushrooms Demystified, by David Arora Gymnopilus spectabilis Color photo of several Big Laughing Gyms growing on bark. Photo from the National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms. Panaeolus campanulatus (bell-capped panaeolus) Panaeolus campanulatus Color photo of several bell-shaped panaeolus growing in grass and clovers. Photographer unknown, originally archived by the Altered Consciousness BBS. Panaeolus campanulatus Color photo of several Panaeolus campanulatus growing in grass. Photographer unknown, originally archived by the Altered Consciousness BBS.
    [Show full text]
  • Horizontal Gene Cluster Transfer Increased Hallucinogenic Mushroom Diversity
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/176347; this version posted August 16, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Horizontal gene cluster transfer increased hallucinogenic mushroom diversity Hannah T. Reynolds1,2 Vinod Vijayakumar1 Emile Gluck-Thaler1 Hailee Brynn Korotkin3 Patrick Brandon Matheny3 Jason Christopher Slot1 1Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University 2Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Western Connecticut State University 3 Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville Corresponding Author: Jason C. Slot, [email protected] bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/176347; this version posted August 16, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Abstract: 2 Secondary metabolites are heterogeneous natural products that often mediate 3 interactions between species. The tryptophan-derived secondary metabolite, 4 psilocin, is a serotonin receptor agonist that induces altered states of consciousness. 5 A phylogenetically disjunct group of mushroom-forming fungi in the Agaricales 6 produce the psilocin prodrug, psilocybin. Spotty phylogenetic distributions of fungal 7 compounds are sometimes explained by horizontal transfer of metabolic gene 8 clusters among unrelated fungi with overlapping niches. We report the discovery of 9 a psilocybin gene cluster in three hallucinogenic mushroom genomes, and evidence 10 for its horizontal transfer between fungal lineages. Patterns of gene distribution and 11 transmission suggest that psilocybin provides a fitness advantage in the dung and 12 late wood-decay niches, which may be reservoirs of fungal indole-based metabolites 13 that alter behavior of mycophagous and wood-eating invertebrates.
    [Show full text]
  • July-2015-Newsletter1.Pdf
    MushRumors The Newsletter of the Northwest Mushroomers Association Volume 26, Issue 3 July 2015 Warm Temperatures Chase the Thin Alpine Snowpack, Initiating an Early Flush of Spring Mushrooms in Washington Survivors Banquet on March 21 Featured Banquet, Raffle, and Board Elections By Christine Roberts Photo by Vince Biciunas This year, our first event opening the NMA season was on March 21st— the Survivors Banquet, held at the Bellingham Unitarian Fellowship Hall at 1207 Ellsworth Street. At last year's banquet this was a new venue tracked down by Jack Waytz; we had so much positive feedback on this lovely facility that Jack booked it for this year and we will probably make it our home banqueting venue for the foreseeable future. As always, many hands made light work of the set-up and soon the room looked festive. Serving tables were filled with tasty appetizers, aromatic main dishes, and luxurious desserts. This year we had a remarkably well-balanced potluck with more than enough food for latecomers. Fred set up the projector and screen to show slides that members had sent him of NMA club events, folks, and mushrooms. These cycled through during the feast and gave us all something to enjoy between bites. As always, the banquet is also the annual general meeting with all that implies by way of club business. An amendment to the bylaws affecting the timing and simplifying the process of nominating and electing new officers to the board was voted on and Photo by Vince Biciunas passed. The slate of officers was unanimously approved and now consists of: President: Chuck Nafziger Vice President: Christine Roberts Secretary: Linda Magee Treasurer: Andrea Miner Trustees: Bruce Armstrong, Douglas Bennion, Buck McAdoo, Richard Mollette, Saundra Stringer.
    [Show full text]
  • The Therapeutic Potential of Psilocybin
    molecules Review The Therapeutic Potential of Psilocybin Henry Lowe 1,2,3,4, Ngeh Toyang 2,3 , Blair Steele 1,*, Henkel Valentine 1, Justin Grant 1,5, Amza Ali 1,5, Wilfred Ngwa 6 and Lorenzo Gordon 7 1 Biotech R & D Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona 99999, Jamaica; [email protected] (H.L.); [email protected] (H.V.); [email protected] (J.G.); [email protected] (A.A.) 2 Vilotos Pharmaceuticals Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA; ngeh.toyang@flavocure.com 3 Flavocure Biotech Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA 4 Institute of Human Virology (IHV), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA 5 The Psyence Group, Toronto, ON M5J 2J1, Canada 6 Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; [email protected] 7 Caribbean School of Medical Sciences, Kingston 99999, Jamaica; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +876-926-8502 Abstract: The psychedelic effects of some plants and fungi have been known and deliberately ex- ploited by humans for thousands of years. Fungi, particularly mushrooms, are the principal source of naturally occurring psychedelics. The mushroom extract, psilocybin has historically been used as a psychedelic agent for religious and spiritual ceremonies, as well as a therapeutic option for neuropsychiatric conditions. Psychedelic use was largely associated with the “hippie” counterculture movement, which, in turn, resulted in a growing, and still lingering, negative stigmatization for psychedelics. As a result, in 1970, the U.S. government rescheduled psychedelics as Schedule 1 drugs, ultimately ending scientific research on psychedelics.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Psilocybin Mushrooms from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    List of psilocybin mushrooms From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Psilocybin mushrooms are mushrooms which contain the hallucinogenic substances psilocybin, psilocin, baeocystin and norbaeocystin. The mushrooms are collected and grown as an entheogen and recreational drug, despite being illegal in many countries. Many psilocybin mushrooms are in the genus Psilocybe, but species across several other genera contain the drugs. Contents 1 Genera 2 Conocybe 3 Copelandia 4 Galerina 5 Gymnopilus 6 Inocybe 7 Mycena 8 Panaeolus 9 Pholiotina 10 Pluteus 11 Psilocybe 11.1 A 11.2 B 11.3 C 11.4 D 11.5 E 11.6 F 11.7 G 11.8 H 11.9 I 11.10 K 11.11 L 11.12 M 11.13 N 11.14 O 11.15 P 11.16 Q 11.17 R 11.18 S 11.19 T 11.20 U 11.21 V 11.22 W 11.23 X 11.24 Y 11.25 Z 12 References Genera Conocybe Copelandia Galerina Gymnopilus Inocybe Mycena Panaeolina Panaeolus Pholiotina Pluteus Psilocybe Conocybe Conocybe cyanopus[1] Conocybe siligineoides R. Heim Conocybe kuehneriana Singer Copelandia Copelandia affinis Horak[2] (=Panaeolus cyanescens accepted name) Copelandia anomala (Murrill) Singer [2] (=Panaeolus cyanescens accepted name) Copelandia bispora (Malençon & Bertault) Singer & R.A. Weeks[2] (=Panaeolus bisporus accepted name) Copelandia cambodginiensis (Ola'h & R. Heim) Singer & R.A. Weeks[2] (=Panaeolus cambodginiensis accepted name) Copelandia chlorocystis Singer & R.A. Weeks[2] (= Panaeolus chlorocystis (Singer & R.W. Weeks) Ew. Gerhardt)[3] Copelandia cyanescens (Berk. & Broome) Singer[2] (=Panaeolus cyanescens accepted name) Copelandia lentisporus (Ew. Gerhardt) Guzmán[2] (= Panaeolus lentisporus Ew.
    [Show full text]
  • Horizontal Gene Cluster Transfer Increased Hallucinogenic Mushroom Diversity
    LETTER doi:10.1002/evl3.42 Horizontal gene cluster transfer increased hallucinogenic mushroom diversity Hannah T. Reynolds,1,2,∗ Vinod Vijayakumar,1,∗ Emile Gluck-Thaler,1,∗ Hailee Brynn Korotkin,3 Patrick Brandon Matheny,3 and Jason C. Slot1,4 1Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210 2Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Western Connecticut State University, 181 White St., Danbury, Connecticut 06810-6826 3Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 334 Hesler Biology Building, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1610 4E-mail: [email protected] Received August 24, 2017 Accepted January 23, 2018 Secondary metabolites are a heterogeneous class of chemicals that often mediate interactions between species. The tryptophan- derived secondary metabolite, psilocin, is a serotonin receptor agonist that induces altered states of consciousness. A phylogenet- ically disjunct group of mushroom-forming fungi in the Agaricales produce the psilocin prodrug, psilocybin. Spotty phylogenetic distributions of fungal compounds are sometimes explained by horizontal transfer of metabolic gene clusters among unrelated fungi with overlapping niches. We report the discovery of a psilocybin gene cluster in three hallucinogenic mushroom genomes, and evidence for its horizontal transfer between fungal lineages. Patterns of gene distribution and transmission suggest that synthesis of psilocybin may have provided a fitness advantage in the dung and late wood-decay fungal niches, which may serve as reservoirs of fungal indole-based metabolites that alter behavior of mycophagous and wood-eating invertebrates. These hal- lucinogenic mushroom genomes will serve as models in neurochemical ecology, advancing the (bio)prospecting and synthetic biology of novel neuropharmaceuticals. KEY WORDS: Agaricales, evolutionary genomics, fungi, horizontal gene transfer, molecular evolution, phylogenomics, psychedelic, secondary metabolite.
    [Show full text]
  • Magic Mushrooms Around the World
    Magic Mushrooms Around the World A Scientific Journey Across Cultures and Time by Jochen Gartz The Case for Challenging Research and Value Systems © 1996 Jochen Gartz original source: https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/drugs/Magic.Mushrooms.Around.The.World.By.Jochen.Gartz.pdf backup source: http://www.psilosophy.info/resources/Magic.Mushrooms.Around.The.World.By.Jochen.Gartz.pdf Table of Contents: "Who Was the First Magician?" - Foreword by Christian Ratsch Flesh of the Gods for Devil Worshippers CHAPTER 1 - Introduction CHAPTER 2 - Reflections on the History and Scientific Study of Magic Mushrooms Bwyd Ellylon: A Feast of Fairies in Celebration of the Spirit World Berserk Rage of Nordic Warriors Love Potions Brewed from Bolond Gomba Between Reverence and Fear Scientifically Unbiased Hallucinations? CHAPTER 3 - The Current State of Knowledge About European Species 3.1 - Psilocybe semilanceata: The Classic Species Among European Psychotropic Mushrooms Listen Well to this Frightful Story from St. James's Green Park.... Early Descriptions The Popularity of Psilocybe semilanceata Between a Creek and a Marshlands Pond... 8½ Inches Tall! Accounts of Impressive Experiences The Psychotherapeutic Potential of Psilocybin's Psychotropic Effects The Long Shelflife of Psilocybin 3.2 - Psilocybe cyanescens: Potent Mushrooms Growing on Wood Debris The Widespread Distribution of Psilocybe cyanescens Spores Introduced From Overseas? An Amazing Discovery Near Poricko Impressive Experiences Distribution Patterns of Psilocybe cyanescens in the Wake of Environmental
    [Show full text]