DOCSLIB.ORG

Distribution, Abundance, Microhabitat Use and Interspecific Relationships Among Terrestrial Salamanders on Vancouver, Island, British Columbia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Distribution, Abundance, Microhabitat Use and Interspecific Relationships Among Terrestrial Salamanders on Vancouver, Island, British Columbia Distribution, Abundance, Microhabitat Use and Interspecific Relationships Among Terrestrial Salamanders on Vancouver, Island, British Columbia ty Theodore M. Davis B.S., Portland State University, 1968 M.Sc., University of Victoria, 1991 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Biology We accept this dissertation as conforming m the required standard Dr. P. T. Gregory, sjiipervi^r (Department of Biology) Dr. G. A. Allen, Departmental Member (Department of Biology) Dr. N_LiMneston,, Departmental Member (Department of Biology) Dr. E. A. Roth, Outside Member ^Department ofAnthropology) Dr. N. L. Staub, External Examiner (Biology Department, Gonzaga University) © Theodore M. Davis, 1996 University of Victoria All rights reserved, This dissertation may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopying or other means, without the permission of the author, ii Supervisor: Dr. Patrick T. Gregory Abstract A fundamental aim of ecology is the study of patterns of distribution and abundance of organisms. These patterns can be influenced by intrinsic responses to environmental conditions, interspecific interactions, or both. If individuals of similar co-existing species use the same limited resources, competition can result in resource partitioning, but this pattern can also be the result of intrinsic differences. On Vancouver Island, British Columbia, two ecologically similar plethodontid salamanders, Plethodon vehiculum and Aneides ferreus, are each common only where the other species is uncommon. I described their distribution and abundance, investigated differential microhabitat use, and evaluated interspecific interactions between them. At each of nine sites I established arrays of six 0.3 x 2 m artificial cover objects (ACOs). Each ACO consisted of three boards arranged to create multiple microhabitats. ACOs allow sampling without disturbance of natural cover, provide a standard sampling unit, and minimize observer bias. In 1992 and 1993,1 checked 228 ACOs every other week, but less often in 1994. I also searched natural microhabitats and investigated distribution and abundance with time-constrained searches at 16 additional sites. I collected data on 2790 salamanders. At the northern sites, A. fe rre u s was relatively abundant compared to P. vehiculum, but the iii situation was reversed in the south. I found no differences in site characteristics that would explain this pattern. Salamander abundance was reduced in clearcuts, but there was no difference among old-growth, mature, and immature sites. The density of P. vehiculum in Coldstream Provincial Park was exceptional. In one area, surface density was 1.8 individuals/m2, but 200 m away there was <0.03 individuals/m2. From censuses in fenced plots elsewhere, I estimated that <24% of the P. vehiculum population was on the surface at any particular time. Thus, by extrapolation, there are at least 75,000 P. vehiculum/ha in one area of Goldstream Park. The density of P. veh icu lu m was <0.1 individuals/m2 across wide areas of forest habitat with occasional patches of higher density. Surface abundance wras correlated with the area of ground covered by coarse woody debris (CWD) and with surface moisture, and abundance varied by a factor of 12 over a distance of 50 m. I collected microhabitat data o.i 1306 salamanders. Of the A. ferreus, 95% were under the bark on logs or within logs. In. contrast, 67% of the P. v e h ic u lu m were under CWD on the soil and 20% were within logs. Aneides ferreus used logs in an early stage of decay, and P. vehiculum , when under bark on logs oi within logs, used logs in a late stage of decay. Under ACOs, 98% of the A . ferreus were found between boards, whereas 85% of the P. veh icu lu m were found on the soil under boards. Microhabitat use by Ensatina eschscholtzii and Taricha granulosa was iv similar to that of P. vehiculum, except that 23% of the T. granulosa were on the surface. In staged encounters, there was no aggression or predation between A . ferreu s and P. veh icu lu m . In laboratory and outdoor enclosures, microhabitat selection was not influenced by the presence of the other species. Thus, differential microhabitat use is due to intrinsic differences, and is not the result of interspecific interactions. The distribution and abundance of these species is not explained by interspecific interactions or site characteristics as measured in this study. Examination of habitat features at a finer scale might explain differences in distribution and abundance, but the requirements of these species could be so similar or correlated that differences might not be found. Additional sites need to be investigated to determine the detailed pattern of distribution of these species on Vancouver Island and adjacent islands. Examiners: Dr. P. T. Gregory, Su^brvisor (Department of Biology) Dr. G. A. Allen, Departmental Member (Department of Biology) Dr. N. Lfy/ngston, ^Dep^tmental Member (Department of Biology) Dr. E. A. Roth, Outside Member (Department of Anthropology) Dr. N. L. Staub| External Examiner (Biology Department, Gonzaga University) vi Table of Contents Abstract ..... b Table of Contents ..................................................................................................... vi List of Tables .......................... - ....................................x List of Figures............................................................................................................. xi Acknowledgments xi v Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................... 1 Objectives..........................................................................................................7 Interspecific interactions among salamanders....................................... 11 N atural History....................................................................... 18 Clouded Salamanders (Aneides ferreus)............................................ 19 Western Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon vehiculum) 20 Ensatina Salamanoer (Ensatina eschscholtzii)................................... 21 Rough-skinned Newt (Taricha granulosa).......................................22 Chapter 2: Methods ............................................................. —25 Methodological Overview.........................................................................25 Artificial cover objects (ACO s)............................................................25 General methodology ...................................... 27 Detailed Methodology...............................................................................32 Study sites................................................................................................32 Artificial cover objects (ACOs)............................................................. 33 A C O P lots ................................................................................................37 Fenced Plots.............................................................................................40 Sampling Frequency ..............................................................................41 Area constrained searches(ACSs) of ACO plots ............................... 42. Handling of salamanders .....................................................................42 Statistical methods ...............................................................................,.43 vii Chapter 3: Population Ecology..............................................................................44 Methods.................................................................................... 45 Area-constrained searches (ACSs) of natural cover in ACO plots.............................................. 45 Body condition ..................................................................................47 Statistical methods ............................................................................48 Results...........................................................................................................49 Seasonal variation in surface abundance........................................ 49 Variation in abundance among sites...............................................59 Variation in abundance among species..........................................59 Population structure............... .......................................................72 Body condition ..................................................................................79 Movement across fences ..................................................................88 M o v e m e n t s................................................. 88 Population size in fenced and unfenced ACO plots....................... 89 D e n s ity ............................................................................................... 92 Discussion....................................................................................................... 95 Seasonal variation in surface abundance .........................................95 Variation in abundance among sites............................................... 97 Variation in abundance among species ..........................................98 Metapopulation effects .....................................................................99 Population structure .......................................................................101 Population size and density........................................................... 104 Chapter
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Stock Assessment of Winter Steelhead Trout in Goldstream, Sooke, Trent and Tsable Rivers, 2004
    Stock Assessment of Winter Steelhead Trout in Goldstream, Sooke, Trent and Tsable Rivers, 2004 by: Scott Silvestri Fisheries Technician BC Conservation Foundation Greater Georgia Basin Steelhead Recovery Plan prepared for: British Columbia Conservation Foundation #206-17564 56A Surrey, BC V3S 1G5 and: Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection Vancouver Island Region 2080-A Labieux Road Nanaimo, BC V9T 6J9 December 2005 Stock Assessment of Winter Steelhead Trout in Goldstream, Sooke, Trent and Tsable Rivers, 2004 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS British Columbia Conservation Foundation staff including Adri Bigsby, James Craig, Mike McCulloch, Kevin Pellett, Brad Smith, Harlan Wright and the author conducted snorkel surveys and/or juvenile standing stock assessments in the four rivers examined. Additional snorkel survey support from Tony Massey1 and Ron Ptolemy2 was much appreciated. Additionally, Ron Ptolemy provided valuable stock assessment data. Thanks are also extended to Craig Wightman3 who was key in initiating this project and acted as scientific authority. Appreciation is extended to James Craig for editing this report. Funding for this project was provided by the BC Conservation Foundation through a Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection grant for the development of recreational hunting and fishing opportunities in British Columbia. 1 Fish Culture Technician, Freshwater Fisheries Society of BC, Duncan, BC 2 Standards/Guidelines Specialist, Ministry of Environment, Victoria, BC 3 A/Manager, Salmon and Steelhead Recovery, Ministry of Environment, Nanaimo, BC ________________________________________________________________________________________________ British Columbia Conservation Foundation Greater Georgia Basin Steelhead Recovery Plan Stock Assessment of Winter Steelhead Trout in Goldstream, Sooke, Trent and Tsable Rivers, 2004 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Significant Watersheds in the District of Sooke and Surrounding Areas
    Shawnigan Lake C O W I C H A N V A L L E Y R E G I O N A L D I S T R I C T Significant Watersheds in the District of Sooke Grant Lake and Surrounding Areas North C o w i c h a n V a l l e y Saanich R e g i o n a l D i s t r i c t Sidney OCelniptrahl ant Lake Saanich JdFEA H a r o S t r a Highlands it Saanich View Royal Juan de Fuca Langford Electoral Area Oak Bay Esquimalt Jarvis Colwood Victoria Lake Sooke Weeks Lake Metchosin Juan de Fuca Electoral Area ca SpectaFcu le Lake e d it an ra STUDY Ju St AREA Morton Lake Sooke Lake Butchart Lake Devereux Sooke River Lake (Upper) Council Lake Lubbe Wrigglesworth Lake Lake MacDonald Goldstream Lake r Lake e iv R e k o Bear Creek o S Old Wolf Reservoir Boulder Lake Lake Mavis y w Lake H a G d Ranger Butler Lake o a l n d a s Lake Kapoor Regional N C t - r i a s Forslund Park Reserve e g n W a a a o m r l f C r a T Lake r e R e k C i v r W e e e r a k u g h C r e Mount Finlayson e k Sooke Hills Provincial Park Wilderness Regional Park Reserve G o ld s Jack t re a Lake m Tugwell Lake R iv e r W augh Creek Crabapple Lake Goldstream Provincial Park eek Cr S ugh o Wa o Peden k Sooke Potholes e Lake C R Regional Park h i v a e Sheilds Lake r r t e r k e s re C ne i R ary V k M e i v e r e r V C Sooke Hills Table of Significant Watersheds in the e d i t d c Wilderness Regional h o T Charters River C Park Reserve District of Sooke and Surrounding Areas r e e k Watershed Name Area (ha) Sooke Mountain Sooke River (Upper) 27114.93 Boneyard Provincial Park Lake DeMamiel Creek 3985.29 Veitch Creek 2620.78
    [Show full text]
  • Aquifers of the Capital Regional District
    Aquifers of the Capital Regional District by Sylvia Kenny University of Victoria, School of Earth & Ocean Sciences Co-op British Columbia Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection Prepared for the Capital Regional District, Victoria, B.C. December 2004 Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data Kenny, Sylvia. Aquifers of the Capital Regional District. Cover title. Also available on the Internet. Includes bibliographical references: p. ISBN 0-7726-52651 1. Aquifers - British Columbia - Capital. 2. Groundwater - British Columbia - Capital. I. British Columbia. Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. II. University of Victoria (B.C.). School of Earth and Ocean Sciences. III. Capital (B.C.) IV. Title. TD227.B7K46 2004 333.91’04’0971128 C2004-960175-X Executive summary This project focussed on the delineation and classification of developed aquifers within the Capital Regional District of British Columbia (CRD). The goal was to identify and map water-bearing unconsolidated and bedrock aquifers in the region, and to classify the mapped aquifers according to the methodology outlined in the B.C. Aquifer Classification System (Kreye and Wei, 1994). The project began in summer 2003 with the mapping and classification of aquifers in Sooke, and on the Saanich Peninsula. Aquifers in the remaining portion of the CRD including Victoria, Oak Bay, Esquimalt, View Royal, District of Highlands, the Western Communities, Metchosin and Port Renfrew were mapped and classified in summer 2004. The presence of unconsolidated deposits within the CRD is attributed to glacial activity within the region over the last 20,000 years. Glacial and glaciofluvial modification of the landscape has resulted in the presence of significant water bearing deposits, formed from the sands and gravels of Capilano Sediments, Quadra and Cowichan Head Formations.
    [Show full text]
  • Sooke School District
    my RD E T H Br p i W T F O L e id F . I t ount ESTOBY RD G le M R Regional l n O O H Tr D ail Trai H L . Ce A Regional T HO N ra SC D il . SC N TEANOOK B Francis / King Park Reserve I.R. A i RK a LAKE ER g RD. a Freeman King NO. 13 r a Nature Centre SAANICH R D. HERBATE Regional MILLST Lake C 19 e ail n r McKENZIE t e nnial T Creek LAKE SBO 13 Gol BEAR MOUNTAIN R ge School Board Office Hans Helgesen Elementary id E Park d R Mt. Finlayson VALLEY COURSE A Panhand Trail il M le ra T 390 Creek ie h g CO enz i District of Highlands cK Trail H Mine U M FAC 14 MALAHAT LAND DIST. N Municipal Office Facilities Happy Valley Elementary T Trail R H AN D. Regional S Park k Y IN R (RESTRICTED AREA) Park GOLDSTREAM LAND DIST. GTO ee N Cr C GH GATE MILLINGTON PL. rail H U . T L O T WO U E R rail O DANBY PL. Chow-Nicoll rail zie O B B HANBURYPL D LS HA T o en C IL D K C W G W Mc H Park n N. UGG KI ra N ra A E L PL S TRANS 15 PL . or PRIOR ig STONEHAVEN Transportation John Muir Elementary Y S i LYNBURNE PL. b PASSAGE 20 gflo fl T . AN . o ea O T RIVERS R w ON R S w C y o LAKE N e T I .
    [Show full text]
  • Heritage Inventory City of Coiwood
    City of Coiwood Heritage Inventory City of Coiwood Heritage Inventory 1988 Project Specialists Phyllis Griffiths and Christine Barnett Illustrations by James Dodd Financially assisted by the Ministry of Municipal Affairs, Recreation and Culture through the and B.C. Lotteries ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks to those who gave their time and memories to help document Coiwood's Heritage: Mrs. Dola Acres Mr. Ken Miller Mrs. Bette Barter Miss Beatrice Monks Mr. Kelly Barter Mrs. Constance Parker Mrs. Virginia Bartkow Mr. Stan Parker Alderman John Bergbusch Mr. Alf Peatt Mrs. Daisy Bligh Mrs. Caroline Porteous Mayor Harry Chow Mr. B.D. Quinney Mrs. Lois Gardner Mrs. Ina Rhode Mr. Mike Gibson Mr. Clem Ridley Miss Jane Hall Mr. Terry P.idley Ms. Carol Hay Mr. Ben Swindell Mrs. Betty Jenkins Mr. Goldwin Terry Mr. Barry McClung Mr. Robert Wishart Particular gratitude to Mr. Ben Swindell for co-ordinating the group interviews and to Mr. Alf Peatt for his assistance in ensuring the accuracy of this document. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. PART 1. INTRODUCTION 1 PART 2 . THE PROJECT AREA 3 2.1 Physical Characteristics 3 2.2 Historical Development - Timeline 7 2.3 Modern Coiwood 23 PART 3 . THE PROJECT 25 3.1 Inventory Procedures and Criteria 25 3.2 The A and B Class Sites by Local Area 37 3.3 Heritage Resources on Federal Properties 87 3.4 Heritage Resources on Provincial Properties 90 3.5 Heritage Resources on Capital Regional District Properties 91 PART 4. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HERITAGE RESOURCE MANAGMENT 93 4.1 Heritage Trees and Landscapes 94 4.2 Protection of Heritage Resources 97 4.3 Future Updating of the Inventory 101 APPENDICES 105 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Official Community Plan (Bylaw No. 1200)
    City of Langford Official Community Plan Bylaw No. 1200 Version 4.0 City of Langford Planning Department Adopted: 2008-06-16 2nd Floor, 877 Goldstream Avenue, Victoria, BC V9B 2X8 Updated: 2021-09-07 Phone: 250.478.7882 Fax: 250.391.3436 www.langford.ca Copies of this Bylaw may be viewed at Langford City Hall, Second Floor, 877 Goldstream Avenue, Victoria, BC, or on our website at www.langford.ca. This OCP was prepared by the Holland Barrs Planning Group in 2008 with staff from the Cities of Colwood & Langford. Other contributors included Lees & Associates Landscape Architects; Eberle Planning & Research; Stevens Engineering; and, EcoPlan International who all provided policy advice and Lees & Associates Landscape Architects, MVH Design & Planning, Frank Ducote Urban Design, and D’Ambrosio Architecture + Urbanism who provided urban and open space design concepts. City of Langford Official Community Plan | Bylaw No. 1200 | ii | 2021-09-07 Table of Contents Part I: OCP Overview 1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 2.0 Our Sustainability Goals .............................................................................................. 6 3.0 Our Sustainable City .................................................................................................. 14 Part II: Community Objectives & Policies 4.0 Our Natural Setting, Parks & Open Spaces ............................................................... 45 5.0 Our Built Environment .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Formation of Royal Colwood Golf Club
    Formation of Royal Colwood Golf Club The land on which the golf course stands was originally Esquimalt Farm, one of four established between 1850 and 1853 by the Hudson’s Bay Company for the population of Victoria. In 1851 Captain Edward E. Langford became the first manager and named his property, on what is now Goldstream Road, “Colwood” after his family estate in Sussex, England. Subsequently the original farm was divided into smaller parcels. One of these surrounded Langford’s old home and became known as Colwood Farm. Early settlers on the farm included Arthur Henry Peatt and William Wale, who leased the Colwood farm in 1892 for $400 per year. Roads in the area now carry their names. In the last few years of the 19th century the Hunt Club was formed and a racecourse was built where the 5th and 6th fairways are now located. Steeplechase events were held on the property. The first steps towards the creation of the golf course occurred in 1912. Joseph Sayward. James Dunsmuir, Senator Frank Barnard and A. C. Flumerfelt, all members of the Victoria Golf Club which they feared might not survive the burden of the growing population and increasing property taxes in Victoria, began preparations for another golf course. The following year A.V. Macan, along with his colleague Captain W. Chambers, a Scot, was engaged by Mr. Sayward to design the Colwood golf course. Mr. Macan, who had emigrated from Ireland and established himself as a lawyer in Victoria, won the British Columbia Amateur championship and the Victoria Club championship in 1912 and 1913 and the Pacific Northwest Amateur championship in 1913.
    [Show full text]
  • Colwood Meeting Portal
    Colwood City of CoIwood REPORT File: RZ-16-007 and DVP-17-010 Date: 3/21/2017 To: Director of Planning From: Planner To: Planning and Land Use Committee Date: 4/4/2017 RE: 324 Goldstream Avenue — Rezoning Text Amendment and Development Variance Permit Application 1. SUMMARY The applicant, Pacific Centre Family Services Association (PCFSA), is preparing to subdivide 324 Goldstream Avenue in order to support the development of an affordable housing complex with 104 units by the Greater Victoria Housing Society (GVHS). Accordingly, an application for a zoning text amendment for the property located at 324 Goldstream Avenue has been requested to delete the requirement for Community Amenity Contributions (CACs), include Attached Housing to the list of permitted uses, remove the commercial requirement, and minor administrative changes. Further to this, GVHS is seeking relaxations to the front yard setback, to the side yard setback, and to delete the requirement for sloped roofs. GVHS is also requesting financial support from the City of Colwood with regard to affordable housing; the request for financial support beyond what is available within the Affordable Housing Reserve Fund may be challenging given Colwood's existing tax base. This application is being presented to the Committee for a recommendation to Council concerning a rezoning text amendment and a development variance permit application. 2. OVERVIEW 2.1 Application Information Applicant: Mitzi Dean for Pacific Centre Family Services Association Location: 345 Wale Road Legal: Lot 1, District 1, Esquimalt District, Plan EPP64418 Existing Zoning: Towncentre Mixed Use (C8A) Zone Proposed Zoning: No change with "Attached Housing" as a permitted use Existing OCP Land Use: City Centre Proposed OCP Land Use: No Change DP Areas: Form and Character — Centres Guidelines and General Intensive Multi-family & Commercial Guidelines 2.2 Purpose The purpose of this rezoning is to permit the construction of an affordable rental-housing complex on the subject property.
    [Show full text]
  • Downtown Victoria Downtown Victoria
    s d n a l s Port I f Hardy l u E SS ST BRITISH G PRI NC & COLUMBIA r e v Port 19 u o Alice c n a V VA NCOUVER 99 PEMBROKE ST Lands o E t Campbell n ISLAND 1 d Save-On-Foods River Powell R Gold River Whistler d Swartz Bay Memorial Centre River 19 Deep Cove 0 0 Courtenay Wain Rd Saanich Y ST 9 19A 1 Qualicum Squamish BA W. LEGEND Y ST DOUGLAS ST Beach i 4 Ferry (International) DISCOVER Tofino Port Parksville n n Vancouver n e Nanaimo 17 e v Alberni Mill Bay v a Harbour Ferry Stop Ucluelet a Ladysmith Gulf 15 h th Islands 1 Mills Rd t s Seaplane Bamfield Chemainus Patricia Bay s CALEDONIA ST e Juan Islands & An Re Duncan R San aco Port San Juan to rtes Washrooms 1 Saanich 23 24 Islands THAM ST N Renfrew 14 Saanich Inlet BBeaconeacon i Visitor Centre CHA Pacific Anacortes Inlet Victoria Int’l. SIDNEY Gulf Islands GOVERNMENT ST Airport Downtown Attractions Ocean Sooke VICTORIA National Park 0 5 Reserve — Sidney Spit 8 0 BLANSHARD ST Port Angeles Walkway 1 T McTavish Rd Saancih Rd Saancih r an E . WASHINGTON W. s S a HERALD ST Seattle C L 0 STATE a Sidney Island a ochs 0 n n WILSON RD 7 i ad c 1 h i a de Dr John Dean To H Prov. Park FISGARD ST PLACES OF INTEREST / w 17A DISTANCE CHART AND Duncan & y HARBOUR RD ATTRACTIONS Nanaimo to DRIVING TIMES Mt.
    [Show full text]
  • Saanich Takes the “Pledge”
    Volume 8 Issue 2 Summer 2008 Saanich Takes the “Pledge” n celebration of Environment Week, addressing non-essential pesticide use, Ithe District of Saanich took the allowing sufficient time for consultation Pesticide Free Pledge. The Parks before implementation. To stay informed Department oversees most of the of progress being made visit: land care on Municipal property and in http://webstage/resident/environment/ their 50th anniversary year Parks will pdfs/Pesticidealternatives.pdf Rae Roer and Councillor Susan Brice Taking the implement the pledge at Municipal Hall, Pledge at Saanich Municipal Hall Recreation Centres and Boulevard Floral Taking the Pledge and drafting the Displays. The 21 pesticide-free Saanich Pesticide–Use Reduction Bylaw will be processes to create healthy, vibrant sites can be found at: http://www.saanich. priorities for both Saanich Parks and gardens (registration at the door). ca/resident/parks/index.html . Recreation and Planning/Environmental Services for 2009. You can also take the pledge on-line The District of Saanich is joining the at: http://www.crd.bc.ca/takethepledge/ growing trend for Canadian municipalities As a resident of the region, you can join or in person at the Municipal Hall (3rd to raise awareness and enact bylaws the momentum too. Join GAIA College floor, Planning Department) or at the about the negative impacts of pesticide- at 6:00 pm, July 2nd 2008 at Saanich Parks office at 1040 McKenzie Ave. Both use in our communities. Under the Municipal Hall, in the Council Chambers these locations have lawn stakes ready direction of Saanich Council, staff are for a free workshop on Organic Garden for pick up if you have already taken the beginning the process of drafting a bylaw Care.
    [Show full text]
  • Victoria Retail Market Report
    Victoria Retail Market Report Q4 2019 Net Absorption – Shopping Centre MARKET OUTLOOK 2019 Year-over-Year Growing Suburban Retail Demand % 282K SF 261 The Greater Victoria Retail market segment such as food stores, pharmacy and restaurant maintained positive momentum throughout are not impacted by e-commerce. Large 5-Year Annual Average 10-Year Annual Average 2019. Vacancy rates for both street front and format discount retailers such as Costco and shopping centres declined this year. Walmart continue to experience strong sales in the region. As a result, Walmart has Downtown street front vacancy decreased 27K 61K committed to an additional location at the from 4.1% in 2018 to 3.1% in 2019. The former Sears, at Hillside shopping Centre for decrease in vacancy is driven by a variety of 2021. factors such as an increasing population, Downtown Street Front Vacancy strong tourism, and overall economic strength Greater Victoria continues to be a market of in the region. New street front tenants in the interest for investors and REITs with Q4 2019 Year-over-Year downtown core include Arc’Teryx, Dollarama, investment sales of the retail sector totaling % % Freshii and Perverted Ice Cream. over 15% of total annual sales. Significant 3.1 1.0 2019 sales included the sale of Tillicum Shopping centre vacancy decreased from Shopping Centre and First Capital Realty’s 7.0% in 2018 to 5.0% in 2019. Convenience, Shopping Centre Vacancy Langford Shopping Centre portfolio. neighbourhood, and community shopping Q4 2019 Year-over-Year centres continue to outperform regional In the downtown core, new office and multi- shopping centres.
    [Show full text]
  • The Highlander
    THE HIGHLANDER February 2004 Newsletter of the Highland District Community Association & the Highland Heritage Parks Society Purpose of HDCA is "to determine democratically the wishes of the property owners and permanent residents of the Highland Land District of the Province of British Columbia, and accordingly take appropriate action to preserve or improve the amenities of the Highland Land District.” Highland District Community Association Highland District Community Association GENERAL MEETING Executive Directory 2003-2004 September 30, 2003 7:30 p.m. West Fire Hall Name Phone Chair: Evelyn Samuel 478-6544 Wild fires are uppermost in the minds of Highlanders [email protected] these days. Come and have your say on the Vice-Chair: Eric Bonham 474-5252 WILDLAND/URBAN WILDFIRE INTERFACE ISSUE [email protected] Treasurer: Angela Aarts-Faris 474-5738 Should Highlanders have to clear around their homes? [email protected] What are the new standards being required? Secretary: Georgina Zilinsky 478-7489 Should these new standards be required on new [email protected] developments or for all residents in the Highlands? Events Co-ordinator: Marcie McLean 474-4725 How do we balance environmental, safety, habitat, and Director Ann King 478-2687 privacy concerns? aking@ pacificcoast.net Director Elaine Limbrick 474-1420 Panel discussion will include foresters, safety officials, Director Alan Philip 478-3659 biologists, and others. Your thoughts and ideas are [email protected] welcome. Director Sheila Taylor 474-1685 [email protected] Director Kit Wheatcroft 478-2687 Can We Stop Time? COMING EVENTS If we think things in the Highlands are good, we wish we Come and meet your neighbours at the could keep everything the same forever.
    [Show full text]