The Geology of Gallia County, Ohio Dissertation

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THE GEOLOGY OF GALLIA COUNTY, OHIO

DISSERTATION

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the

Graduate School of the Ohio State

University

OLIVER DUNCAN BLAKE, A. B

The Ohio State University

195>2

/' Adviser / 6- TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

Location and Area...... Scope of this Report.... Acknowledgements...... Previous Work in the Area Structure......

Stratigraphy

Introduction...... y Allegheny Series...... 10 Clarion cyclothem...... 12 Lower Kittanning cyclothem...... 13 Strasburg cyclothem...... 15 Middle Kittanning cyclothem...... 16 Lower Freeport cyclothem...... 16 Bolivar cyclothem ...... 17 Upper Freeport cyclothem...... 17

Conemaugh Series...... 19 Piedmont cyclothem...... 22 Mahoning cyclothem...... 23 Mason cyclothem...... 23 Brush Creek cyclothem...... 2i+ Wilgus cyclothem...... 25 Bloomfield cyclothem...... 27 Anderson cyclothem...... 29 Barton cyclothem...... 29 Harlem cyclothem...... 31 Gaysport cyclothem...... 32 Elk Lick cyclothem...... 33 Clarksburg cyclothem...... 3l+ Connellsville cyclothem...... 35 Lower Little Pittsburgh cyclothem...... 36 Upper Little Pittsburgh cyclothem...... 37 Pittsburgh cyclothem ...... 37

Monongahela Series Upper Pittsburgh cyclothem...... h 1 Redstone cyclothem...... 1+3 Fishpot cyclothem...... 1+1+ Sewickley cyclothem...... 1+5 Arnolds burg cyclothem...... 1+6 Uniontown cyclothem...... 1+7 Little Waynesburg cyclothem...... 1+8 Waynes burg cyclothem ...... 1+8

209375 Dunkard Series...... Correlation with Other Areas

S edimentation

Size and Shape of Sedimentary Bodies...... 53 Color...... 5U Cyclothems...... 5° General Sequence...... 56 Cyclical Break...... 57 Limestones...... 59 Coal...... 62 Under cl ay...... 61t Blocky Clay...... 67 Fissile Shale...... 67 Other Clastics...... 68

Tectonic History

Tectonic Environment...... 71 Source Direction of Sediments...... 72 Epirogenic Equilibrium...... 75

Mineral Resources

Coal...... 82 Sand and Gravel...... 83 Limestone...... 8U Gas and Oil...... 85

Appendix

Bibliography...... 87 Selected Measured Sections from Gallia County ...... 89 Addison township...... 89 Cheshire township...... 92 Clay township...... 9b Gallipolis township...... 97 Green township ..... 98 Greenfield township...... 101 Guyan township...... 103 Harrison township ...... 107 Huntington township...... 109 Morgan township...... Ill Ohio township...... 113 Perry township...... llU Raccoon township...... 115 Page

Springfieldtownship ...... 118 Walnut township...... 119

Autobiography...... 126

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1. Index Map Showing Location of Gallia County...... 1

Figure 2, Structural Map of Gallia County...... 6

Figure 3. Contact of Red Shale and Sandstone in Gallipolis Township...... 58

Figure I*. Transported Coal in a Strip Mine Exposure in Cheshire Township...... 63

■ r Figure 5. Indicator Plants for Underclays in Gallia County...... 65

Figure 6. Sandstone Cross-Lamination Directions... 7h

Figure 7. Typical Cyclothem in Gallia County...... 77

Plate 1 ...... 123

Plate 2...... 125

iii. INTRODUCTION

Location and Area

Gallia County is located along the southern margin of the state of Ohio. It is bounded by the Ohio River on the east, Lawrence county on the south, Lawrence and Jackson counties on the west, and

Vinton and Meigs counties on the north. The greatest north-south distance is 30 miles, the greatest east-west distance is 2h miles.

Approximately U30 square miles are contained in the county (Sherman,

1933)f which is divided into 1^ townships of unequal size. Galli- polis, the county seat is located on the Ohio River at 38° U8' N,

82° 12' W.

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Figure 1, Index map showing location of Gallia county

1. The county area is shown on seven topographic map sheets

of the United States Geological Survey. These quadrangles ares

Athalia, Bidwell, Glenwood, Oak Hill, Point Pleasant, Pomeroy, and

Wilkesville, and the parts of these quadrangles covering Gallia

county have been used as a monochromatic base for the geologic map

accompanying this report.

Scope of this report

The primary aims of this report are fourfolds

1. The construction of a geologic map of Gallia county, drawn on

a topographic base map of the United States Geological Survey,

having a scale of 1/6 2 ,5 0 0 .

2. A study of the stratigraphic relationship between the various

cyclothems from place to place throughout the county.

3. To add, if possible, some information to the overall under

standing of the broader aspects of Pennsylvanian sedimentation

of the Appalachian basin.

U. An investigation of the distribution and thicknesses of the coal

resources of Gallia county.

Acknowledgements

The writer wishes to thank Mr. John H. Melvin, State Geo logist of Ohio, for making this report possible and Dr. J. Osborn

Fuller under whose direction this investigation has been conducted.

Thanks are also due to Mr. Robert Wilson for assistance in the field 2. in 19h9 and to Mr. Charles W. Achauer for assistance in the field in 195>0 and for the identification of some problematical coal out crops by means of plant spores in the coal. To Mr. William Smith of the Ohio Geological Survey, Dr. Aureal Cross of the West Virginia

Geological Survey, and Dr. Myron T. Sturgeon of Ohio University, the ■writer is grateful for ideas and information that they have demonstrated to him in the field.

Previous Work in the Area

When the Second Geological Survey of Ohio was established in 1871, the state was divided into four geological districts. The

Second Geological District of Southeastern Ohio was assigned to E.

B. Andrews of Marietta. The Second Annual Report of this survey which was published in 1 8 7 2 included four geological sections from the western part of Gallia county measured by Andrews. He recog nized four geological horizons which were the Sheridan coal* (Mid dle Kittanning), the Ferriferous Iron Ore, the Ferriferous limestone

(Vanport), and the coal under the Ferriferous limestone (Clarion).

In the following year Volume 1 of the Geology of Ohio appeared. In this a chapter by Andrews is devoted to the geology of

Gallia county. Thirty geological sections are presented from all parts of the county. Five coals were recognized: (Upper Kittanning),

Sheridan (Middle Kittanning), (Upper Freeport, Jeffers (Pittsburgh),

Pomeroy (Redstone). In addition two limestones were recorded as defi—

* Present names, not in use at the time of the above mentioned reports, are in parentheses

3. nite horizons in the county: (Cambridge), and Ames* The recog nition by Andrews of his Jeffers and Pomeroy coals as two distinct though closely spaced productive coal horizons opened a geologic controversy that is still in progress.

In the summers of 1908, 1909* and 1910, D. D. Condit investigated the relationship of these two coals in southeastern

Ohio. Although his work was not published, it firmly established the existence of these two coals on the Ohio side of the river. The lower of these he correlated with the Pittsburgh coal of Pennsyl vania. This interpretation has been accepted by the Ohio Geological

Survey and is used in this report. The West Virginia Geological Sur vey, on the other hand, correlates the upper coal with the Pittsburgh coal of Pennsylvania. (Krebs, 1911)

The Conemaugh Formation in Ohio by D. D. Condit was pub lished in 1912 as volume 17 of the Uth series of the Geological Sur vey of Ohio. This was the first modern geological report dealing with a part of the geology of Gallia county. For the first time, widespread correlations were established between Gallia county and other parts of the Appalachian basin. Many of the local formational names of the Conemaugh were replaced by those from the Pennsylvania and West Virginia areas which had definite priority.

The Geology of Southern Ohio by Wilbur Stout was published in 1916 as Bulletin 20 of the Ohio Geological Survey. This described, in part, the geology of the five western townships of Gallia county from the base of the Allegheny to the Ames limestone. In the pre paration of this report outcrop maps of the Allegheny coals were pre-

U. pared and some of these were reproduced on a small scale in the report.

In the late 1890's W. G. Tight studied the drainage' changes in southeastern Ohio. This physiographic study included the area of

Gallia county. The culmination of this work appeared in the United

States Geological Survey Professional Paper No. 13, Drainage Modifi cations in Southeastern Ohio and Adjacent Parts of “West Virginia and

Kentucky published in 1903.

Bulletin UU of the Ohio Geological Survey, Geology of Water in Ohio by Stout, Ver Steeg, and Lamb, which was published in 19li3, introduces some modifications of Tight1s concepts of drainage changes in the area.

From time to time special geological investigations have been instituted in the county by coal and moulding—sand producers.

These works have not been published, but much of this information is on file in the Ohio Geological Survey office in Columbus.

Structure

Gallia county, situated on the western flank of the

Pittsburgh-Hunting ton Basin (US tectonic Map, 19i+3)> has a relatively simple geologic structure. The structural map accompanying this report shows that the general strike across the county is north- northeast and that the dip to the east-southeast averages 3 6 feet to the mile. Structural contours appearing on this map are drawn on the top of the Cambridge limestone. Where the limestone is absent in the

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„ «-p Gallia county• o structural map oi ^aJ-J-*-* Figure 2. b^ruou 6. north and west, the contours have been restored using the following intervals:

Cambridge limestone to Upper Freeport coal 135 Ft. Cambridge limestone to Vanport limestone 280 Ft.

In the eastern and southern parts of the county, where the

Cambridge limestone is under cover, the subsurface elevations of this formation were derived by subtracting the following intervals:

Ames limestone to Cambridge limestone 98 Ft. Pittsburgh coal to Cambridge limestone 233 Ft.

There are several minor structures too small to show on the scale of the structural map. In the Millers Bros. Quarry in the

SE \ sec. 27, Springfield township, a small anticline was uncovered in the Brush Creek limestone. The crest of this structure rose about

6 feet above the unaltered beds on either side. In the SE sec. 35,

Raccoon township the sandstone of the top of the Bolivar cyclothem breaks through the surface of Raccoon Creek. A gentle but distinct arching of the rock is seen emerging from the stream and then dipping again beneath the surface. Gas bubbles, arising from fractures in the rock, stream to the surface of the creek. On calm days these may be ignited where they break to the surface. In winter the gas that accumulates under the ice is burned by farmers in the region to form a hole large enough for watering stock. On a nearby farm gas was encountered while drilling for water. In most cases these small structures that occur throughout the county are unnoticed because of their size and very slight dip.

A series of vertical ^oint planes occurring at almost right

7. angles to each other in the coal are known as cleats. These joints which are closely spaced cause the coal to break up into rectangular blocks. In Gallia county the cleats are orientated north-northeast and west-northwest. In an abandoned coal mine in SE \ sec. 33*

Guyan township the trend of the cleats was determined to be N l£ E and N 70 W. The trends of the cleats in the hard boney roof coal and shale are at approximately hS° to the cleats in the coal itself.

The formation of cleats is believed to be the result of horizontal compression because the cleats in one area, even in different seams of coal, are all orientated in the same directions.

The variation in the orientation of the coal cleats and those of the roof material are probably the result of different compentency in the two materials. The coal cleats in Gallia county are roughly either parallel or normal to the trend of the broader regional structures.

Because of this similar orientation, the cleats and the regional structures are believed to be genetically related (Ver Steeg, 19l|2). STRATIGRAPHY

Introduction to Stratigraphy

Most of the rocks of Gallia county belong to the Alleg

heny, Conemaugh, and Monongahela series of the Pennsylvanian sys

tem, In the sandstones that cap the high hills in the southeastern

part of the county, a portion of the Dunkard series of lower Permian

age is represented. These rocks consist of sandstone, siltstone,

shale, clay, coal, and limestone units in which the volume of coar

ser sediments predominates. The arrangement of these rock units

are in repetitive sequences known as cyclothems. The succession of

units of a typical cyclothem varies slightly in different parts of

the geologic column. This subject is discussed later at greater

length under the heading of sedimentation. In general, the basal unit, when present, consists of a thin fossiliferous marine lime

stone. This is succeeded by a massive, generally cross-bedded

sandstone unit which becomes less massive and more fragmentary near

the top. The upper portion frequently contains a nodular freshwater

limestone. Above this is a bed of clay or siltstone which exhibits

a distinctive blocky structure. At the top of the sequence is a persistent light-gray underclay overlain in some localities by a

coal seam.

The cyclical repetition of rock units is characteristic of the Pennsylvanian system in various parts of the world. In the

9. Appalachian basin many of the individual cyclothems have distinc tive properties that permit their correlation throughout the basin even though in different areas the development of the same unit may vary. For example, the Uniontown limestone in western Pennsylvania is more than 10 feet thick, but in Gallia county it is a nodular bed only a few inches thick. Its relative position in relation to both overlying and underlying units in both areas, however, is very similar.

In the same manner, coals that are thick mineable units in one area may be only paper thin laminae in another. The following descrip tions summarize the occurrences and correlates the various rock units as they have been observed in Gallia county.

Allegheny Series

The geology of the Allegheny series which is exposed in the five western townships of Gallia county has been described by

Stout, (1916).

The tracing of the coals of the Allegheny Series in Gallia county is difficult as the stratigraphic intervals are not great and, in addition, there is little in the Allegheny cyclothems of this area to distinguish one from the other. Sequences of coal and underclay and massive sandstone follow one another in succession with little variation. Although some of the correlations of the Middle Kittanning and Lower Kittanning coals of this report are not certain, in case of doubt the identifications of Stout have been followed. More accurate correlations in the Allegheny of this area will probably be

10. made by identification of spores found in the coals. No one has yet undertaken systematic spore identification or spore correlation

of these coals.

Average thicknesses in the Allegheny Series of Gallia county

Ft. In.

Upper Freeport coal, No. 7 ...... 2 O n

Upper Upper Freeport clay...... 3 O Freeport Sandstone and blocky sandy clay...... 15 cyclothem Upper Freeport nodular limestone...... 0 Sandstone ...... lU

Bolivar clay...... 2 Bolivar Nodular limestone...... 0

cyclothem Sandstone...... 20 OFO O f O

Lower Freeport coal, No. 6a...... 0 Lower Lower Freeport clay...... 2 OD n Freeport Lower Freeport sandstone...... 10

cyclothem Lower Freeport nodular limestone...... 0 O -P" O n

Sandstone ..... 13 O

Middle Middle Kittanning coal, No. 6 ..... 2 Kittanning Middle Kittanning clay...... 2 cyclothem Sandstone...... 19 OOO n

Strasburg Oak Hill clay...... 1 O

cyclothem Sandstone...... O 25 n

Lower Kittanning coal, No. 5 ...... 2 O Lower Lower Kittanning clay...... 6 Kittanning Kittanning sandstone and sandy clay.... 13 cyclothem Ferriferous ironstone...... 0 Vanport limestone ...... U

Clarion Clarion coal, No. Ua.... 1 cyclothem Clarion clay...... ii

Clarion sandstone...... 38 O fro OO'O ON

Total 20h 6 Clarion cyclothem

The Clarion sandstone is the lowest identifiable unit of the Allegheny series in Gallia county. In the northwestern part of

Greenfield township the stream level of Left Hand Fork is below the

Clarion sandstone, however, as exposures here are poor it has not been possible to pick out identifiable units of the lower—lying

Brookville cyclothem.

The Clarion sandstone is a medium to coarse-textured unit, light-gray to yellow-gray in color, cross-laminated and frequently stained yellow-brown along the lamination planes. In northwestern

Greenfield township and along Little Raccoon Creek in Huntington township the Clarion sandstone forms bluffs along the valleys.

The Clarion clay in Gallia county ranges from 3 to 5 feet in thickness. The lower portion is typically sandy, grading down ward into the Clarion sandstone.

The Clarion coal, where it occurs in Greenfield township and in one locality in Huntington township, is between 1 and l|r feet thick.

It is not mined anywhere in Gallia county today, but many abandoned drifts may be seen here and there under the Vanport limestone. The

Clarion coal should occur along the steep banks of Little Raccoon

Creek in NW|- sec. 18, Huntington township. In this area no trace of the coal or the Vanport limestone can be seen among the massive sand stones that occupy the interval. There is neither a nodular zone nor a clay streak in the exposed sandstone sequence to indicate the posi tion of either of these members. This, and the regularity of the bedding in the sandstone, suggest that the absence is due to non deposition rather than erosion.

Lower Kittanning cyclothem

The Vanport limestone is present along the stream valleys in northwestern Greenfield township and in places along Little

Raccoon Creek in sec. 18, Huntington township. In much of this area the rock has been quarried for use as flux in the old Gallia and

Keystone charcoal iron furnaces. The limestone is brownish-gray in color and very tough, breaking with a conchoidal fracture. Al though the upper part is occasionally crinkled into irregular seams; mostly it is a massive rock with poorly developed stratification planes. Flinty bands and lenses are scattered throughout and in addition, marine fossils are abundant in certain portions and locali ties. The thickness varies between 2 and 6 feet.

The Ferriferous iron ore occurs directly above the Van port limestone. VS/here seen, the ore graded downward into the lime stone, but Stout reports that usually the two are separated by a thin parting (Stout, 1916). The ore appears on the outcrop as a blocky or concretionary limonite. It has been so extensively mined in Gallia county that it is difficult to find an exposure. The hori zon is well marked in Greenfield county, however, by means of arti ficial benches that were produced when the ore was removed by strip ping. It is possible to stand along Black Fork or Kokeen Hollow and follow this bench with the eye along the valleys.

13. The Kittanning sandstone is a thin-bedded, light-gray to yellow micaceous, sometimes clayey sandstone having a fine to medium texture. It is frequently marked by yellow to brown iron streaks. The thickness of the Kittanning sandstone appears to vary more than Other units. For example, in the eastern part of sec. 9>

Greenfield township, the Lower Kittanning clay rests directly upon the Vanport limestone. In the western part of the township as much as 20 feet of sandstone may intervene. Where the Lower Kittanning coal is a good uniform bed, the sandstone interval is well developed.

Where the coal is irregular, developing wedges and fanning out into the overlying sandstone, the underlying Kittanning sandstone is not developed and is seen only as an arenaceous lower portion of the under clay.

The Lower Kittanning clay is normally in two units, i'he lower unit is a light to dark-gray sandy clay. The upper clay, ly ing in contact with or between thin seams of coal, is a sand-free plastic clay. Between the two units in sec. 18, Huntington township is a bed of sandy oolitic limonite 2 feet thick. The entire interval from the base of the upper clay to the Ferriferous ore is characteris tically iron stained.

The Lower Kittanning coal is in two or three benches. The upper one is the thickest. In a mine in sec. 18 Huntington township this seam consists of 30 inches of good blocky coal. The lower seams are from a fraction of an inch to 6 inches and are separated by bands of light gray plastic clay.

lit. Strasburg cyclothem

The interval lying between the Lower Kittanning coal and the Oak Hill clay consists of a greenish to brownish-yellow micaceous sandstone. The texture which is coarse at the bottom becomes fine towards the top. In some localities the basal portion is a conglo merate containing scattered quartz pebbles up to 2 inches in diameter.

The top of the Strasburg cyclothem is not only poorly developed, but there is some doubt as to the exact position of the

Middle Kittanning coal in this part of the section. The top of this cyclothem when apparent is indicated by a break in the sandstone, where there is an abrupt change from a fine to a medium or coarse texture. At this horizon occurs the Oak Hill clay whose occurrence varies from complete absence to a streak of as much as feet of light gray clay. In several outcrops in sec, 18, Huntington town ship a double coal seam occurs at this horizon. Stout has called this the Middle Kittanning coal, but to do this would expand the

Middle Kittanning-Upper Freeport interval more than 30 feet and de crease the Lower Kittanning-Middle Kittanning interval more than 13> feet from its normal thickness. Because a light gray clay streak occurs higher up in the position of the Middle Kittanning coal, this coal in sec, 18 has been correlated, in this report, with the Stras burg, This coal is mined in small drifts for farm use in the vicinity. This is the only occurrence of the Strasburg coal known in the county although the Oak Hill clay appears intermittently through the area and is well developed in parts of adjoining Jackson county,

IS. Middle Kittanning cyclothem

The sandstone below the Middle Kittanning coal frequently coalesces with the sandstone below, forming a continuous massive bed over IiO feet thick. The upper or Middle Kittanning sandstone part of this massive bed is generally a medium to coarse-textured, light greenish-yellow micaceous sandstone.

The succeeding light gray plastic Middle Kittanning clay is usually present although it varies greatly in thickness from a mere trace to as much as 6 feet.

The overlying Middle Kittanning coal differs greatly in thickness and occurrence, but it is best developed in Greenfield township. Stout, who was able to enter some of the mines in the early 1 9 0 0 's, reports the coal in two benches, an upper one averag ing 2 feet 1 inch in thickness and a lower bench 1 foot thick separated by a 5-inch clay parting. (Stout, 1916). Where obser ved in abandoned coal mines today, only the upper bench could be seen.

Until recently this coal has been mined for local use in the southern part of sec. 12, Greenfield township.

Lower Freeport cyclothem

The Lower Freeport sandstone is characteristically a medium-textured greenish-gray to yellowish—brown friable sandstone.

In the northern part of the county in Huntington and Raccoon town ships the texture is fine to very fine grained. Here the dark-gray

1 6 . nodular Lower Freeport limestone occurs, midway in position be tween the Lower Freeport coal and the Middle Kittanning coal*

The Lower Freeport clay is usually present on top of the sandstone, but the thickness is variable from a trace to as much as U feet of siliceous clay#

The thickest outcrop observed of the overlying Lower

Freeport coal measured only 1 foot. Although in most localities the coal is soft and powdery, in some thin seams a few inches of good blocky coal may be observed# In other places the coal and clay occur as small fragments or chips in the massive sandstone sequence.

Bolivar cyclothem

Twenty feet above the Lower Freeport coal is a bed of either light to dark-gray plastic clay or of dark-red siliceous clay measuring from a thin streak to more than h feet in thickness.

No coals have been observed at this horizon. Directly beneath the clay unit is usually a bed of nodular reddishr-brown calcareous iron stone concretions. ~

Intervening between the clay and the underlying Lcwer

Freeport coal is a medium to fine-grained, yellow-brown, thin-bedded sandstone.

Upper Freeport cyclothem

The lower portion of the Upper Freeport sandstone is uni versally a yellow-brown medium to fine-grained micaceous sandstone.

17. It is thin-bedded in some localities, cross—laminated in others.

On top of this portion of the Upper Freeport sandstone, intermediate in position between the Bolivar clay and the Upper Freeport coal is a bed of dark-red to brown nodular limestone. Above this Upper

Freeport nodular limestone horizon, the sandstones become very fine grained or silty in texture and blocky in structure and are fre quently red in color. This is the first occurrence of true redbeds in the sequence although the underlying Bolivar siliceous clays are sometimes red in color.

The Upper Freeport clay is fairly persistent in western

Gallia county, but the thickness is extremely variable from a trace to a bed 6 feet thick. This light-gray clay frequently contains much admixture of sandy material.

The Upper Freeport coal is poorly developed except in three small areas. One of these areas is in southwestern Walnut township in sec. 19 and 20. This area is known as the Waterloo field. For many years small mines operated in the Upper Freeport coal of this area and the coal was hauled away by wagon and truck.

Recent stripping operations have displaced these small drift mines.

In the 5 years between I9I46—1950, strip mines in this small area have produced on an average over 5 7 , 0 0 0 tons of coal a year.

Stout reports three benches in the Upper Freeport coal of this area. The lowermost bench is feet thick and the upper benches are somewhat thinner. The impure, shaley upper bench 1 to l| feet thick was left in the drift mines to support the roof (Stout, 1916).

1 8 . Along the northern part of the boundary between Green field and Perry townships the Upper Freeport coal has been mined in the past from the lower bench which here is as much as 3 feet thick.

The old mines have long been abandoned and the outcrops in the area show only faint blossoms at this horizon.

In the northwestern corner of Huntington township the

Upper Freeport coal has been mined until recently. Even here the occurrence is extremely sporadic. In a mine in the eastern part of sec. 18, h9 inches of coal was measured. A short distance away from the mine entrance, only a thin streak of light-gray clay marked this horizon. Except for these three occurrences, the Upper Freeport coal in Gallia county is thin and shaley or more often completely absent.

Conemaugh Series

The Conemaugh series in Gallia county consists of a com plex sequence of poorly developed cyclothems. The cyclothems of the lower part of the series are the same type as those in the under lying Allegheny. They consist of a basal sandstone and an upper coal bed, underlain by lightr-gray plastic under clay. In some localities there are, in addition, beds of red or greenish blocky clay or silt stone between the sandstone and the underclay.

In the middle of the series, the cyclothems are characterized by a marine limestone member beneath the massive sandstone. The sandstone member, in this part of”' the Conemaugh, is sometimes replaced by red or greenish-gray siltstone or shale. Fortunately some of the marine limestones, in this part of the section, are

■well developed, and these can be used to locate the geologist stratigraphically.

The upper Conemaugh cyclothems do not have the basal marine limestones. In these a nodular non-marine limestone bed is present in or near the top of the massive sandstone unit.

Correlations in this part of the series are difficult and must be made by interval measurement and cyclical succession. I « is realized that some of the correlations in this part of the section are open to question. As a result of this study, it appears that some of the earlier workers in this general area may have confused the upper Conemaugh nodular limestones depending upon whether their correlations were made upward or downward from well established key members. Attempts have been made, in this report, to work from both ends of the series, and it is hoped that some of this confusion has been eliminated.

Average Thicknesses of the Conemaugh Series of Gallia county

Ft. In. Pittsburgh coal...... U 0 Pittsburgh Pittsburgh clay 2 0 cyclothem Upper Pittsburgh nodular limestone.. 0 8 Sandstone and semi-flint clay 10 0

Upper Little Upper Little Pittsburgh coal andclay.•..• 1 6 Pittsburgh Bellaire sandstone...... 1 0 0 cyclothem

20- Ft. In. Lower Little Pittsburgh clay. Trace Lower Little Red blocky clay and siltstone 6 Pittsburgh Summerfield nodular limestone 0 cyclothem Sandstone...... 9

Connellsville Connellsville clay...... 1 cyclothem Connellsville sandstone and red clay..... 19

Clay...... Trace Clarksburg Clarksburg nodular limestone...... 0 cyclothem Morgantown sandstone and red blocky clay. 29

Elk Lick clay...... Trace Elk Lick Birmingham red shale and sandstone...... 17 O CO O O O O ' O cyclothem Skelly nodular limestone...... 0

Duquesne clay...... Trace

Gaysport Red shale...... 25 O O cyclothem Gaysport nodular limestone...... 0 Red shale ...... 7 Ames limestone ...... 1

Harlem cl ay...... Trace Harlem Round Knob red shale and cyclothem Saltzburg sandstone...... 26

Barton coal...... 1 Barton clay...... 3 Barton Red shale...... 6 cyclothem Ewing nodular limestone...... 1 Cow Run sandstone, and red shale...... 20 Porterville nodular limestone...... 0

Anderson clay...... Trace Anderson

Sandstone and red shale...... 19 O O O O O O O O'

cyclothem O J j

Bloomfield nodular limestone...... 0 K

Clay ...... Trace Bloomfield Sandstone and red shale...... 21 cyclothem Cambridge limestone...... 2

Wilgus coal ..... 1 Wilgus clay...... 1 Wilgus Buffalo sandstone, and red shale...... 18 cyclothem Upper Brush Creek limestone ...... 1 Brush Creek sandstone...... 17 Lower Brush Creek limestone ...... 1

Sandstone and siltstone ...... 7 ff'OO O On Os On O On

21. Ft, In Brush Creek Brush Creek coal and clay...... 0 cyclothem Sandstone and red shale...... 0

Msi on f»noT 6 Mason Maqon clav...... 1 0 cyclothem Upper Mahoning sandstone...... 6

MaVinni n cr coal...... 6 Mahoning Mahoiri ocr clav...... 6 cyclothem Sandstone ...... a...... 22 0

Piedmont Piedmont coal and clay...... cyclothem Sandstone .... 21 n

Total...... 6

Piedmont eyelothem

The Lower Mahoning sandstone in Gallia county appears to

be broken about half way up by a persistent light-gray clay streak.

In a good road cut exposure in the NW sec. $, Walnut township a

thin coal occurs at this horizon. As this represents a definite

cyclical break and as it occurs throughout western Gallia county in

the same relative position as the Piedmont coal in Pennsylvania, that

name has been adopted for this report (Ashley, 1928).

The basal part of this cyclothem in Gallia county consists

of a coarse to very fine-grained yellow-brown to yellow-green thinly

cross-bedded sandstone. The finer textures predominate throughout much of the sequence particularly in the upper portion. Bedding planes and joints in this sandstone are usually stained reddish-brown.

In the upper portion or on top of the sandstone there are frequently limestone or ironstone nodules. Above the nodular zone there may be 22. a bed of red and yellow-brown blocky clay. If not, the fine-grained

sandstone continues to the underclay unit above.

The light-gray under cl ay at the top of this cyclothem,

as has already been noted, is persistent throughout western Gallia

county. Although usually a thin band less than an inch thick, occasionally this unit expands to several feet or more in thickness.

Mahoning cyclothem

The basal sandstone of the Mahoning cyclothem, as it is restricted in this report, consists of a medium to fine-grained yellow-brown to greenish—yellow friable, occasionally cross-bedded sandstone. Limestone and ironstone nodules occur in places near the top of this unit. In Raccoon, Morgan, and Greenfield townships the sandstone is overlain by red and yellow-brown blocky clay.

The Mahrning coal is variable both in occurrence and thick ness in Gallia county. In the SE sec. 3h Morgan township, there is a 10|- inch seam of good blocky Mahoning coal in the bed of a creek, but this is exceptional. "Where it occurs, the usual thickness is about 6 inches. The light-gray underclay which is far more persis tent averages 2-g- feet in thickness although locally it may expand to two or three times this amount.

Mason cyclothem

The lower part of the Mason cyclothem is occupied by the

Upper Mahoning sandstone. This is characteristically a fine-grained

23. thin-bedded yellow to yellow-brown sandstone locally becoming coarse-textured. In sec. 32, Walnut township this sandstone is coarse-grained to conglomeratic with granule-sized particles in the basal portions. Rarely in the southern part of the county there are streaks of small ironstone nodules in the top of this sandstone. In a few localities blocky red and light gray-green clays occupy the position of the upper part of the sandstone.

The Mason coal is very unsteady, more often absent than present. Ihere it does occur it averages 6 inches in thickness, however, in sec. 17, Perry township the following section was observed;

In. Coal and clay mixed 11 Coal, blocky 10 Dark gray shale 2 Coal 1-|

The underclay is more persistent and therefore more often indicates the top of the Mason cyclothem.

Brush Creek cyclothem

The Brush Creek cyclothem is poorly developed in Gallia county. Frequently a continuous massive sandstone extends from the

Mason coal to the Cambridge limestone. The Brush Creek cyclothem is best developed in Greenfield and Raccoon townships.

The basal sandstone averages only 10 feet which is about half the thickness of the other lower Conemaugh sandstones. This is a medium to fine-grained yellow-brown to yellow highly micaceous

2lu thin-bedded sandstone or siltstone. In some areas of Greenfield,

Raccoon, and Morgan townships this interval is occupied by a sandy shale or by a brown and red blocky clay. In the NW sec. 9,

Huntington township the sandstone is coarse to conglomeratic and the coal horizon is marked by chips of coal and clay in the massive sandstone.

The horizon of the Brush Creek coal, if indicated at all, is usually a streak of light-gray clay directly beneath the Brush

Creek sandstone.

Wilgus cyclothem

The succession of units in the Wilgus cyclothem is dis tinct and cannot be classified with any of the other cyclothems in the Conemaugh series. Two marine calcareous units are recognized which are usually seperated by a sandstone which occasionally con tains fragmentary marine fossils.

The lower calcareous marine unit, the Lower Brush Creek limestone, is a sandy dark-gray fossiliferous unit. When well developed, the upper surface is usually crinkly, lumpy or nodular.

It is underlain by a yellowish shale or a thin-bedded fine-grained sandstone. As the sand percentage increases, the color becomes greenish-brown. In many localities the Lower Brush Creek horizon is indicated by a calcareous zone in the sandstone sequence.

Between the two Brush Creek limestones a 17-foot interval is occupied by a micaceous yellow-brown fine-grained sandstone. In 25. parts of Perry and Greenfield townships the texture of this sand

stone becomes coarser.

The Upper Brush Creek limestone is better developed than

the lower limestone. The thickness is variable ranging from only a

foot to as much as three feet or more. Typically it is a massive

dark-gray fossiliferous limestone, but the lithology varies from a

limestone to a calcareous sandstone. In this latter phase the color

is a greenish-brown and it is frequently nodular. In such condition

the fossils are often seen as molds in an open spongy sandstone.

"When well developed, the Upper Brush Creek limestone may so resemble

the overlying Cambridge limestone that particular care must be taken

to correlate correctly. The fauna of the Brush Creek limestone has been described and tabulated by Condit and Mark (Condit, 1912). The most abundant fossils of the Brush Creek in Gallia county appear to be Neospirifer latus and Dictyoclostus portlocianus var. crassicostatus. In some areas the whole Wilgus cyclothem, from the upper limestone to the base, and including the underlying Brush Creek and

Mason cyclothems, is occupied by a massive bluff-forming sandstone.

This condition may be observed west of Gage where the highway goes down a steep hill in sec. 28, Perry township* Throughout much of western and central Gallia county the Upper Brush creek forms a topo graphic bench along the crest and sides of the hills.

The interval above the Upper Brush Creek limestone is usually occupied by a yellow-brown or red shale, siltstone, or very fine-grained sandstone. Mid-point in this interval, and in some lo- 26. calities occupying the entire interval, is a fine to medium—textured yellow to yellowish-brown thin-bedded sandstone*

The Wilgus coal at the top of this cyclothem is extremely erratic. At some localities it is as much as feet thick, but usually it is only a faint streak or it is not present at all. More persistent is a light-gray to yellowish-gray clay whose position is directly beneath the coal horizon.

The overlying Cambridge limestone is far more persistent in Gallia county than the coal or the clay. For this reason the base of this unit is usually used to mark the top of the Wilgus cyclothem, however, in the SE sec. 36, Huntington township the limestone is missing, but the Wilgus coal and clay is sufficiently developed to be easily recognized in the sequence.

Bloomfield cyclothem

The Cambridge limestone is the most persistent member of the Conemaugh series of Gallia county. It is seldom less than 2^ feet thick and, therefore, is not difficult to find. It makes an excellent stratigraphic reference point. For these reasons it has been used as a mapping unit for this report.

The Cambridge limestone is a dark to bluish-gray fine-textured fossiliferous limestone. Typically it forms a massive bed to 3 feet thick. The upper part sometimes has a crinkly, wavy appearance apparently due to an irregular distribution of fossil shell fragments although the exact content is not clear. In some

27. areas the lower part is occasionally formed of lumpy irregular beds | to 2 inches in thickness separated by fossiliferous shale

partings. Lecticular bodies of chert as much as 6 inches thick

are commonly scattered throughout the unit. Although the faunal list of the Cambridge contains many forms (Condit, 1912), din Gallia

county there are two brachiopods that exceed all others in abun dance. These are Composita subtilita and Chonetina flexningi. In

addition, the thin alongate fusulinid Triticites sometimes occurs

in such abundance as to almost form a limestone coquina.

Although the Cambridge limestone is constant over most of Gallia county, there is an area in Huntington and Raccoon town

ships, north of Indian Guyan Creek and west of Raccoon Creek where

the limestone is absent even though the Cambridge horizon is in the high hills of the area. The Cambridge in Walnut township is a thin bed of limestone about h to 6 inches thick. In many places here it is difficult to find, but it is present in good exposures. Midway along the Raccoon-Springfield township line the Cambridge is lo cally sandy. In the E sec. 2lj., Raccoon township the Cambridge is a scarcely recognizable yellow to red limestone breccia.

Above the limestone is a sequence of yellow-brown or red thin-bedded siltstone, very fine-grained sandstone, or shale. This unit, when freshly exposed in quarrying operations, is a dark blue-gray color but it rapidly weathers to yellow-brown.

The upper portion of the cyclothem and the unit above is typically composed of red blocky clay or shale. In this sequence

28 occurs the Bloomfield nodular limestone of the next cyclothem. Be neath this nodular zone there is frequently a thin light-gray clay

streak which marks the top ©f the Bloomfield cyclothem,

Anderson cyclothem

The Bloomfield nodular limestone consists of a zone of

scattered small dark-brown to gray limestone nodules \ to 3 inches

in size. These may occur in a narrow zone in the red shales or more typically they are scattered through a wide range.

The entire cyclothem may consist of red or gray-green

shales, extending down into the Bloomfield cyclothem below. More

typically the red shale sequence is broken up near the middle by a fine-grained sandstone. This may extend through the cyclothem, but it is better developed in the lower part.

The top of this cyclothem is marked by a dark-gray car bonaceous clay or a paper-thin streak of coal. This is the Anderson coal which is far better developed in the area to the north of Gallia county.

Barton cyclothem

The Portersville limestone in Gallia county is a very thin dark-gray nodular limestone or a yellow-green sandy nodular bed.

Because it is so inconspicuous a member it is easily overlooked. In one area in the southwest corner of Walnut township in sec, 31 the

29, Portersville is found capping the hill tops. In this one area the

Portersville is a continuous dark—gray limestone 6 to 8 inches thick.

Overlying the Portersville is a yellow-greenish-brown fine to medium—grained micaceous friable sandstone. In some areas this is replaced by red shale.

The Ewing limestone most frequently appears as a brownish to gray nodular limestone or as a calcareous sandy nodular bed. In northern Addison township in sec. 29 and sec. 30 this limestone is a well developed bed. Here it is fine-textured blue—gray frequently containing small scattered pyrite fragments. The upper surface con tains innumerable Spirorbis remains, sometimes forming a coquina.

Between the Ewing limestone and the overlying Barton coal there is an interval of about 6 feet of dark-red and purple or yellow-brown blocky clay and siltstone.

The Barton horizon is marked by a streak of soft powdery coal or dark carbonaceous clay shale. Because this material weathers readily, it is frequently obscured or covered by slump from the over lying Saltsburg sandstone. Once the Ewing limestone is located, the

Barton coal can usually be uncovered by digging. The Barton coal is best developed in Green township. In the E center, sec. 22 an attempt has been made to mine this coal for local use. The coal here is be tween 2 to 3 feet thick. The lower part of the coal is good and blocky, but the upper part is bony and sandy and contains much pyrite.

Above the coal is a sequence of light-brown sandy shales containing many marine fossils.

30. The correlation of this report differs from that of

Condit in the identification of this coal (Condit, 1912). Con dit correlates the coal designated as Barton in this report "with the Anderson coal of the next cycle below. Correlation is dif ficult because no good exposures of this coal have been f ound overlying the Cambridge limestone or underlying a well developed

Ames outcrop. The correlation of this report is based on cycli cal succession, relation to the Ewing limestone, and interval measurement from a projected Cambridge horizon.

Harlem cyclothem

The base of the yellow-brown to yellow-green fine-grained sandstone and siltstone directly overlying the Barton coal are, in fresh exposures, highly fossiliferous• The most abundant fossil is Chonetes granulifera var. armatus, but more characteristic is

Derbya crass a. Many of the fossils are partially or wholly pyriti- zed. As a result they are quickly destroyed by weathering on the surface outcrops. In fresh cuts or excavations this member is as fossiliferous as any in the entire sequence in Gallia county.

The yellow-browri to yellow-green Saltsburg sandstone

r * occupies the lower part of the Harlem cyclothem and occasionally ex tends to the top of the sequence. More often it is replaced, es pecially in the upper part, by the Round Knob red shales and blocky clays.

31. The "top of this sequence is not clearly marked. Very

rarely a thin, light—gray clay streak indicates the position of the

Harlem clay.

Gaysport cyclothem

The Ames limestone, so distinctive and well developed

throughout much of southern Ohio, is neither a distinctive nor an

easily discernable unit in Gallia county. It is best developed in

Morgan township; here it is a red to brownish-green sandy fossili— ferous crinoidal limestone seldom more than a foot thick. The

sandyness and the brownish-green color are the most distinctive

characteristics. The most abundant fossil in Gallia county is

Chonetes granulifera var. armatus. In places the entire Ames sandy limestone is studded with these small brachiopods.* Unfor tunately throughout much of the county, it is an unfossiliferous yellowish fine-textured sandstone or a nodular bed at this horizon, but because there is nothing distinctive about either of these, the

Ames must usually be located by interval measurement.

In the NE sec. 35 Addison township a sandy phase of the

Ames is present. In this locality the fauna is distinct and en tirely unlike the brachiopod fauna of other localities. Here are seen large specimens of Aviculopinna and other pelecypod types.

Above the Ames is a sequence of red or sometimes gray-green shales. Near the bottom of this sequence is a concentration of small light-gray to brown calcareous nodules varying from | to 3 inches in

32. diameter. These mark the horizon of the Gaysport marine limestone.

Frequently these nodules are sandy or the horizon may be indicated by a medium to fine-grained yellow sandstone. In some localities in Walnut and Clay townships the Gaysport is underlain by a light-gray clay streak. As far as can be determined no coal has ever been found at this horizon. The Gaysport then appears to re present part of an incompleted cycle much like the lower Brush Creek limestone. For this reason no cyclothem break has been made.

The upper part of the Gaysport cyclothem is lithologically the same as the lower. Small calcareous nodules are occasionally scattered throughout the unit.

The top of the Gaysport cyclothem is not clearly marked.

Very rarely there is a light-gray clay streak at the horizon of the

Duquesne coal. When the overlying Skelly nodular limestone is developed, the top of the Gaysport cyclothem is placed beneath this member although in some localities there are a few feet of chippy red shales here that undoubtedly belong to the next cyclothem that is above.

Elk Lick cyclothem

The Skelly nodular limestone at the base of the Elk Lick cyclothem is a gray to yellow-green, frequently sandy, calcareous nodular bed. Sometimes it appears in the red shale sequence and at other times it occurs in the base of the overlying sandstone.

Usually the Skelly is overlain by a yellow-green or red

33. fine-grained sandstone or siltstone. This unit may continue to the

top of the cyclothem, but more frequently it is replaced in the

upper part of the cyclothem by red or occasionally yellow-green sandy

blocky clay. This is the Birmingham shale. In Morgan and' Muskingum

counties these shales contain marine fossils (Condit, 1912). Near

Richmond, Ohio these shales contain fossil cockroaches and other in

sects (Scudder, 1895). No fossils have been found in this member in

Gallia county. At times the red sandy clay of this unit extends un

broken to the top of the Ames limestone.

At the top of the Elk Lick cyclothem there is a fairly

persistent light-gray clay streak at the horizon of the Elk Lick coal.

Clarksburg cyclothem

Above the red sandy Birmingham shale there is some 30 feet

of yellow-green, fine to medium-textured, micaceous Morgantown sand

stone. Much of this sandstone is slabby and thin-bedded. Near the

top of the cyclothem there is in many localities a few feet of red

blocky clay.

Above the sandstone and red blocky clay there is a per

sistent band of small 1^- to 3 inch lumpy calcareous nodules or a thin

bed of calcareous sandstone. This is the Clarksburg limestone. As

the lithology from here to the top of the Conemaugh series is vari

able and the succession is broken into small often poorly developed units, the identification of the Clarksburg limestone is extremely

3U. difficult. In general it resembles both the Summerfield and the

Upper Pittsburgh limestones. The position of the Clarksburg on top of or slightly above the Morgantown sandstone is the best criterion for its identification. In addition, the Clarksburg is usually overlain by a light-gray clay. In sec. 18, Addison township there is \ inch coal seam at this horizon.

Connellsville cyclothem

In the Generalized Geological Section of Ohio the next coal above the Clarksburg is the Lower Little Pittsburgh coal. In

Gallia county a typical upper Conemaugh cyclothem intervenes. In

Pennsylvania and parts of West Virginia at least three coals, the

Hoffman, Lanaconing, and the Franklin occur in this interval (Ash ley, 1928). As it is impossible to correlate from Gallia county to the outcrops of these coals no one of these names is applicable.

In this report the name Connellsville is tentatively applied to this cyclothem. The Connellsville sandstone occupies much of the cyclothem and as the name is familiar in the Conemaugh of Ohio it suggests that part of the sequence where this cyclothem occurs.

The Connellsville sandstone is a fine-grained, thin-bedded, yellow-brown micaceous sandstone that forms the low bluffs at the confluence of Raccoon Creek and the Ohio River. Over much of Gallia county this sandstone combines with the underlying Morgantown sand- s tone.

In the western part of the outcrop area the Connellsville

35. sandstone interval is occupied, by red and yellow blocky clays and

shales* Scattered through the upper part of these are occasional

small red and brown calcareous nodules.

The top of this cyclothem is marked by an erratic occur

rence of light-gray clay and in Cheshire township by a fragmentary

coal*

Lower Little Pittsburgh cyclothem

The determination of the Upper and the Lower Little

Pittsburgh coals is difficult because they seldom occur together in

one locality. They may usually be determined because of a reason

ably steady interval and by their relation to the Summerfield lime

stone .

At the base of the Lower Little Pittsburgh interval is a

yellow-green fine—textured sandstone. This is overlain by a green

ish—brown sandy calcareous ironstone nodular bed which is the

Summerfield limestone. In the hill-top area east of Cadmus in nort

hern Walnut township this bed is developed into a 10 inch dark—gray

limestone containing Spirorbis.

Above the Summerfield limestone are about 5 feet of

yellow-brown and red blocky clays, siltstones and very fine-grained sandstones.

At the top of the Lower Little Pittsburgh cyclothem, be neath the Bellaire sandstone, is a light-gray clay streak indicating the position of the Lower Little Pittsburgh coal.

36. Upper Little Pittsburgh cyclothem

The Bellaire sandstone, which occupies most of the Upper

Little Pittsburgh interval, is a yellow to yellow-brown fine-grained

micaceous sandstone. Near the bottom of this member there are

occasional scattered nodules of limestone, calcareous sandstone, and

ironstone.

The Upper Little Pittsburgh coal horizon is not well in dicated in Gallia county. In about half of the outcrops there is

a light-gray clay streak at this position. In parts of Green and

Springfield townships there are thin powdery coal seams above the light-gray clay.

Pittsburgh cyclothem

In southern and western Gallia county the most distinct unit of the Pittsburgh cyclothem is a varigated semi-flint clay. This is a dark-red, yellow-brown, greenish-gray splintery flint clay or sometimes a sandy blocky clay. The material resembles a burned out coal seam, but as unaltered Pittsburgh coal sometimes occurs in con tact with the semi-flint clay this is impossible. Its splintery fracture and bright color is quite distinctive. In northern Gallia county this material is blocky. This bed normally rests on top of the

Bellaire sandstone but frequently a few feet of yellow-brown fine—tex— tured sandstone intervene.

Where "the varigated clay is blocky and sandy it frequently

37. contains scattered limestone nodules throughout its extent. Where

the splintery semi-flint clay is well developed a nodular dark-gray

limestone bed caps the unit. This is the Upper Pittsburgh limestone.

The Pittsburgh coal is found in several areas of Gallia

county. In these localities the coal is well developed, thick, and

is of some economic importance. One of these areas is in the upper

part of Swan Creek in Ohio township, extending northward through the

center of Clay township as far as Thivener on Raccoon Creek.

The second area is located in northern Guyan along Perigen

and Johns Creeks and in the vicinity of Mercerville on Indian Guyan

Creek. This district extends northward along Bullskin Creek through

eastern Harrison township and continues westward along the south side of Raccoon Creek in Green township.

It is remarkable that where the Pittsburgh coal is thick and mineable the Redstone coal is thin, but where the Pittsburgh coal is thin or absent in southern Gallia county the Redstone becomes thick and mineable. For example, in the valley of Swan Creek in Ohio township, the Pittsburgh coal is thick and has been mined for many years. Here the Redstone is marked by only a thin clay streak or by a thin powdery coal. Along the Ohio River only 1^ to 2 miles east of the Swan Creek mines, the Redstone coal is more than 5 feet thick and the horizon of the Pittsburgh coal is scarcely discernable.

J&ich of the Pittsburgh coal of Gallia county has been re moved by stripping operations in northern Guyan and Clay townships.

In the summer of 19^1 new strip mines were opened up along Bullskin

38 Creek. As a result of strip mining the annual output of Pitts

burgh coal from Gallia county has increased from 9716 tons in

19U6 to a maximum of 121,199 tons in 19U9.

The Pittsburgh coal is today the second largest producing seam in

Gallia county.

The structure of the Pittsburgh coal in Gallia county is

not distinctive. There is usually a parting of light-gray clay or

clay shale, but its arrangement is not constant and, in addition,

a similar parting occurs frequently in the Redstone coal of southern

Gallia county. Identification of the Pittsburgh coal on the basis

of structure alone is not only unsatisfactory but often leads to

miscorrelations. In a strip mine sec. 3U> Clay township, a maxi

mum thickness of 11 feet was observed. Here a 6 inch clay parting

occurred 2\ to 3 feet above the base. The coal above the parting was not as good as that below for it contained sandy and bony streaks.

Some of this upper coal was later rejected after shipment. In the

NW sec. 12, Guyan township, the following section was measured in the Pittsburgh coal:

Ft. In. Light-gray sandy shale with thin vi train bands ...... 6 0 Bright, blocky coal...... 1 6 Boney coal 0 2 ELocky coal with thin pyrite bands.. 1 9 Boney coal...... 1 9 Bright blocky coal...... 0 6 Dark-gray blocky clay with large 6 inch pyrite nodules...... 0 lij. Massive, bright blocky coal bottom covered...... 2 6

A more satisfactory method of determination of the Pitts-

39-. burgh coal is by means of micro fossil plant spores. In Gallia

county the verrucose Laevingosporites thiessenii occurs abundantly

in the Pittsburgh coal, but is absent in the overlying Redstone

coal (Kosanke, 19l*3).

Monongahela Series

The Monongahela series in Gallia county is found in the

eastern part of the county, forming massive bluffs along the Ohio

River and in the high hills above. The geology of the Monongahela

series in this region is difficult to interpret and the correlations

of this report are tentative. Here there are neither well-developed

coals nor good cyclical sequences as in the Monongahela series to

the north. Furthermore, in Gallia county, the cyclical sequence is

obscured by a preponderance of massive sandstone in the lower part

of the series. In these, the underclay breaks of the cyclothem are

difficult or often impossible to locate. Although fair cyclothems,

punctuated by light-gray underclays, are developed in the upper part

of the series, the possibility of having skipped a cyclothem or two

in the lower part greatly complicates the correlation. In addition,

the Monongahela of Gallia county is isolated and has not been care fully ’'walked out" to the well correlated area further north. Only when the geology of Meigs county has been completed can accurate

correlations be carried through into the Monongahela of Gallia county.

1*0. Average Thicknesses of the Monongahela Series of Gallia county Ft. In. Waynesburg Waynesburg cl ay...... Trace cyclothem Gilboy sandstone ...... 19 0

Little Waynesburg clay Trace Little Sandstone...... 8 Waynesburg Waynesburg nodular limestone ...... 0 cyclothem Uniontown sandstone ...... 33

Uniontown clay...... Trace Uniontown Uniontown red shale...... 7 cyclothem Nodular limestone...... 0 Arnoldsburg sandstone ...... 23

Amoldsburg clay...... Trace Arnoldsburg Benwood red shale, nodular limestone. 25 cyclothem Upper Sewickley sandstone...... 27

Sewickley Sewickley clay...... Trace cyclothem Lower Sewickley sandstone and shale.. 19

Fishpot clay...... Trace Fishpot Fishpot nodular limestone...... 1 cyclothem Fishpot sandstone...... 32

Redstone Redstone coal...... 3 cyclothem Redstone clay...... 2 Sandstone and shale...... 16

Upper Upper Pittsburgh coal...... 2

Pittsburgh Upper Pittsburgh clay...... 3 o o 000 00 o 00 ou»o o r o cyclothem Sandstone, shale and nodular limestone...... 18 6

Total...... 2I4.O 1

Upper Pittsburgh cyclothem

The Upper Pittsburgh cyclothem is found over much of Gallia county. Along the eastern and southern margins of the county the in terval above the Pittsburgh coal is occupied by yellow-brown or greenish-gray fine-grained sandstone, siltstone, and shale• In

Green, Springfield, and Morgan townships the material is, in general,

coarser varying from a fine to medium-textured sandstone. On fresh

surfaces in road cuts and strip mine areas this sandstone is

bluish-gray in color. The structure varies from thinly laminated to

cross-bedded and directly beneath the Upper Pittsburgh coal it be

comes blocky.

In a road cut in SE sec. 2, Ohio township, where the

sequence is well exposed, there is considerable variation laterally.

Here, as in some other localities small ironstone concretions occur

in scattered zones throughout the interval.

The Upper Pittsburgh coal at the top of this variable se

quence is sufficiently developed to be mined in a small area extending

diagonally across Harrison township from southwest to northeast. Even

in this area the occurrence of coal varies from one outcrop to the

other. In most localities this horizon is marked by a clay band which may be a light-gray streak less than an inch thick or it may expand

to as much as 5 feet. Wherever the interval between the Pittsburgh

and Redstone coal is exposed, this clay can usually be found by care ful search.

Where the coal is well developed it may be confused with the overlying Redstone. This is especially true on steep slopes where the massive Fishpot sandstone has moved down the hill by creep thus shortening the apparent interval between the sandstone and the

Pittsburgh coal.

U2. The true Pittsburgh coal, Redstone coal interval in Gallia

county, varies but little from L|.0 feet. In cases where this interval

appears to be less the development of the Upper Pittsburgh coal is

usually the cause. This may be confused with either the Pittsburgh

or the Redstone in correlation.

Redstone cyclothem

Along the Ohio River in Gallia county and in the hills to

the west of the river as far south as Chambersburg the Upper

Pittsburgh-Redstone interval is occupied by a sequence of blocky

clays and sandy shales that are colored various shades of red and

gray. Near the base of this sequence there are occasionally thin

beds of calcareous ironstone nodules. To the west of this area the

clays become sandier developing into a medium-textured thinly

cross-laminated micaceous friable yellow-brown sandstone. The joints

in this sandstone are frequently iron-stained.

The Redstone coal is found throughout much of the county.

It is best developed, however, where the Pittsburgh coal is wanting or very thin. Where the Pittsburgh coal thickens the Redstone coal is thin or wanting. In northeastern Gallia county in Cheshire town ship there is a field in this coal which has been in continuous opera tion for almost a hundred years. In the five years between 19h& and

1950 the annual output of Redstone coal in Gallia county has increased almost tenfold to an output of 14.21,779 tons in 19!?0.

This increase has been the result of the introduction of

1*3. strip mining methods in Cheshire township. Along Popular Ridge and on the surrounding hills the whole country-side is scarred with recent strip benches contouring the hills.

The Redstone coal is usually in one main bench with one or two thin benches above. The uppermost bench is usually bony,. It is impossible, however, to generalize on the structure of this coal as it is extremely variable. The top of the coal frequently extends up into the overlying sandstone in thin coaly stringers or bands so that a zone in the base of the sandstone 5 to 10 feet thick is darker than the rest of the sequence. Because of this characteristic the

Redstone coal often appears as two seams. If the lower seam is covered by slump and only the upper seam appears, the Pittsburgh-

Redstone interval seems to be expanded.

Fishpot cyclothem

The Fishpot sandstone in eastern Gallia county is a massive bluff-forming member. It is a medium-textured cross-laminated yellow-green to yellow-brown friable sandstone. The basal portion is locally coarser in texture. In the northern part of the county it is continuous with the Sewickley sandstone above, and no definite break between the two can be discerned. In southern Addison township and southward, the top of the Fishpot cyclothem is marked by a distinct light-gray clay streak and sometimes by fine fragments of coal. In the southern part of the county in Harrison, Clay, Guyan, and Ohio townships, the Fishpot cyclothem is characterized by a zone of sandy

hh. calcareous nodules below "the Fishpot- clay. The sandy nodules are greenish to yellowish-gray in color, measure 3 to It. inches across and are elongated in the direction of the bedding plane. They are highly calcareous and are massed in a lumpy zone situated about 6 feet below the Fishpot clay in the top of the Fishpot sandstone.

Between the sandy limestone nodules and the clay is a bed of either fine-grained sandstone or red to gray shales.

Sewickley cyclothem

The base of the Sewickley cyclothem is usually occupied by the yellow-brown fine to medium—textured thin—bedded Lower

Sewickley sandstone. In southern Gallia county, in Green and

Harrison townships, red and gray-green chippy shales underlie the sandstone. In this area the sandstone is frequently replaced by varigated shales and blocky claystone extending to the base of the overlying Upper Sewickley sandstone. In Cheshire township to the north the entire Sewickley cyclothem is occupied by a yellow to yellowish-green massive friable medium to coarse-textured sandstone that is continuous with the Fishpot and Redstone sandstones below.

Throughout most of eastern Gallia county the Lower Sewickley sand stone is overlain by red to light greenish-gray blocky clay.

The Sewickley or Meigs Creek coal is not developed in

Gallia county and the light-gray under clay that marks the top of the cyclothem is thin and difficult to find. Often the presence of the under cl ay is indicated by swampy areas or by the growth of sedge and US. rushes along the hill slopes. The gray underclay, however, can usually he located more directly by digging beneath the overlying massive Upper Sewickley sandstone.

ArnoIdsburg cyclothem

The basal unit of the Arnoldsburg cyclothem, the Upper

Sewickley sandstone, is a yellow-green to yellow-brown fine to very fine sandstone and silts tone. This interval, in the southern part of the county, contains calcareous zones and calcareous nodules in both the upper and lower parts. In Cheshire township the Upper

Sewickley sandstone is medium-textured and forms the top of a massive sandstone unit that extends from the Redstone, through the Fishpot and Sewickley cyclothems. This is known locally as the Pomeroy sandstone. In NW sec. 10, Cheshire township, more than 90 feet of this massive Pomeroy sandstone was measured. In this area it forms the capping-o'f the hills that lie to the west of the Ohio River.

Above the Upper Sewickley sandstone is the persistent

Benwood red shale. This unit consists of 20 to 30 feet of varigated greenish-gray? yellowish-brown, red, and purple blocky claystone in which the red color predominates. In many localities small limestone nodules measuring \ to ^ inch across are scattered throughout the

Benwood unit. The surface of these small nodules is irregular and light-gray in color, but when broken open the inside is dark-gray.

The Benwood red shale unit is always present in the Tipper Monongahela of Gallia county. This, plus its striking color makes it an excellent i|6. horizon marker* Unfortunately it is not found in the middle part

of the county as the low hills in the area do not extend above the

horizon of the Lower Sewickley sandstone.

The Arnoldsburg light-gray underclay, at the top of the

Arnoldsburg cyclothem, is difficult to find. In some localities

it occurs down a few feet in the Benwood and at other places it is

found directly beneath the overlying Arnoldsburg sandstone. It is

the poorest developed key bed horizon in the entire Monongahela of

Gallia county.

Uniontown cyclothem

The Arnoldsburg sandstone is a massive friable medium-

textured yellow-green sandstone. It is characteristically highly

micaceous. Although cross-bedded in some parts of southern Gallia

county 'y it is more often thinly laminated. In Harrison and Guyan

townships it is finer-textured and the structure is blocky. In this

area, small ^ to 1 inch calcareous nodules occur in the upper part.

Above the Arnoldsburg sandstone lies the thin but per

sistent Uniontown red shale. This consists Of 6 to 8 feet of red

blocky claystone in the upper part of which the Uniontown light-gray

•underclay appears as a faint streak, measuring less than an inch in

thickness.

Although the Uniontown resembles the underlying Arnoldsburg

cyclothem, the lower unit is distinguished by the greater thickness

of Benwood red shale.

U7. Little Waynesburg cyclothem

The Little 'Waynesburg and the Waynesburg cyclothems are only in the tops of the high hills in Ohio and Guyan townships in the southern part of the county*

At the base of the Little Waynesburg cyclothem is the

Uniontown sandstone which is a fine to very fine-grained yellow to greenish-brown sandstone. . The upper portion of this sandstone is lumpy and' contains a nodular limestone bed.

Above the sandstone is the Little Waynesburg underclay, light-gray in color, occurring in two streaks separated by a little over a foot of yellow sandy clay. No coal has been found at this horizon in Gallia county.

Waynesburg cyclothem

There are few exposures of the Waynesburg cyclothem in

Gallia county. The Gilboy sandstone is a cross-laminated bright-yellow friable, micaceous medium-textured sandstone. As this was seen in only a few hilltop localities in Guyan township, not much is known about its variation in Gallia county.

Overlying the Gilboy sandstone there are a few feet of greenish-gray and yellow blocky sandy clay. At the top of this is a light-gray clay streak which has been correlated with the top of the Waynesburg cyclothem. This is believed to be the position of the

Waynesburg coal that is found in areas to the north.

U8. Dunkard Series

In the discussion of* the Monongahela series the reason for the tentative correlations in this series was explained.

Nevertheless the Benwood red shales are believed to be properly correlated. They are reasonably persistent in Gallia county, and are at the same horizon in several sections measured and correlated by Stout in Meigs county. These sections have not been published, but are on file in the office of the Ohio Geological Survey in

Columbus.

In addition the Little Waynesburg clay of Gallia county is dual in occurrence marked by two distinct light-gray underclays.

The Little Waynesburg coal further north is typically in two dis tinct and separate beds.

Above the succeeding Waynesburg cyclothem is a massive friable yellowish micaceous sandstone that has been correlated in this report with the basal unit of the Dunkard series which is the

Waynesburg sandstone. This massive sandstone caps the hills of

Ohio township and occupies the same position in the high hills ac ross the river in Gabel and Mason counties, West Virginia (Krebs,

1913» 1911). These small isolated hill—top outcrops represent the highest stratigraphic horizon in Gallia county.

Correlation with other Areas

Correlations of the Pennsylvanian rocks in the Allegheny basin have been made by tracing distinctive lithologic units from one

U9. area to another• The first correlations outside of the basin were made by David White •who correlated the first and last appearances of

certain fossil plants of other areas with similar occurrences in the

Allegheny basin (White, 1880).

Early attempts at correlation by means of invertebrate

fossils were initiated as a result of the faunal lists of Beede

and Rogers. These were extensive compilations of the invertebrate

fossils found in the different formations and members of the Penn

sylvanian System of Kansas, (Beede and Rogers, 1908). Similar faunal

lists were prepared by Raymond in Pennsylvania and by Mark in Ohio

(Raymond, 1910) (Condit, 1912). These faunal lists were compared but the results of this study were not conclusive. Individual fossil

species found in the Pennsylvanian not only have wide geological

ranges, but the species each other differently in the several areas.

The problem, then, is one of facies faunas in which the environment represented by a particular member in a specific locality is highly instrumental in determining which organisms will be present.

More successful have been the studies of fusulinids. Care ful study of the arrangement of the internal structures of these minute fossil protozoans has shown that not only are they less sus ceptible to environmental differences, but also they show minute evolutionary changes throughout geologic time. The first modern fusulinid study in Ohio was by Thompson (1936). More recently

Pauline Smyth of the .Ohio Geological Survey has studied fusulinids collected from Gallia and other counties in Ohio.

50. _ The following are her identifications:

Gaysport limestone

Triticites skinneri (?) Athens county

Ames limestone

Triticites nebrascensis Gallia county Triticites skinneri Athens county

Cambridge limestone

Triticites venustus Gallia county Triticites ohioensis Gallia county

Brush Creek limestone (?)

Triticites venustus Gallia county

Vanport limestone

Wedekindellina euthysepta Tuscarawas county Fusulinella carmini Tuscarawas county Fusulinella iowensis Muskingum county

Triticites nebrascensis has been found in Nebraska in the

Avoca limestone of Middle Virgilian age. It also occurs in the

Cherryvale shale of Missouri which is near the bottom of the Missouri series.

Triticites ohioensis and T. venustus are found in the Omega limestone of the upper McLeansboro of Illinois. In the mid-Continental region T. ohioensis occurs in the lower Missouri series.

Wedekindellina euthysepta is a widespread form found in

Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, and New Mexico. In eastern Kansas this species occurs in the Cherokee group. In Illinois

" £L. it is abundant in the Stonefort limestone and ranges through upper

Tradewater and lower Carbondale.

Fusulinella iowensis was first described from the lower

Cherokee formation of Iowa. It is also known from the Lampassas of the mid-Continental region.

Fusulinid mid-Continent Illinois Ohio zone Virgil Triticites McLeansboro Conemaugh Missouri

Fusulina Des Moins Carbondale Wedekindellina Lampassas Tradewater Allegheny

Fusulinella

FUSULINID CORRELATIONS IN THE PENNSYLVANIAN

On the basis of this fusulinid correlation the upper middle Pennsylvanian section of the mid-Continent region lies be tween the Brush Creek and the Vanport limestones of Ohio. Only nine cyclothems intervene between these two members in Gallia county. Most of the Fusulina zone is unknown. It appears then, that much of the mid-Continental section is missing in Ohio. There has been no in dication in this study where such a missing interval might be. SEDIMENTATION

Size and Shape of the Sedimentary Bodies

The continuity and full areal extent of most of the vari ous units of the Pennsylvanian system in the Appalachian Basin are not well known. Mich of the area has not been adequately mapped or has been studied in only a reconnaissance manner. In addition, the outcrop area of any one member is limited to a comparatively narrow strip, exposed by erosion, around the margin of the basin.

There are two key lithologic types in the Pennsylvanian sequence of the Appalachian Basin. The most easily traced of these, the combination coal-under clay units, are particularly well known because of their economic importance. One of these, the Pittsburgh coal, has been traced over an area of between 6000 and 8000 square miles (“White, 1903). This unit has not only been traced around the perimeter of the basin, but has also been recognized in deep wells penetrating the interior of the basin (Krebs, 1911). Some of the marine limestones also have been traced for great distances. One of these, the Ames limestone, is known in Kentucky, Ohio, West Vir ginia, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. These beds lie well within the classification of blanket sedimentary bodies, having a width-thickness ratio of over 1000:1 (Krynine, 19U8).

Even the most persistent of the key beds, however, have a somewhat lenticular aspect, thickening in one area, thinning in an other. Most of them, however, retain their identity even though a coal horizon may be indicated by a thin underclay streak only a

53. fraction of an inch thick or a limestone may become a scarcely discernable nodular bed or even a faint calcareous zone in beds of different lithology.

The other lithologic types, in this area, change in lateral extent either gradationally or by interfingering. In spite of this lateral variation, the average vertical distances between adjacent key beds differ by less than 7% within the area of this report. Of course, throughout the full extent of the Appalachian Basin, the thickness variation is much greater. The change within the basin as a whole, however, is so gradual that within an area of restricted size, such as a county, the stratigraphic intervals are remarkably constant.

Color

The colors of the red and greenish rocks found on weathered outcrops in southern Ohio are the same in fresh cuts and in drill cores brought up from depths. These colors, then, are not the result of weathering.

The development of the red color in sedimentary rocks has long been a source of geological controversy. The reddish tones of rocks found in this area probably are caused by small amounts of disseminated ferric anhydride (Pettijohn, 19U9). Such coloration is primary, that is, it was present before diagenesis and it probably represents "deeply weathered regolith" (Dorsey, 1926). Ignoring controversial climatic considerations, it is certain in any event, Shm that, oxidation of the original iron compounds is necessary for the

formation of the coloring material. Such oxidation must take place

in contact •with air, therefore, it seems reasonable that these red

sediments may represent terrestrial deposits. There is, however,

always the possibility that oxidation took place in a previous en

vironment and that the oxidized material was transported and re-

deposited without reduction.

The greenish color associated with the red beds occurs in blotches and irregular bodies within the red material. These

occurrences have been attributed to deoxidation by organic material

enclosed within the red sediments (Pettijohn, 19U9)* The association with red beds, and the patchy distribution as observed in Gallia

county, seems to support this hypothesis.

Unlike the red beds, the sandstone and siltstone showing a yellow-brown coloration as seen in outcrop are bluish or bluish-green in freshly exposed surfaces and in drill cores. The difference in

color is due to the state of oxidation at the surface of ferrous iron material in the sandstone. These siltstones and sandstones as seen underground differ from the red beds in that they contain the ferrous material in the non-oxide state. The conditions of deposition of this material must certainly have been in an environment that inhibited oxidation. Such conditions could have existed in a sub-aqueous environ ment.

It seems reasonable then, that the red beds may have been deposited in a terrestrial environment and that the bluish to yellow- brown sediments represent sub-aqueous deposition.

55. The underclay material of the cyclothems varies from a

very light-gray to a dark—gray or almost black color. The gray in

itself is not indicative o'f any specific environment. The darker

color represents a higher percentage of fixed carbon in the clay.

Although the source of the carbon is organic material, the percen

tage of fixed carbon is not necessarily indicative of the amount of

organic material originally present. It is rather the result of A less complete decomposition of such material following deposition.

Cyclothems

General Sequence

A theoretically complete cyclothem as observed in Gallia

county consists of the following units:

7. Coal 6. Underelay 5. Blocky clay or siltstone U. Fresh water nodular limestone 3. Fragmental sands tone 2. Massive sandstone 1. Fissile shale or marine limestone

Various units of this theoretically complete cyclothem may be present in any specific cyclothem with the exclusion of others.

A succession of the t'ollowing units is typical of the lower and middle parts of the Allegheny series.

7. Coal 6. Underclay U. Fresh water nodular limestone 3. Fragmental sandstone 2. Massive sandstone

56. In the upper Allegheny and lowermost Conemaugh series the blocky clay of unit 5 makes its appearance. Throughout this part of the sequence, the nodular limestone unit U and the coal unit 7

are usually poorly developed or are locally absent.

Unit 1 appears as a marine limestone in the middle Cone maugh series. Although it is well developed throughout the middle part of this sequence, higher up in the Conemaugh it degenerates into

a poorly developed nodular bed. This marine phase of the cyclothem

succession finally disappears in the upper Conemaugh, and it is not

found at all in the Monongahela. At this position in the Monongahela series there is frequently a thin bed of red fissile shale.

Cyclical Break

The break or division between successive cyclothems has been placed between different units by different workers. Udden

(1912), the first worker to discuss cyclical succession, placed the

break on top of the coal. Weller (1930), who coined the term cyclo

them, put the break at the base of the massive sandstone unit. This was done because of an unconformity that he observed at the base of this unit. Other workers have questioned the validity of this un conformity. In Gallia county an undulating surface has been observed at the base of the sandstone, but the contact does not appear to re present an erosional surface. For example, in a fresh, well-exposed road cut in the NE -J, sec. 3ht Gallipolis township, the following re lationship was observed.

- 57. ^

Figure 3» Contact between red shale and sandstone in Gallipolis township

Superficially the lobe of sandstone extending down into the red shale appears to be a channel filling. On the other hand, if the extensions of the thin tongues of sandstone extending laterally into the shale are carefully followed along a lamina in the shale, small lenses of sandstone are found along this contact.

This indicated that the two types of material were deposited con temporaneously. Thus along plane C. representing an instant of geologic time, sandstone was being deposited at locality B. at the same time that red shale was being deposited at locality A. If we consider the lithologic variation that is seen between units 2 through

$ in the various cyclothems, this sort of change in lithology is more to be expected than a clean horizontal break. For this reason relationships such as these are not regarded as unconformities in this report.

By far the most persistent lithologic type in the cyclothems of Gallia county is unit 6, the light-gray underclay. Because of the persistence of this unit, it is most frequently used in the field to determine successive cyclothems. It seems desirable, therefore, to place the cyclical break somewhere near this unit. From the standpoint of commercial worth, the overlying coals are the most important part of the cyclothems. The break accordingly, from a practical standpoint, could be placed between the coal and the under— , clay. There are two reasons why this possibility was not adopted in this report. At times the so-called underclay is found repeated higher up in the sequence, particularly if the coal is in multiple benches. In addition, the marine limestone overlying the coal is occasionally better developed than either of the underlying units.

This change from coal to limestone represents a complete environ mental change. In the Illinois basin and in the Mid-Continent areas this change is even more pronounced. Furthermore, the placing of the cyclical break on top of the coal returns to the priority es tablished by Udden when he set up the concept of cyclical succession in the rocks of the Pennsylvanian system. Therefore, in this report the top of a cyclothem is placed above the coal.

Limestones

Two genetic types of limestones are recognized in Gallia county. The type that occurs most frequently is considered to be a fresh-water limestone. Where well developed this type appears as

tough very fine-textured dark-gray limestones. The upper part 59. generally contains an abundance of Spirorbis remains, in many cases forming a coquina (Plate 2, figure 7). More commonly these fresh—water limestones are in nodular beds. They never contain marine fossils, and are always in the expected position beneath the coal. In thin section they are observed to be calcarenites, consisting of angular limestone fragments cemented by calcite.

According to PettiJohn (19h9) the so-called fresh-water limestones are precipitated by plant action. In the case of cer tain algae and Chara, carbon dioxide for photosynthesis is derived from calcium bicarbonate in fresh or brackish-water solution. The calcium carbonate that results forms a crust that sloughs off from the plants and drops to the bottom thus forming a pseudo-breccia.

Nothing was observed in this study either confirming or denying this hypothesis.

The marine limestones, when well developed, are thicker than the fresh—water limestones, and they usually contain marine fossils. They are always situated above the coal, commonly in direct contact with it. Thin sections and insoluable residues show that these limestones frequently contain varying amounts of angular to subangular quartz fragments. Samples weighing 5 grams were treated with 5>0% hydrochloric acid to remove the soluable carbonate content. The remaining residues after being dried and weighed were found to range from less than .01 gram to as much as 3.22 grams.

The average percentages are shown on the following table. RESIDUES AFTER TREATMENT OF LIMESTONES WITH $0% HYDROCHLORIC ACID

Number of samples Insoluable residue %

Fresh Water Limestones

Ames Limestone 7 20

Cambridge Limestone 18 12

Brush Creek Limestones 12 20

The carbonate portion of these limestones, as seen in thin sections and on favorably weathered surfaces, make up a ealcarenite rock com posed of irregular limestone fragments cemented together by cry stalline calcite (Plate 1, figure 6 and plate 2, figure 6). The limestone fragments appear extremely fine-grained in thin section as though formed from a fine lime mud (Plate 2, figure 5). In some thin sections these limestones appear to be formed entirely from precipitation of these fine lime muds without being broken up into the larger fragments. On closer study of hand specimens it was found that these cross sections had been taken through larger frag ments of pebble or cobble size. Much of the fine material is im pregnated with small fossil fragments invisable to the naked eye.

When these marine limestones occur as nodular beds they are seldom fossiliferous, however, marine fossils have been found at the horizon of all of these nodular beds in other localities in southern Ohio.

Their position above the coal may be accepted as indicative of their marine origin.

6 1 . Goal

Several petrologic types of coal are found in the eye— lothems of Gallia county; however, the highly specialized analysis involved in coal petrography was not pursued in this investigation.

Bright blocky coal as the term is used in this report consists of bands of bright vitrain and dull attritial coal with small amounts of powdery fusanized material. Bone coal is used to include any hard shaley or silty non-burning coaly material such as is fre quently found in the roof material. In addition the difference is

observed structurally in the cleats or closely spaced rectangular

joints which in this bony material are at U5>° angles to the cleats

in the bright blocky coal. This has been discussed under the heading

of structure.

Two genetic types of coal appear to be present in the se

quence. Most of the coal appears to be autochthonous, that is,

coal material that has formed in place. This is true of the thicker

commercial coals, especially in the lower part of the coal units.

Although these coals may split into more than one bed, or may feather out and disappear, they are more commonly constant in thickness

along the strike. The lower surface of the coal in contact with the underclay is usually continuous. Such coals are universally re garded as having been derived from vascular plants. The conversion

takes place in stagnant water where there is little or no oxygen of the air available for complete destruction of plant remains* As the lower materials are covered by additional plant growth, oxygen is 62. more completely excluded. It is under water that the process of putrefaction takes place. Methane (CH^) and to a lesser extent the other gasses NH^, and are passed off thus enriching the carbon ratio of the residue which eventually becomes a slimy mass. Later, after burial under a load of other sediments, the mass becomes je3.1y-like and elastic and then harder and tougher as the water content decreases (Stutzer and No<§, 19U0).

The second genetic coal type, the allochthonous coal, has formed by the accumulation of transported plant material.

Generally the distinction between these genetic coal types is not clear, but in Gallia county several occurrences appear to be of the allochthonous type. In northern Gallia county above the blocky

Redstone coal, a zone of coarse to medium-textured sandstone strea ked with thin bands of bright vitrain is usually present. In a strip-mine exposure in the NW sec. 26, Cheshire township, the relationship shown in figure U. was observed.

:B E D DED:

Figure U. Transported coal in a strip—mine exposure in Cheshire township

In this case the stringer that extends up from the main body of the

Redstone coal along the lamina of the overlying cross-bedded sandstone has been interpreted as an allochthonous coal. In the thinner

portion the impression of a single flattened Ledidodendron trunk

locally makes up the entire seam. This appears to represent an

accumulation of transported plant material deposited between two

laminae in the sandstone.

In some exposures of the Pittsburgh coal in Harrison town

ship, the coal appears in thin bands separated by micaceous sand

stone. Along the sandy coal bands there are 1/2 to 3/h inch sub-

angular quartz pebbles (Plate 2, figure 8). Since these are much

larger than any of the sandstone components, it is believed that

they were brought in enmeshed in the tendrils of floating plant

material.

Although the apparent allochthonous coal is common in

thin sandy units, most of the blocky commercial coal appears to be

autochthonous in origin.

Underclay

The most persistent units in the cyclothems of this region

are the light-gray clays. These clays commonly appear immediately beneath the coal itself, or if the coal is missing they are often

directly beneath the massive sandstones. In cases where the entire

cyclothem or a series of cyclothems are represented by a thick massive

sandstone such as the Pomeroy sandstone in northern Gallia county,

careful search will usually reveal a thin band of light-gray clay in the sandstone at approximately the correct interval position. Springs,

6H* water seepage, and soil flowage occur above the clay in southern

Ohio. As the overlying sandstones in many places break off and

slide on the clay, the coals and the clays are frequently covered by soil. Often the very presence of slump, slide rock, or water

seepage is indicative of this horizon* "Where even these features

are obscure, certain plants have been found to be reliable in dicators of the clay horizon.

Eleochoris C y pe r us

Figure 5. Indicator plants for underclays in Gallia county

These plants which ordinarily are found in lowland areas in moist

sandy ground or along sandy stream banks also appear on the hill

slopes at the position of the underclays. Apparently the overlying

sandstone disintegrates or slumps down onto the impervious underclay which has retained the ground water that has come down through

these sands. As a result the roots of these plants penetrate the soil

cover to the moist sand below. Digging around the roots of these will

uncover moist sand and a slumped underclay zone below. On gentle slopes

of fields the upper limit of the spike rush Bleocharis is a reliable

65. indicator of the underclay position. In more restricted gulleys

and roadside ditches the umbrella sedge Cyperus and to a lesser

extent the soft rush Juncus effusis may be used as an indicator of the position of the underclay.

Perhaps the most important and least understood problem of the cyclothem concept is the origin of these underclays. Worthen

(1 8 6 6 ), one of the first to study the underclays problem, believed

that they represented old soils from which the roots of the plants in the overlying coal swamp had extracted the iron and alkali material. Stout (1923) pointed out that if the contention of Wor—

then was correct, a vertical variation should occur in the clay.

Not only does little vertical variation occur, but when it does oc

cur the underlying material commonly contains less iron and alkali

than the upper. Stout suggested that the underclays represent

terrigenous sediments modified by plant action plus insoluble plant

ash material.

In 1935 Grim published the results of his first chemical

studies on the underclays of Illinois. These clays were found to be

composed essentially of potash—bearing clay minerals along with quartz, muscovite, and chlorite. In 1938 Grim and Allen identified the d a y minerals as kaolinite, illite and rarely montmorillinite. In addi tion both orthoclase and plagioclase feldspars were found at all depths and all showed clear sharp mineral boundaries, indicating that no de composition of these had taken place. In glacial clays the accompan ying feldspars decompose rather rapidly^ and as a result of successive alteration from the surface downward, the clays are zoned with un- 66. altered plagioclase remaining longer at greater depth. No such zoning occurs in the Pennsylvanian underclays of Illinois. Grim and Allen are unable to explain the origin of the underclays. They suggest an aqueous environment of accumulation, probably fresh—water, without later alteration as in the case in modern soils.

Blocky clay

Underlying the light-gray underclays are a succession of

blocky clays, siltstones, and sandstones. The colors are varigate,

red, grey, green, purple or brown. The blocky structure is more

typical of this material than is either the color or the grain size.

The structure suggests a zone of weathering or an old soil zone, but

no chemical or petrologic studies have been made of these beds.

Occasionally Stigmarian roots may be seen preserved in these units,

indicating that at one time they provided the soil for plant growth.

(Plate 1. figure 9). Just what plants these were is not apparent.

If these were of the coal—producing plants of the coal swamp they

would have had to penetrate through the underclays. This part of

the cyclothem is difficult to understand and far more study is

needed before any conclusions can be reached as to the true nature of

these beds.

Fissile shales

The fissile shales that overlie many of the coals are dis

tinguished from the underlying blocky sediments by their thin-bedded

67. or fissle structure. On the laminae surfaces of these shales plant impressions are commonly present. These are not preserved as carbonaceous films, but rather they appear as dark red inor ganic material•

The thin laminae of these shales suggest deposition in a fresh—water environment as there is no evidence of flocculation and mixing as would occur with clay—sized particles deposited in salt water..

Other elastics

The massive siltstones, sandstones, and conglomerates of the cyclothems exhibit a variety of minerals. In these sediments the most abundant mineral is quartz which occurs in angular to subangular fragments. In thin sections, much of the quartz shows the undulatory extinction characteristic of metamorphic quartz. Some fragments show sericite inclusions, and others show replacement by sericite. It is not uncommon to find quartz grains that show apparent replacement by

calcite (Plate 2, figure U), but more probably these are irregular shaped quartz grains cemented by the carbonate. Sections parallel to

the contact of these two materials may present a feathery edge. Chert fragments are not common, but they occasionally appear. Feldspar

amounting to 10$ or 12$ of the total rock is of several 'types. Al

though some of the feldspar has been altered and partially replaced, more remarkable are the angular fragments of microcline and plagio

clase that appear with sharp unaltered edges (Plate 2, figure 3,U). 6 8 . Other minerals that were encountered in small amounts are:

Magnetite Muscovite Biotite Hornblende Chlorite (?) Apatite Magnetite Illite (?) Limonite

Thin sections studies show that approximately 20% to !?0% of these rocks are groundmass material which consists of mixture of sericite, fine quartz fragments, and clay. Some of the grains are held together by interstitial calcite (Plate 2, figure U). These rocks fall into the classification of subgraywackes (Pettijohn, 19h9) or a low rank graywackes (Krynine, 19U8). In general, when finer textured, the groundmass material is more plentiful and the quartz fragments are more elongate and they are roughly aligned parallel to the bedding planes (Plate 2, figure 1, 2).

The petrology of these massive beds of the cyclothem brings up many problems. How could the plagioclase and the other unstable minerals of the suite have been transported and deposited unaltered?

It is extremely doubtful if the process could have taken place in a sub-aerial environment.

Well cores taken through the Pennsylvanian rocks of this region occasionally show distorted slump structure particularly in the alternating beds of finer sandstones and silts (Plate 1, figure 10).

Such contortions of the fine bedding planes are typical of sediments deposited at a high angle of repose in a sub-aqueous environment. The

69. transportation and deposition of these elastics probably took place under water, but the means of this process is not clear* TECTONIC HISTORY

Tectonic Environment.

The cause of the Pennsylvanian cyclothems has been ex

plained by Weller (1930), Wanless and Shepard (1931)* Krumbein and

Sloss (19^1), and others* The concepts of these writers fall into

three main headings: glacial control of sea levels, orogeny out

side the area, and epirogeny within the area.

The concept of glacial control or eustatic sea-level

changes had been proposed by W anless and Shepard (1936). Such

changes occured within the Pleistocene and could conceivably have

occured in the Pennsylvanian and thus could have instituted the

cyclical sedimentation. Arguments concerning this hypothesis deal with paleobotanical climatic evidence and with the Permian or .

Permo-Carboniferous age of the late Paleozoic glaciation. Although

multiple eustatic sea-level changes might have occured in Pennsyl

vanian times as a result of glaciation, this alone could not explain

the gradual variation in thickness between successive key-type beds

from one end of the Appalachian Basin to the other. Wanless and

Shepard state in their conclusion: M on the other hand local

diastrophism was no doubt important and the depositional basins are

tho\ight to have subsided slowly as sediments accumulated.11 (Wanless

and Shepard, 1936). As there is no unqualified evidence to support

the glacial control hypothesis, and as it alone could not explain the

occurrence of cyclothems, we will confine our further inquiry into the

71. possibility of orogenic or epirogenic causes.

Orogeny in adjacent areas as a cause of- cyclothems has indirectly received support from Krynine (19U8) and Pettijohn

(1 9 h9 ) in their studies of sub-graywackes or low rank graywackes as an orogenic type of lithology. These authors have referred to true graywackes as the result of a "poured in" type of sedimentation associated with orogenic activity. This contention is supported by the evidence of poor sorting, the presence of angular quartz frag ments, and the presence of minerals normally unstable. The lighter—colored, better-sorted sub-graywackes are believed to re present an intermediate state of tectonic activity between a true graywacke and a quartzitic sandstone. Petti john (19U7), suggests that graywacke may be typical of flysche deposits, whereas sub-gray— wacke is typical of molasse. However, it is extremely difficult to regard the remarkable uniformity of spacing between the key units of a cyclothem in terms of orogeny outside the area of deposition.

Such deposits by their definition as set forth by Krynine (I9U8 ) are prismr-shaped bodies with a width thickness ratio between 5:1 and 50:1.

There are no sedimentary bodies within the area of this report that even approximate this form.

Source Direction of Sediments

The sub-graywackes and other elastics of the Appalachian

Basin are generally regarded as having been derived from an Imaginary land mass lying to the southeast, roughly paralleling the earlier 72. Paleozoic Appalachian Geosyncline. Wanless and Shepard (1936) re galed the environment of this deposition as that of a piedmont area.

In this investigation, attempts have been made to determine

source direction of the sediments as a prelude to any concept of

tectonic environment. First, screen size analyses were prepared

from samples collected from determined horizons within the limits

of Gallia county. The percentage results from the seivings were plotted in small histograms which were then inserted in their locality

positions in a map of the area. An apparent east-west transformation

between 1/U and 1/8 mm. grade sizes appeared, but many of the plots

did not fit into the trend. Furthermore, the outcrop band across

the county was not wide enough for conclusive results.

Next a study of cross—laminations was attempted. Three

prominent sets of strata showing cross—laminated horizons and widely

separated stratigraphically were selected. These were the Lower

Pomeroy sandstone (Fishpot) of the Monongahela, and the Upper Freeport

sandstone, and also the Clarion sandstone of the Allegheny. In each

of the separate localities a series of dip and dip—direction readings

were taken directly upon the cleansed-off cross-laminated surfaces.

The readings were than plotted on a stereogram net, the radiating lines

indicating azmuth direction of the dips, and the polar coordinates

measured outward from the center indicating the amount of dip. Each

plot represented the dip-direction and degree of dip on an individual

lamina. The results of these observations were then evaluated by the

statistical moment analysis method. The resulting mean direction of

73. dip for the three selected horizons are shown below. The arrows in

the lower right corners indicate the mean directions of dip and the

arcs show the standard deviation from these means*

FISHPOT SANDSTONE UPPER FREEPORT SANDSTONE CLARION SANDSTONE J*C*90W CO.. OHIO, l/« H C J trM m O M

Figure 6. Sandstone cross—lamination directions.

The mean direction of dips indicate the direction of

flow of the currents that produced them. Thus it is seen, in these

three instances, that two main source directions are indicated. The

limitation of such a study is apparent. Others, however, have noted variations from the generally accepted southeast source direction.

For example Stout (1928) describing the Sewickley sandstone writes,

"The materials forming these deposits appear to have been derived from land areas located to the west and southwest." If we now postulate that orogenic activity alone is responsible for this cyclical type of sedimentation, that activity cannot be confined to one general area. Such activity must have oecured at different times in areas on several sides of the Appalachian Basin-.

7U. Epirogenic Equilibrium

If we assume that an orogenic uplift outside the area of deposition is responsible for the sedimentation then the accumula tion of material in the depositional area will be near the base

level of streams flowing from the uplift area. Hence, each cyclothem would reflect renewed orogenic activity upsetting the equilibrium of

the streams. Each cyclothem would require that a new stream profile

be established. The alternation from deposition of one type of

clastic material to another, or the cessation of clastic deposition

in any area at one time, would be the result of transportation of

material out of the area, of sedimentary bipassing, or of deposition.

All of these conditions are factors of teraporary base-levels in a

given locality at a given time. In one area then, at one given in

stant of geological time, deposition or erosion will be haphazard.

The full development, the poor development, or even the presence or

absence of one horizon in the sequence in one specific locality

would be a factor of chance.

The failure of the same type key-horizons in adjacent

cyclothems to develop has already been noted in the discussion of

cyclothems. Within a specific area, the factor of good or poor

development must be a comparative factor for that area. Good develop

ment must be considered the unaltered lithologic aspect of maximum

thickness as known in the area. Poor development will be represented

by a trace or even complete absence of a trace and of course the

boundary division between these extremes will lie intermediate be

tween the two. - 75. A series of key-bed horizons in Gallia county were studied in an attenpt to find the statistical expectancy of good versus poor development in adjacent key-beds. Observations on 237 key-bed hori zons were carefully recorded, noting whether the occurrence was good or poor according to the above standard. Two methods of approach were tried and both yielded approximately the same expectancy. In the 2 3 7 observations the probability of the good development of two succeeding key—beds was lj.6 . By actual count the good development of two succeeding key-beds was only 30. The calculated probability of

the good occurrence of three successive key-beds indicated that this should occur of the time. In no locality within the area of this report, has this condition been observed. These departures from ran dom probability indicate that the failure of development of successive

key-beds must have a physical cause.

It has already been demonstrated that the source of the sedi ments is not necessarily from one direction. This leaves the factor

of downwarping in the area of accumulation to be considered. The

sedimentation would then become a. matter of fill within an area de pressed lower than its surroundings (Barrell, 1917). Temporary

base-levels on marine deltas range from slightly above to slightly be

low the sea-level datum (Eaton, 1939). I’he key-type beds of the cyclo

them represent temporary base-levels close to a water-level datum. The

other units would then represent fill before base level is reached,

following subsidence. DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF TYPICAL CYCLOTHEM IN GALLIA COUNTY

SiWiBiKW:-:-mw-m "■$' mmmm ?'?SANR.5J.ftNE-,^

FRESH WATER LIMESTONE

BLOCKY CLAY

FISSLE SHAL COAL-

MARINE LIMESTONE

Figure 7. Figure 7 is an attempt to illustrate diagrammatically

the development of a cyclothem solely by means of downward epiro— genic movement. The first stage in the cyclothem represents initial

downwarping in the depositional area, which because it is depressed lower than the surroundings, serves not only for the accumulation of water, but also for the clastic waste of the surrounding areas (Fig ure 7, 1). The color, the content of unstable minerals, and the

cross—laminations indicate that these sandstones were transported

and deposited subaqueously.

A slowing down or possibly a cessation of downward movement brings to a close the initial clastic sequence of the cyclothem (Fig ure 7, 2). The elastics on top of the basal massive sandstone unit

are often finer grained, and the structure becomes more fragmentary with indistinct or irregular planes of bedding. It is possible, al

though there is no direct evidence, that aquatic plants grew in these

clearer waters. In many of the cyclothems fresh-water limestones were formed at this stage.

The many-colored blocky clays and siltstones are typical of the next stage of the cyclothem deposited at a time when downwarping had ceased altogether (Figure 7, 3)» The prevalent red color in particular is indicative of the sub-aerial environment in which these sediments were deposited. Base level at this time built up to above the water level. Land plants apparently lived in this terrestrial environment, Psaronius fragments are scattered throughout certain parts of the red-bed sequence and where the blocky clays may be

78. pulled apart, in fresh unweathered exposures, occasional stigmarian roots are found (Plate 1. figure 9).

The persistent light-gray underclay is purposely omitted from the diagrams in figure 7. Although a knowledge of their true origin is extremely important in the understanding of the genesis of cyclothems, any concept of their origin at the present stage of our knowledge would be strictly speculative, nevertheless, they are the most persistent and probably the most important unit of the cyclothem.

All we can now say about them is that they were formed either during or between a static period and renewal of epirogeny. The next stage is initiated by renewed downwarping (Figure 7, U). Again base-level is lowered below the water surface. In this environment the coal-forming plants existed, and under the water the plant residues accumulated. Locally, fine red clay particles and the leaves of plants were carried from marginal areas and deposited on top of the pre-coal material. At the same time in other areas the accumulation of the pre-coal plant material continued. It has been pointed out that the extremely fine laminations in the fissile red-shale material indicates the absence of flocculation at the time of deposition. Thus the environment at the time of this deposition could not have been marine. These fissile red shales with plant leaves along the laminae are typical of the upper Conemaugh and Monongahela parts of the sec tion.

In the middle Conemaugh the coal units are overlain by fossiliferous marine limestones, indicating that at this time sub-

79. mergence had progressed enough to bring marine waters to the area.

At the extreme right of figure 5, 7, the beginning of the sandstone sequence is indicated. This sandstone became a massive unit of the next cycle. It is difficult to explain the absence of a true marine environment in the sandstone sequence. The marine limestone unit was deposited during a period of greatest accelerated submergence. West ward through the Illinois basin and into the mid-Continent region the marine units of the cyclothems are better developed and are more extensive. These more favorable marine conditions indicate that the flooding probably came from this general direction. The distance from the area of these predominantly marine cyclothems to southern

Ohio is more than a thousand miles. The shallow seaways extending over such a distance might conceivably have become choked and cut off by the clastic waste flowing into the area. In some cyclothems, as for example the Brush Creek, fragments of marine bryozoa and brachiopod are found through the sandstone unit. In places in other cyclothems whole orbiculoid brachiopods are found in the sandstones indicating a brackish—water environment.

In spite of the variations in lithology within a single cyclothem, the distances between adjacent key-type beds are re markably constant within our limited county area. We can assume that the net amount of downwarping during each cyclical period of time will be constant within our area. The key-type beds, as constant factors of temporary base-level in this limited area of the basin-wide epirogenic downwarping, will reflect adjustment or compensation for the rate of accumulation within each downward pulse. For example, should

80. the blocky clay accumulation in one specific locality become more rapid, and thus be completed more quickly than in an adjacent area, the development of the succeeding coal unit would be less complete than in the adjoining area; also variations in the compaction rate3 and amounts of the differently developed materials in the area would be reflected in the succeeding cyclothems. Thus the full development of the coal units of two succeeding cyclothems would not be expected. The good or poor development of such a key-type bed of coal would be an expression of local epirogenic balance or equilibrium. The persistent, nearly constant' interval between key—type beds of successive cyclothems, the variations in lithology between these units, and the characteristic failure of two or more successive key-type units to develop fully in one locality may then be regarded as an expression of epirogenic equilibrium. MINERAL RESOURCES

Coal

Coal has been mined in Gallia county for almost one hundred years* The early mining was by hand methods in drifts dug into the sides of the hills at approximately the elevation of the outcrops. During the 1 9 th century the coal was used locally or was hauled by wagon to shipping points on the river or along the railroads. In 1889 the first mechanical mining methods were intro duced into the county. The first strip-mining operations were started in 1 9 lU, but until recently it played only a small part in the total coal production. Mechanical loading was first tried in

1 9 3 0 , but as most of the mines are small, underground mechanical loading has never been important in the mining of Gallia county.

Production records for Gallia county go back only to 1930.

In that year 3j710 tons of coal were produced in the whole county.

Judging from the accounts of Stout and Condit, it is probable that the annual production in the early 1 9 0 0 's was much greater than this.

The annual production of 27,178 tons in 1935 represents a considerable increase over the previous figures. In the ensuing years there have been fluctuations in the annual production, but the general trend has been upward and much of this has been due to local stripping operations.

In the year 1950 the total production from all, coal seams in Gallia county was 5 7 6 , 6 9 6 tons and almost half of this coal came from open

82. strip mines* Most of the production in Gallia county is from three coals: the Upper Freeport* No. 7 coal, the Pittsburgh, No. 8 coal, and the Pomeroy (Redstone), No. 8 a coal. In the five year period from 191+6 to 19^0 the production from the Upper Freeport has dropped from the major producing seam to the smallest individual producer. This decrease has been due to the depletion of the easily stripped areas in the Waterloo field of Walnut township.

The production from the Pittsburgh coal increased a little more than tenfold during the same five year period. This increase has been largely the result of stripping operations in Clay and Huntington townships. Strip—mining operations are at the peak of development today in the Pomeroy or Redstone coal in Addison township. As a result of this development there has been almost a hundredfold in crease in production for the same period.

Production by Seam in Gallia county, Tons of Coal

Coal 19U6 19l*7 19U8 191*9 1950

8 a 1*,1*36 53,026 233,385 2 8 7 ,21*8 1*21,779

8 9,716 86,770 96,676 121,199 99,779

7 6 1 , 1 2 2 71,1*17 6 2 ,1*76 1*3,871* 1*9,731

Sand and Gravel

Sand and gravel in Gallia county is derived from two sources.

There is, at present, a sand and gravel pit in the NE -J, sec. 8 ,

83. Cheshire township where "the material is dug from a high-level terrace of the Ohio River. The coarser gravel material, at this locality, underlies the finer sandy silts. Similar deposits occur along the. river in Addison, Gallipolis, Clay and Ohio townships.

Most of the gravel fox’ road construction is extracted by river dredges from the Ohio River opposite sec. 2, Ohio township.

Sand and gravel are abundant enough in both the terraces and the river sources to adequately supply the county’s needs. The annual production of this sand and gravel in 195>0 amounted to

6 0 ,ll±6 tons.

In a different category are the moulding-sands from the old high-level Marietta River valley in Springfield township. This silt—sized material is mined and processed by the Keener Sand and Clay

Company of Gallipolis. In 19!i>0, 5U,b79 tons of processed moulding sand was shipped from Gallia county.

Limestone

The production of limestone in Gallia county has come from many small quarries which operated for short periods before closing down. Scattered throughout the county are many small abandoned quar ries which are in the Vanport, Brush Creek, and Cambridge limestones.

In Jackson and Vinton counties the Vanport limestone has been used in the manufacture of cement. In Gallia county the Van port is locally as much as 9 feet thick, but the outcrop area is small. Much of the rock has already been quarried, and the outcrops

8Lw are not, accessible by adequate transportation facilities.

Both the Cambridge limestone and the Brush Greek lime stones have been quarried for road material and for agricultural lime. As these limestones are relatively high in silica and low in carbonate, they are not too well—suited for agricultural pur poses. A higher quality agricultural lime is, at present, being shipped into the county from the Marble Cliff quarries in Columbus*

In the summer of 1951 a new quarry was opened in the Cambridge lime stone in the WE \ y sec. 2h» Springfield township.

The Mississippian Maxville limestone occurs at a depth of approximately 1 0 0 0 feet along the river in Cheshire township. In

19U6 the Jones Laughlin Steel Corporation core-drilled the entire interval from the surface to below the limestone# Maxville lime stone samples from various depths were analyzed as prospects for a limestone mine in this area. Apparently the tests did not indicate an economical prospect for the project was never developed.

Gas and Oil

The production of gas and oil in Gallia county has never been very great. Most of the wells are in shallow pools, and be cause of water encroachment, the life of these wells is, in general, very short.

In the 10 years between 19Ul and 1950, 57 wells were drilled in Gallia county. Most of the wells were located in Addison township.

A majority of these wells penetrated to the Berea sand. Two thirds

8<5. of these wells produced gas, one third were dry holes, and none produced oil. In 19U9 the gas production from Gallia county

amoimted to 200 million cubic feet (Cottingham, 1951)* BIBLIOGRAPHY

American Association of Petroleum Geologists (19U3) Tectonic Map of the United States. Andrews, E. B, (1872) Report of Progress of the Geological Survey of Ohio for the Year 1871 (Columbus). ______(1873) Geology of Gallia County, Ohio Geol. Surv., Rept.l, pt. 1 , pp. 223-2U6. Ashley, George H. (1928) Bituminous Coal Fields of Pennsylvania. Penn. Topo. and Geol. Surv. Bull. M 6 , Uth ser. Barrell, Joseph (1917) Rhythms and the measurements of Geologic Time, Geol. Soc. America Bull. Vol. 28, pp. 7U3-90lu Beede, J. W., and Rogers, A. F. (1908) Coal Measures Faunal Studies; Faunal Divisions of the Kansas Coal Measures, Univ. Geol. Surv. of Kansas, Vol. 9. Condit, D. Dale (1912) Conemaugh Formation in Ohio, Ohio Geol. Surv. Bull. 17, hth ser. Cottingham, Kenneth (1951), Oil and gas development in Ohio. Dorsey, G. E. (1926) The Origin of the Color of Red Beds, Jour. Geol. Vol. 3U, pp. 131-1U3. Eaton, Joseph E. (1939) Tie-ins between the Marine and Continental Records in California, American Jour. Sci., Vol. 237, no. 12, pp. 899-919. Grimm, Ralph E. (19U3) Petrology of the Pennsylvanian Underclays Associated with Illinois Coal, American Ceramic Soc. Rill., Vol. lh, no. 3, pp. 113-119, no. 1*, pp. 129-131, no. 9, pp. 170-176. Grimm,R. E. and Allen, V. T. (1938) Petrology of the Pennsylvanian Underclay of Illinois, Geol. Soc. America Bull. Vol. It9, no. 10, pp. 1U85-1513. Kosanke, R. M. (I9h3) Plant Mdcrofossils in the Correlation of Coal- beds, Jour. Geol. Vol. $5, pp. 280-28U. Krebs, Charles E. (1911) Jackson, Mason and Putnam counties, West Va. Geol. Surv. Krebs, Charles E. and Teets, D. D. Jr. (1913) Cabell, Wayne,and Lincoln counties, West Va. Geol. Surv. Krumbein, W, C. and Sloss, L. L. (1931) Stratigraphy and Sedimentation, San Francisco, W. H. Freeman and Co. Krynine, Paul D. (1 9 I4 8 ) The Megascopic Study and Field Classification of Sedimentary Rocks, Jour. Geol., Vol. 36, pp. 130-163. Petti john, F. J. (1 9 I4.9 ) Sedimentary Rocks, New York, Harper and Bros. Raymond, Percy E. (1910) Preliminary List of the Fauna of the Allegheny and Conemaugh Series in western Pennsylvania, Ann. Carnegie Mus. Vol. 7, no. 1. Scudder, S. H. (1893) Revision of the American fossil Cockroaches with Description of New Forms, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 12lt.

87 Sherman, G. E. (1933) Ohio Cooperative Topographic Survey, Vol. ii.. Stout, Wilbur (1916) Geology of Southern Ohio, Ohio Geol. Surv. Bull. 20, Uth ser. (1932) Goal Formation Clays of Ohio, Ohio Geol. Surv. Bull. 2 6 , Ij.th ser. ------(1930) The Monongahela Series in eastern Ohio, West Va. Acad. Sci. Proc., Vol. 3* pp. 118-133. ------(1931) Pennsylvanian Cycles in Ohio, Illinois Geol. Surv. Bull. 60, pp'. 195-216. Stout, W., Ver Steeg, K., and Lamb, G. F. (l9k3 ) Geology of Water in Ohio, Ohio Geol. Surv. Bull. UU* l|th ser. Stutzer and No£ (19U0) The Geology of Coal, Chicago, Univ. of Chicago Press. Thompson, M. L. (1936) Pennsylvanian Fusulinids from Ohio, Jour. Paleo., Vol. 10, No. 8, pp. 673-683. Tight, William G. (1903) Drainage Modifications in southeastern Ohio and Adjacent Parts of West Virginia and Kentucky, IT. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 13. Udden, John A. (1912) Geology and Mineral Resources of the Peoria Quadrangle, Illinois, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 506. Ver Steeg, Karl (19U2) Jointing in the Coal Beds of Ohio, Econ. Geol., Vol. 37, pp. 503-509. Wanless, H. R. and Shepard, F. p. (1 9 3 6 ) Sea Level and Climatic Changes Related to Late Paleozoic Cycles, Geol. Soc. of America Bull., Vol. Ii7, pp. 1177-1206. Weller, James Marvin (1930) Cyclical Sedimentation of the Pennsyl vanian Period and its Significance, Jour. Geol., Vol. 3 8 , No. 6, pp. 97-135. Worthen, Amos H. (1866) Geology of Illinois, Illinois Geol. Surv. 1. White, Israel Charles (1903) Report on Coal, West Va. Geol. Surv. 2, p. ?lii. APPENDIX

Stratigraphic Sections From Addison Township

SW| Sec. 36, along road from hilltop church to valley of Campaign Creek in NE^ Sec. 5, Springfield Township. Ft. In. Blocky clay, red to yellow-brown, containing 8 inch reddish-brown calcareous nodules, Benwood.. 5 0 Clay, light gray-green...... Trace Blocky clay, yellow-brown 15 0 Clay, light and dark-gray, top blotchy greenish- gray, calcareous 21; 0 Blocky clay, red, Sewickley 1 0 Sandstone, very thin-bedded, medium-textured, blue—gray and yellow-brown, micaceous...... 13 0 Coal, sandy, badly slumped, Fishpot...... Trace Sandstone, soft, medium-textured, blue-gray and yellow-brown. U 0 Covered, appears to be brownish blocky clay...... 12 0 Clay, sandy, blocky, light-gray and rusty brown... 3 0 Sandstone, fine-grained, thin-bedded, yellow- brown, micaceous 9 0 Clay, red and greenish-gray 35 0 Clay, light-gray, Upper Pittsburgh...... Trace Sandstone, fine-grained, greenish-yellow, 2 inch calcareous nodules near the t o p 6 6 Clay, light-gray...... Trace Blocky clay, poorly exposed, yellow and green ish gray...... ‘.... I4. 0 Sandstone, yellow-brown, fine-grained, thinly-laminated 1 0 0 Sandstone, medium-textured, yellow-brown, poorly exposed 19 0 Clay, light-gray, Lower Little Pittsburgh...... Trace Sandstone, medium-textured, yellow-brown, highly calcareous zone in the middle...... 18 0 Clay, red, blocky, containing calcareous nodules.. 7 0 Sandstone, fine-textured, very thin-bedded, dark-yellow, brown, top lumpy very calcareous... 13 6 Sandstone, dirty greenish—gray, medium-textured, massive, hard, top calcareous U 6 Siltstone, red, sandy 6 0 Clay, light-gray, Clarksburg 0 3 Sandstone, lumpy, green-gray, calcareous, fine grained, top contains light-gray nodular limestone 2 0 Ft. In. Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-green, thin bedded to massive, Morgantown...... 18 0 Clay, light-gray, #lk Lick...... Trace Clay, blocky, red, containing many scattered dark—gray limestone nodules, Skelly...... kU 0 Sandstone, lumpy greenish-yellow to red, calcareous, Gaysport...... 0 8 Sandstone, light yellow-brown, very fine grained, thin-bedded...... 9 0 Sandstone, calcareous, brownish-gray, medium textured, top more calcareous, fossiliferous Ames ..... * 1 6 Sandstone, very fine-grained, yellow-brown...... lU 0 Limestone, nodular, Ewing...... 0 3 Clay, yellow-green and red, blocky, silty...... 17 0 Lime stone, ss.ndy, Portersville ...... 0 U Covered interval from cross-road...... 22 0

Along road from SW|- Sec. 21 to valley of George Creek NVf|- Sec. 20.

Shale, red, Uniontown 22 0 Clay, light gray-green, Uniontown...... Trace Sandstone, friable, yellow, micaceous, medium texture, top fine-textured, Arnoldsburg. 22 0 Shale, greenish-brown, blocky...... 2 0 Clay, light-gray, with red-brown stains, Arnoldsburg...... Trace Shale, greenish-brown, blocky, with abundant small limestone nodules, Benwood...... 17 6 Siltstone, yellow-brown, much covered, Upper Sewickley 20 0 Clay, red blocky, top covered by swampy area..... IS 0 Sandstone, fine-grained, and sandy shale, brownish-yellow 6 0 Sandstone, medium texture, yellow-brown, micaceous ^ 0 Clay, light-gray, Fishpot...... Trace Clay, yellow-brown 6 0 Sandstone, mass i've, yellow-green, fine to medium texture highly micaceous, thin-bedded at top... 1 6 0 Shale, brown to gray, with plant fragments, part covered... 12 0 Coal, powdery streak, Redstone ...... Trace Clay, light-gray 1 0 Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow—brown, micaceous 2 0

90 Ft. In. Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-brown, micaceous... 2 0 Shale, gray to red 13 0 Sandstone, very fine-grained, yellow-brown thin-bedded. .. 6 0 Ironstone, concretionary bed, calcareous, Redstone. 0 3 Sandstone, yellow-brown, green, and reddish 16 0 Clay, light-gray, Pittsburgh 1 0 Sandstone, medium texture, gray-green, micaceous... 9 0 Shale, gray-green...... 3 Clay, blocky, red and greenish-gray...... 2 Calcareous nodular bed, irregular, gray to greenish-brown, silty, red stained in places, Upper Pittsburgh...... 0 Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-brown, micaceous... 19

Along road from center Sec. 12, up hill into Sec. 18

Sandstone, fine to medium texture, friable, yellow-brown...... 27 0 Clay, light gray 2 0 Coal, badly weathered, may have split in middle Redstone 2 6 Siltstone, to very fine-grained sandstone, light yellow-green and light gray 5 6 Clay, light-gray, with seams of fine-grained sandstone and iron stains 3 6 Sandstone, fine-grained, light and dark brown, friable cross-bedded ...... 1 0 6 Sandstone, hard, very calcareous, dark-gray, fine-grained 2 0 Sandstone, lumpy, friable, cross-bedded,. micaceous, greenish—gray...... U 0 Clay, red and greenish-gray, blocky, top contact not distinct 8 0 Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-brown, micaceous, may be slump. 2 0 Clay, blocky, brown and greenish-gray, top contact not distinct 1 9 0 Sandstone, fine-textured, dark-gray and brown, micaceous...... 1 0 0 Clay, light-gray, Lower Little Pittsburgh 1 0 Clay, red and yellow-brown, blocky..... 9 O Sandstone, fine-grained, finely laminated, gray-green, red near top, micaceous, Connellsville 17 0 Clay, red and greenish-gray, blocky 5 0 Clay, light-gray, with \ inch coal, Clarksburg Trace Sandstone, fine-grained, greenish-yellow, micaceous, poorly exposed, Morgantown..... 7 6 Clay, blocky, poorly exposed.. 2k 0

91 I

Ft. In. Sandstone, dark greenish-gray, fine-grained micaceous, calcareous, Elk Lick ? 1 0 Clay, red, green, and brown, blocky, light-gray streak at top ...... 8 6 Sandstone, fine-textured, hard, calcareous, greenish-gray, micaceous 0 8 Clay, light gray-green. 1 6

Shale,------9 ------red,j blocky ...... 2 6 Limestone nodules, greenish-gray 0 3 Shale, red, blocky 5 6 Sandstone, medium-textured, gray-green, massive, bottom thin—bedded, top lumpy with U inch sandy nodules, Skelly...... 7 0 Clay, yellow-brown and red, blocky, with 3 inch limestone nodules in top, Gaysport 17 0 Clay, light-gray...... Trace Covered, possibly brown, blocky, clay...... 20 0 Sandstone, fine-textured, dark, green-gray,hard,.. 2 0

Stratigraphic Sections For Cheshire Township

From Kyger Creek bridge, SWj Sec. 22, up hill to south, making two left turns near top of hill, ending in SV% Sec. 21

Covered, some red and gray shales show 13 0 Sandstone, fine-grained, gray, micaceous...... 2 - 6 Covered, red and gray shales occasionally show.... 20 0 Sandstone, medium texture, green-gray, Morgan town. 12 0 Shale, red and gray, poorly exposed, some sand stone ...... 20 0 Coal, powdery, badly weathered...... Trace Sandstone, yellow, medium texture, friable 32 0 Coal, sandy, area badly slumped, Upper Pittsburgh...... 1 6 Shale and very fine-grained sandstone, gray, brown-stained in places, top with light-gray clay streaks...... 16 0 Coal, bright, blocky, Redstone 2 0 Sandstone, yellow, friable, medium-textured, thin-bedded ...... 3U 0 Sandstone, friable, massive, medium to coarse- textured, micaceous...... U5 0 Clay, light-gray...... Trace

92 From road intersection NW^ Sec. Ik, across NE^ Sec. 20 to top of hill in SE% Sec. 21 Ft. In. Clay, red, blocky, Uniontown...... 1 8 0 Shale, green-yellow, thinly-laminated...... 15 0 Clay, light-gray, Arnoldsburg...... Trace Clay, yellow-brown and red, blocky, Benwood...... 20 0 Covered...... 5 0 Sandstone, fine— textured, yellow-brown, friable, Upper Sewickley...... 30 0 Sandstone, coarse-grained, friable, green-yellow... 3 0 Clay, light-gray Sewickley...... Trace Sandstone, Coarse-grained, green-yellow, friable... 7 0 Sandstone, medium texture, yellow-brown, very friable, poorly exposed...... 50 0 Clay, light-gray, Pomeroy...... Trace Clay, blocky, brown-red and gray...... 15 0 Clay, light-gray, badly slumped, Upper Pittsburgh.. Trace Covered, some yellow-brown and red blocky clay..... 6 0

From cross-road in NEqf Sec. 16, eastward along road to NWzr Sec. 10

Sandstone, friable, yellow, medium to coarse grained, micaceous...... *. 2 0 0 Sandstone, thin—bedded, medium-textured, green—gray, micaceous, bluff-forming. 72 0 Coal, blocky, with several light-gray sandy partings near the base, top contact very irregular, Redstone 5 6 Clay, yellow, blocky, poorly exposed 10 6 Sandstone, coarse-grained, yellow, poorly consolidated 3 0 Shale, red and yellow-brown and green-gray, blocky clay. 33 0 Sandstone, yellow, medium to fine-textured, micaceous, partly covered...... 1 0 0 Shale, red and yellow-brown, partly covered...... 18 0 Clay, light-gray and thin coal streak, Connellsville ...... Trace Shale, red and yellow- brown...... 15 0 Sandstone and sandy shale, yellow...... 2 0 Limestone, hard, sandy, blue, micaceous, Clarksburg 1 0 Sandstone, medium-textured, yellow, micaceous...... 1 6 Clay, light-gray...... 0 2 Shale, yellow-brown, sandy and micaceous...... 1 6 Sandstone, medium texture, gray-green, micaceous with pyrite...... 2 0 Clay, red, blocky, bottom covered...... lU 0 93. Stratigraphic Sections From Clay Township

Starting in gulley S center Sec. 35, north ward to top of hill in Sec. 35. Ft. In. Blocky clay and shale, red, Benwood 57 0 Sandstone, medium-textured, green-yellow and dark-brown, ”salt and pepper sandstone", not well-exposed, Upper Sewickley 6 0 Shale, sandy, gray, brown, and red 21 0 Sandstone, massive, coarse-grained, friable, white to light-gray, near top medium-textured, harder, greenish, Fishpot . 31 0 Shale, brown, covered in part 6 0 Goal, soft, powdery, Redstone.... 2 0 Sandstone, very soft, pale yellow-brown, medium to coarse texture, bottom covered 2 0 0 Sandstone, medium to coarse-grained, yellow-brown or greenish, finely cross-bedded but massive...... 1 1 0 Shale, sandy, green-gray...... U 6 Coal, streak, Upper Pittsburgh...... Trace Shale, sandy, green-gray 3 6 Coal...... Trace Shale, sandy, green-gray, partly covered...... 7 0 Shale, sandy with black powdery coal fragments, may be the result of slump, Pittsburgh ? 6 0 Clay, light-gray, plastic... 1 6 Clay, blocky, green-gray, dark-gray, and yellow brown, crumbly on outcrop 1 0 0 Ironstone concretionary bed, calcareous, red-brown... 0 3 Sandstone, yellow, medium texture, thin-bedded 10 6 Shale, sandy, micaceous, yellow. 6 0

Abandoned strip mine west of Bear Run, west center, Sec. 33

Sandstone, massive, medium-textured, light-green..... 5 0 Sandstone, fine-grained, blue—gray, weathers yellow-brown, cut by coal stringers 1 5 0 Shale, carbonaceous 3 0 Shale, blue-green to yellow-brown, thinly laminated.. 2 3 Coal, bony. 0 3 Shale, carbonaceous...... 1 6 Coal, dull, blocky, Redstone. . 1 6 Clay, dark-gray, nodular with dark-gray carbonaceous shales at the bottom 1 6 Siltstone and clay, blue-gray, splintery with iron stains along the joints 2 6 9h. Ft. In. Clay, blocky, dark gray-green, dark-red and yellow-brown, color bands run diagonally across the outcrop 13 0 Nodular limestone, green-gray, up to 8 inches across ...... • 0 6 Clay, blocky light to dark blue-gray Upper Pittsburgh 3 0 Sandstone, yellow-green to blue-green fine-grained, upper 15 inches with dark-brown ironstone nodules up to 3 inches in diameter...... h 0 Sandstone, blue—gray, fine to very fine grained, friable, micaceous, with several thin bands of ironstone nodules 7 6 Silts tone, blue-gray, hard 3 6 Sandstone, fine-textured, light green-brown weathers yellow-brown in very thin laminae 6 6 Shale, very dark gray...... 1 0 Coal, bony, bottom covered Pittsburgh U 0

Along road up hill from valley of Swan Creek SE Sec. 2 to top of hill S W | , Sec. 32.

Clay, light yellow-green, gray and red... 10 0 Sandstone, fine texture, micaceous, thin-bedded near top becomes very fine—textured and breaks into irregular blocks ...... 17 6 Sandstone, bright yellow, cross-bedded, medium-textured, friable, highly micaceous 2 0 0 Sandstone, dark green-gray, calcareous, medium-textured ...... Ij. 0 Sandstone, fine-grained, mostly covered. 7 0 Shale, red...... 1 8 Clay, light-gray, Uniontown 1 0 Clay, lumpy, red and gray-green...... I4. 0 Sandstone, brown, medium-texture, mixed with very fine-grained material, 3 feet from top a lumpy nodular limestone bed...... 1 1 o Sandstone, light yellow—green, very fine grained, micaceous, thin-bedded...... 1 3 o Clay, light-gray Arnoldsburg 1 o Clay, blocky red, with calcite nodules and gray-green sandy clay, Benvrood ...... 1 8 6 Sandstone, yellow-brown, fine-grained, micaceous. 6 6 Shale, red much covered 7 0 Sandstone, yellow-brown, fine to very fine-grained, thin-bedded, micaceous...... 19 0

95 Ft. In Clay, light-gray streaks in sandstone Fishpot...... 0 8 Clay, yellow-green and red, lumpy, sandy with sandy limestone nodules 2h 6 Sandstone, yellow-green, fine to medium texture, thin-bedded, sandy limestone nodules increasing towards the top...... 21 6 Clay, light-gray...... 1 0 Sandstone, yellow, medium texture, thin-bedded... 1 0 Clay, carbonaceous, sandy, Redstone .... 1 0 Sandstone, yellow-green to blue-green thin—bedded, fine-grained, micaceous...... 3 0

From cross-roads SW^ Sec. 32 up road to west to cross-roads in SE5 , Sec. 32.

Sandstone, light-yellow, micaceous, medium textured, friable, massive h2 6 Sandstone, light-yellow, fine-textured, micaceous, thin-bedded. 3 6 Clay, light-gray...... 0 2 Clay, blocky, yellow, sandy...... 1 0 Clay, light-gray...... 0 U Clay, red and light gray-green, lumpy...... 2 6 Clay, light-gray with coal fragments, Uniontown. 0 2 Clay, dark gray-green, sandy with inch ironstone pellets...... 1 6 Clay, sandy, lumpy, dark-red and dark, calcareous gray-brown ...... $ 0 Clay, light-gray...... 0 2 Clay, lumpy, light gray-green and red...... 10 0 Sandstone, irregular, dirty dark yellow—green micaceous, fine-textured with calcareous nodules...... 3 0 Sandstone, fine-grained, dark yellow-green, micaceous, thin-bedded...... 2 0 0 Clay, light-gray, Arnoldsburg...... 1 6 Clay, red and light gray-green, sandy micaceous, blocky containing irregular limestone nodules, Benwood...... 28 0 Sandstone, fine-grained, light-yellow, micaceous, upper part hard massive...... 7 6 Clay, light-gray, Sewickley...... 1 0 Clay, red and gray-green, lumpy with scattered calcareous nodules...... 8 0 Sandstone, dirty yellow-green, slabby, fine-textured, top irregular with calcareous nodules...... i...... 51j. 0 96. STRA.TIGRAPHIC SECTIONS FROM GALLIPOLIS TOWNSHIP

NE \ Sec. 3U from corner of State Street and Hedgewood Drive up hill along highway 5 8 8 . Ft. In. Sandstone, medium to coarse-textured, thin-tedded gray-green to yellow...... • 22 0 Clay, light-gray with black carbonaceous streaks, Upper Little Pittsburgh. 0 6 Shale, red, poorly exposed in places...... hO 0 Sandstone, yellow to blue, medium-textured, cross—bedded ...... lit0 Shale, alternate dark-chocolate red and blue-green, sandy near top...... 13 6 Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-green, micaceous, blue-gray on fresh exposures thin-bedded...... 22 0 Clay, blocky dark gray—brown, calcareous and light blue-green clay, Skelly...... 1 0 Shale, red and blue-green...... 2jj. 0

SW \ Sec. 3h from old Fort trail up old road to reservoir at top of Fortification Hill.

Shale, red and yellow and thinly bedded sandstone.. 7 0 Sandstone, medium-textured, thin-bedded, yellow-green 2 0 Shale, red...... llj. 0 Clay, light-gray with coaly streak, Sewickley 0 6 Shale, yellow to green-gray...... 5 6 Sandstone, massive, yellow 12 0 Sandstone, yellow, thin-bedded. 7 O Clay, light-gray with coaly streak, Fjshpot 0 5 Sandstone, yellow, medium texture, finely cross-bedded 1 0 0 Sandstone, yellow-gray and shale, mostly covered... 18 0 Sandstone, medium texture, finely cross—bedded yellow-green with iron stains along the bedding 9 0 Shale, gray-yellow and red with scattered clay and plant fragments 6 2 0 Sandstone, gray-green to yellow, medium to coarse texture, thinly cross-bedded with plant fragments 9 0 STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS FROM GREEN TOWNSHIP

Along road from valley in SW ^ Sec. 32 to top of hill in center, Sec. 31. Ft. In. Sandstone, soft, friable interbedded with yellow shale...... ® Coal, powdery...... lrace Sandstone, yellow fine to medium texture micaceous...... 3 6 0 Shale, red blocky in part...... Ip 0 Sandstone, soft, friable, yellow...... 6 0 Shale, red...... 18 O Sandstone, medium texture, cross-bedded, green—yellow, micaceous .... * 3 6 Shale, red with lk to 2 inch limestone nodules, Clarksburg...... 0 Sandstone, massive, cross-bedded, medium textured, yellow—gray, upper portion slabby to blocky texture 1 6 0 Sandstone, thin-bedded, fine to very fine grained, yellow...... 15 0 Clay, dark-red, blocky, Elk Lick 3 0 Sandstone, thin-bedded, fine to very fine grained, yellow, upper portion blocky 27 0 Shale, red, mostly covered 10 0 Sandstone, fine texture, yellow-brown...... U 0 Shale, yellow-brown, silty...... ' 29 0 Coal, Barton 0 2 Shale, yellow—green ..... 6 6 Clay, light-gray. • . Trace Clay, dark-red, blocky...... 1 6 Limestone, nodular bed Ewing...... 0 3 Clay, dark-red and purple blocky. 3 0 Covered, some yellow-brown fine—textured sandstone shows 7 0 Clay, light green-gray, Anderson...... Trace Clay, blocky red. 3 0 Shale, yellow-green...... It O Shale, red 12 0 Limestone, nodular, Bloomfield...... 0 3 Shale, red 3 0 Shale, green-yellow to gray, sandy in places upper portion blocky...... 2 2 0 Limestone, dark-gray, massive, fossiliferous with chert nodules, Cambridge...... 3 0 Shale, dark-gray to yellow...... 12 0

98. Ft. In. Sandstone, medium to coarse texture, yellow to gray...... ' U 6 Sandstone, thin-bedded, slabby, calcareous fine to medium texture, yellow to green-gray with abundant crinoid stems Brush Creek...... 1U 0

NW \ Sec. 26, eastward along road up hill.

Shale, dark red and purple with small ^ inch limestone nodules ...... 10 0 Limestone, light-gray, lumpy, Skelley 0 9 Shale, red with many smalllimestone nodules.... 11 0 Clay, light-gray, Duquesne 0 6 Shale, red with small 1 inch limestone nodules near the base Gay snort 13 6 Sandstone, yellow-green, blocky fine-grained 2 0 Sandstone, hard, calcareous, green-gray fine-grained, top lumpy with 3 to U inch dirty green—gray limestone nodules,-Ames 2 6 Shale and siltstone, light yellow-green-brown thin-bedded with occasional ironstone nodules. 31 0 Coal, hard, blocky Barton 0 8 Coal, bony, sandy...... 0 6 Clay, light-gray...... 0 6 Clay, light brown-gray, blocky, silty $ 6 Limestone, dark-gray, nodular and lumpy along strike of outcrop, Ewing 0 6 Clay, blocky, red and brown with small calcite nodules 12 0 Sandstone, medium texture, dark gray-green micaceous, friable, poorly exposed...... 10 0 Limestone, nodular and mixed— thin coal streak, Portersville. 0 b Shale, red 18 0

From bridge in SE \ Sec. £ up hill to west.

Sandstone, yellow-brown, fine-grained, micaceous 2h 0 Clay, light-gray, carbonaceous streak in swampy ground, partly covered Upper Little Pittsburgh...... 3 0 99 Ft. In. Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-green...... 19 6 Sandstone, calcareous, fine-grained Summerfield...... 0 6 Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow—green.••••••••• • 5 0 Clay, purple and red, blocky...... 5 0 Sandstone, fine-grained, micaceous 7 0 Clay or shale, partly covered, red and brown.... 8 0 Clay, light-gray...... * 0 6 Clay, red, blocky...... 2 0 Sandstone, fine to very fine-grained, yellow—green, micaceous, cross—laminated, slabby, Morgantown...... 29 6 Sandstone, extremely hard, calcareous, fine-grained, green-gray, micaceous, Elk Lick...... 2 6 Shale, red...... 3 0 Sandstone, fine-grained, slabby, thin-bedded miacaceous, dark gray-green . 10 0 Shale, thinly laminated, red...... 1 0 Clay, light-green, Duquesne ...... 0 6 Clay, blocky, red, brown and purple, with scattered small limestone nodules .... . 1h 6 Limestone, nodular dark-brown, ferruginous...... 0 k Clay, blocky red-brown and purple...... 10 0

Eastward up gulley from road just south of east center of Sec. 22.

Sandstone, light yellow-gray, friable, medium texture...... 20 0 Shale, red with scattered small limestone nodules 10 0 Clay, light-gray, Duquesne 0 6 Shale, red with small limestone nodules 9 6 Shale, brown or light—red...... 10 0 Limestone, nodular, dirty brown, lumpy Caysport...... 0 6' Shale, red with small limestone nodules up to 1 inch, top very nodular..... 8 6 Sandstone, light yellow-brown, very fine-grained ...... 5 0 Shale, red and some sandstone fragments, poorly exposed...... 10 0 Shale, light-brown, thinly laminated...... 6 6 Coal, blocky, Barton...... 0 1 Shale, dark-gray, carbonaceous 3 0 Clay, light-gray, yellow-brown at bottom... 0 2 Covered up from road, fragments of red shale and fine-grained sandstone seen...... 100. STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS FROM GREENFIELD TOWNSHIP

From bed of left-hand fort in NW jjf Sec. 7 up old wagon road to top of hill in HE | Sec. 36, Jefferson Township, Jackson county. Ft, In. Sandstone, massive, friable, medium-textured.... 32 0 Coal, powdery and bony on badly weathered outcrop, Middle Kittanning...... Sandstone, light-yellow, medium to coarse-grained middle portion finer grained...... uu 0 Coal, bright, blocky, Lower Kittanning...... 0 8 Clay, light-gray...... 1 0 Coal...... 0 6 Clay, light-gray, top carbonaceous ...... 3 0 Shale, dark-gray...... 0 6 Clay, light-gray...... 5 0 Sandstone, very light-gray, fine-grained...... 3 0 Shale, light yellow-brown, sandy...... 17 0 Ironstone, nodular bed Ferriferous ore...... 0 k Limestone, siliceous, spongy, fossiliferous .... 6 0 Coal, powdery, badly weathered, Clarion...... 1 0 Sandstone, medium to coarse texture, massive friable, cross-bedded, light-gray to yellow-brown, Clarion...... 39

From bed of Pokepatch Hollow in center Sec. 20 up hill to north to SW \ Sec. 17.

Shale, light yellow-brown and red silty.... 19 0 Clay, light green-gray sandy with § inch coal streak at top Mahoning 1 6 Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-green, micaceous lumpy with ironstone nodules up to 1 inch across. 7 6 Shale, yellow-brown, thinly-laminated with iron stains near the bottom.... 11 0 Clay, light green-gray, plastic with coal fragments, Piedmont 0 6 Clay, green-gray and red, blocky 7 6 Sandstone, medium to fine-grained, green-yellow and yellow-brown, micaceous, thinly laminated.... 15 6 Clay, light-gray, Upper Freeport 0 6 Sandstone, medium to coarse-grained, yellow and yellow-brown, micaceous, thinly laminated.... 31 0 Clay, light-gray, Bolivar ? 0 ij. Sandstone, medium texture, yellow-brown 25 0 Clay, light-gray, sandy, Lower Freeport...... 1 0 101. Ft Sandstone, gray-green and yellow-red lower portion, friable, top hard, slabby ...... Clay, light-gray, plastic, Middle Kittanning. .... Sandstone, medium to coarse texture, ^ yellow—green, friable with dark iron—stains...... UU Clay, light blue-gray, plastic Lower Kittanning.... U Sandstone, yellow-brown, friable, medium-textured.. 17 Limestone, gray, fossiliferous, Vanport in bed of creek ..... 7

From bed of Camp Creek NE \ Sec. 35 northwestward up hill to SW \ Sec. 26. Sandstone, slabby, thin, very fine-grained, yellow—brown, micaceous and silty shale...... 25 0 Limestone, dark blue-gray, Cambridge 2 0 Shale, red, gray-green, and yellow-brown with ironstone nodules, part covered...... 2h 0 Limestone, dark brown-gray and yellow-brown lumpy and vesicular parts sandy and cherty fossiliferous, Upper Brush Creek 2 6 Clay, light-gray with iron stains at top.... 1 6 Sandstone, dark yellow-brown, micaceous, medium textured, friable with iron stains and fillings UO 0 Clays tone, light-gray and red 25 0 Clay, light-gray Mahoning 0 2 Sandstone, fine-grained, green-yellow, micaceous... 28 6 Sandstone, very fine-grained and silty, thinly laminated shale...... 1 6 Clay, blocky yellow-brown and red, silty. 3 0 Sandstone, hard, massive, fine to medium texture, yellow-brown, micaceous, weathers lumpy. 5 0 Sandstone, yellow-brown, fine texture, mieaeeous, thin—bedded...... «•••• 11 6 Shale, light yellow-brown...... 10 6 Sandstone, light, green-yellow fine to medium texture, cross—bedded, massive, top lumpy...... 16 6 Shale, light yellow-brown...... 5 0 Clay, dark—gray, carbonaceous, Bolivar...... Trace Siltstone, yellow-brown with many dark limestone nodules...... 5 0 Sandstone, fine-textured, yellow-brown, micaceous, iron stained...... 19 6 Coal, powdery, Lower Freeport 1 o Clay, light-gray with iron-stained sandy bands 1 6

102 Ft. In. Sandstone, fine-grained, slabby,^ yellow-brown, micaceous, with ironstone o O nodules...... ,...... Sandstone, calcareous, fine-grained, micaceous yellow-brown 0 O Sandstone, yellow—gray, medium texture, friable.. IB b Clay, light-gray...... 0 6 Sandstone, medium texture, yellow, friable.. 12 o Sandstone, medium texture, yellow-gray...... 11 0 Coal and clay in creek bed may be slump material or Middle Kittanning...... 1 0

SE \ Sec. 13- along old road up hill to north and in gulley to east of road.

Sandstone, medium to coarse texture, light yellow-brown, micaceous , cross-bedded, top portion highly calcareous E>3 0 Coal, Brush Creek...... 0 6 Clay, blocky, medium-gray 2 0 Clay, gray, red and brown, badly slumped 9 0 Clay, light-gray, Mason. 2 0 Sandstone, yellow-brown, fine-textured, slabby, micaceous, thin-bedded 13 0 Sandstone, yellow-gray, coarse to medium texture, cross-bedded, friable 11 0 Shale, dark, carbonaceous, Mahoning...... 1 0 Sandstone, blocky, medium texture, micaceous, yellow-brown... 13 0 Sandstone, massive light green-gray, micaceous, fine texture...... 1 0 Sandstone, lumpy thinly laminated, yellow-green micaceous, fine to medium texture...... 9 0 Siltstone, yellow-green and red shale...... 11 0 Clay, dark carbonaceous, Upper Freeport...... 0 1 Clay, light gray-green...... 1 6 Sandstone, light yellow-brown, fine-grained, micaceous...... 3 0 0

STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS FROM GUYAN TOWNSHIP

From bridge NW ^ Sec. 12 across old strip mine exposure to NE ^ Sec. 18

Coal, powdery..... 0 2

103 Ft. In. oc o o oo fl'' on o o o ovo o

From bridge in NW \ Sec. 19 up hill to southeast

Sandstone, yellow, friable, micaceous...... 6 Clay, light-gray, Waynesburg...... Trace Clay, blocky, light green-gray, yellow and red, sandy...... 3 Sandstone, bright yellow, soft, friable,

medium texture, micaceous, cross-bedded, o'ooovoo oo b o o\o o lower part dovered...... 1 6 Clay yellow sandy with light-gray streak at top and bottom, Little Waynesburg...... 1 Clay, blocky, yellow and red, sandy...... 1 Sandstone, yellow, friable, thin-bedded, f ine-grained...... 7 Clay, light-gray...... Trace Clay, blocky, yellow-gray and red...... 1 Sandstone, fine to medium texture, yellow...... 1 Sandstone, fine-textured, yellow-brown, lumpy with limestone nodules, Waynesburg Limestone 1 Sandstone, dark, yellow-brown, very fine-grained thin-bedded ...... 7 Sandstone, dark-gray, medium textured, calcareous.. 5 Covered...... 18 Shale, thinly laminated...... 2 Clay, light-gray, Uni on town...... 1 Shale, red with limestone nodules ...... 7

10b • Ft. In. Sandstone, yellow-green, fine-grained, _ micaceous, massive, top lumpy. ^ Sandstone, yellow-green, fine-grained micaceous, thin, irregularly bedded with ferruginous limestone nodules 7 6 Sandstone, medium texture, yellow-green micaceous, massive 9 6 Sandstone, light-gray green, irregularly thin-bedded, fine-grained..... 2 6 Shale, light gray-green. 1 ~ Shale, red thinly laminated...... 0 3 Clay, light gray-green with coal fragments 0 2 Siltstone, blocky purple and gray-green... 12 6 Shale, red blocky with limestone nodules, Benwood. 10 0 Clay, light green-gray...... 1 0 Sandstone, soft friable yellow to gray 3 6 Covered 7 0 Sandstone, dark yellow-brown fine to medium textured, micaceous, friable 3 0 Clay, light-gray, Sewickley 0 1 Clay, blocky, red and green-gray 5 0 Sandstone, fine texture, calcareous yellow...... 2 6 Sandstone, very fine to fine-grained, thinly bedded, micaceous sandstone...... 15 0 Shale, yellow sL ightly sandy...... 5 0 Shale, red, thinly laminated...... 1 6 Clay* light-gray, Fishpot 0 2 Sandstone, green-yellow, fine texture, micaceous with slickensides...... 0 5 Clay, blocky red and green-gray. 2 6 Shale, dark red and purple with limestone nodules in the base...*...... 5 6 Shale, red, thinly laminated with light gray streak at bottom...... 0 p Siltstone, blocky light yellow-green and red..... 3 0 Sandstone, medium texture, green-yellow with dark gray-green sandy calcareous nodules 3 6 Sandstone, massive, medium, light yellow- green, more friable, slabbier and finer texture upward...... 35 0 ' Clay, light-gray...... 2 0 Shale, light-gray...... 2 6 Sandstone, dark-gray, very fine-grained...... 0 8 Sandstone, medium-textured, micaceous, blue-gray containing plant fragments...... 1 0 Coal, Redstone ...... 0 U Clay, blocky, dark-gray, yellow 2 6

105 Ft. In. Shale fissile, dark-red to dark-gray containing plant fragments...... 0 9 Coal...... 0 h Light gray cl ay...... 0 ^ Sandstone, light-gray, calcareous...... I 6 Sandstone, yellow, fine-grained, thin-bedded micaceous with iron stains 12\ 6 S Shale, yellow-brown...... Clay, light-gray, Upper Pittsburgh. Shale, green-gray, slightly sandy...... 7 0 Clay, light-gray...... 0 3 Shale, red fissile...... O ^ Coal, powdery, Pittsburgh...... 0 3 Clay, brown and gray...... «... 0 9 Shale, thinly laminated red, gray and yellow-brown ° o Limestone, dark-gray, lumpy, breccia Upper Pittsburgh Limestone. 1 ° Semi—flint clay, irregular blocky, light gray-green, yellow-green and bright red.••.•••. 7 6 Sandstone, fine texture, irregular, green gray to yellow 1 6 Clay, light-gray, Upper Little Pittsburgh 0 1 Sandstone, fine-grained, thin—bedded, yellow-green, micaceous with a few ironstone nodules 8 0 Clay, . light-gray, Lower Little Pittsburgh. 0 1 Siltstone, yellow to gray-green, claylike...... It 8 Sandstone, medium to fine-grained yellow-green, micaceous 1 0 Clay, light-gray 0 2 Siltstone, yellow-red 3 0 Sandstone, calcareous, yellow-brown, fine-textured, Summerfield 2 6 Sands tone, yellow-brown, micaceous, thin-bedded, massive 8 0 Clay, light-gray, Connellsville 0 6 Siltstone, hard, yellow, red and gray 2 9 Sandstone, very fine-grained, blocky yellow-brown, top calcareous..* 9 6 Siltstone, yellow-brown, blocky with streaks of light-gray and red 1 6 Sandstone, yellow coarse to medium texture micaceous, cross-bedded 27 6 Conglomerate, pebbles up to 1 inch in diameter in sandstone 1 0 Sandstone, coarse— textured, yellow, micaceous.... U 0

106. STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS FROM HARRISON TOWNSHIP

Along Dickey Church road from bridge over north fork of Perrigen Creek SE \ Sec. 26 to NW \ Sec. 26. Ft. In. Shale, red...... 5 Clay, light-gray, Uniontown ?...... Trace Clay, blocky, green-brown...... O n Shale, red...... J O J Limestone, nodular, yellow-green j Clay, blocky, dark-gray and yellow-brown...... 10 Sandstone, medium texture, gray-green friable cross-bedded with dark-red dots and streaks 6 feet from the top appear large 3 foot concretionary sandy bodies...... 21 Clay, light-gray, Arnoldsburg ...... Trace Clay, blocky green—brown, red and purple, Benwood. 30 Sandstone, fine to medium texture, dark-green and brown, highly micaceous, bottom very calcareous ...... • 6 Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-brown, highly micaceous ..... 3 Clay, light-gray, Sewickley...... Trace Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-brown...... 5 n O O OO V O Clay, red, yellow-brown, and gray badly covered... 19 Clay, light-gray, Fishpot...... Trace Sandstone, fine-textured, dark green-brown...... 2 s O O Shale, red...... 5 Sandstone, medium texture, pink-gray, micaceous thin, cross-bedded, 13 feet from the top appear large 2 to 3 foot sandy concretionary bodies, upper part lumpy with numerous large sandy limestone concretions...... li2 n O O

Clay, light-gray...... 0 OO Coal, Redstone...... 0 n Clay, light-gray...... 3 Siltstone, dark-brown, thin irregularly bedded.... 5 Sandstone, fine-grained, thinly cross-bedded, yellow-brown...... 20 Shale, silty, dark-gray with large limestone nodules...... 1 n O O O O Limestone, dark to light-gray, irregular Upper Pittsburgh limestone ...... 1

Semi-flint clay, red, green and brown splintery... 3 O O O

Along road from north fork of Perigen Creek to Phillips School west side of Sec. 13 Ft. In, Sandstone, medium to fine texture, yellow-brown ...... 6 0 Clay,light—gray, Uniontown. • « . Trace Clay* yellow-brown, blocky, splintery...... 6 0 Sandstone, medium to fine texture, yellow-brown...... 6 0 Shale, yellow-brown. • • • 6 0 Sandstone, fine texture, dark yellow-brown.... - ^ 3 r 0 \ Clay, light-gray, Arnoldsburg...... Trace Shale, red, Benwood ...... 2U 0 Sandstone, fine texture, thin-bedded, yellow-brown...... 9 0 Shale, red 3 6 Sandstone, fine texture, lumpy, green- yellow...... 1 6 Shale, red and gray...... 3U 0 Limestone, nodular, gray-green red, Fishpot limestone...... 1 0 Sandstone, crumbly, medium textured, yellow, micaceous...... 27 0 Sandstone, medium textured, yellow-brown micaceous, thin-bedded..... 7 0 Coal, powdery, Redstone 2 0 Sandstone, medium texture, yellow-brown with coal streaks and chips ...... 13> 0 Sandstone, light yellow-brown, very fine-grained...... 9 0 Coal, powdery, Pittsburgh 1 6 Clay, red-gray, blocky...... 0 6 Coal, powdery 0 1 Sandstone, green-gray, micaceous, medium texture, hard 2 0 Clay, gray-green and red, blocky 3 0 Limestone, nodular, dark-gray, Upper Pittsburgh limestone...... 1 6 • Clay, blocky, dark gray— green...... 8 0 Limestone, nodular...... 0 Coal, soft powdery...... 0 2 Semi-flint clay, red, yellow-brown...... 5 6 Clay, light-gray, red and yellow-brown 8 0 Sandstone, light-gray green, micaceous, medium texture, bottom massive becoming slabby and highly calcareous near the top... 3 0 0

108 STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS FROM HUNTINGTON TOWNSHIP

Composite section lower portion from south bank of Raccoon Creek SE 5 Sec. 18, upper portion from north side of stream up road to abandoned Snyder mine, NE \ Sec. 18. Ft. In. Coal, mostly good blocky, upper portion bony, Upper Freeport ...... U 1 Clay, light-gray 2 0 Sandstone, medium to fine texture, slabby, thin-bedded, micaceous, y e l l o w - g r a y 3k 0 •Ironstone, nodular bed, calcareous in sandstone.. 2 0 Sandstone, medium texture, yellow-gray...... 2 0 Coal, Lower Freeport 0 h Sandstone...... 0 3 Clay, light-gray, irregular contact with sandstone.... 3 0 Sandstone, yellow-gray, medium to fine texture...... 21 0 Clay, lighi>-gray, Middle Kittanning...... Trace Sandstone, yellow-gray, micaceous, medium to fine texture...... 19 6 Sandstone, very fine-grained, gray to yellow shaley... 1* 6 Coal, thinly bedded, Strasburg ? ..... 1 6 Clay, light-gray 0 8 Coal 0 6 Sandstone, medium to fine-grained, yellow, micaceous, thinly bedded...... 6 6 Sandstone, medium to corase-grained, friable, yellow-gray conglomerate in yellow-gray sandstone with pebbles up to -g- inch in diameter..... 2 0 Coal, blocky, Lower Kittanning 2 6 Clay, light-gray...... 0 6 Coal...... 0 7 Clay, light-gray 0 8 Goal...... 0 1 Clay, light-gray...... 2 0 Coal, ...... 1 0 Clay, light-gray...... 2 0 Sandstone with limonite oolites ...... 2 0 Clay, dark-gray ...... 2 0 Clay, light-gray, sandy 3 0 Sandstone, light-gray to yellow, fine to medium texture with iron stain and streaks...... 9 0 Limestone, gray flinty, massive with iron stains and flint bands, Vanport...... 2 6 Coal, Clarion...... 1 3 Clay, light-gray, sandy. 3 6

109. SE ^ Sec. 21 from west to east up hill Ft. In. Clay, dark—gray, sandy, blocky with light-gray clay streak at top Mahoning 1 0 Sandstone, light-yellow, medium texture, hard.... 1 ° Covered...... ® Sandstone, medium textured, yellow to green-gray lumpy...... 1 o Clay, yellow-brown and green-gray with numerous small limestone nodules 3 0 Clay, lumpy, red and yellow-brcrwn, top contains numerous large limestone nodules up to 6 inches across 7 o Covered...... ^ ® Sandstone, medium to coarse-textured, yellow-green, cross—bedded, friable...... 9 0 Clay, light-gray, Upper Freeport 1 0 Clay, yellow-green, blocky...... 1 6 Sandstone, fine-grained, light yellow, thinly bedded. 2 6 Shale, yellow-brown...... 3 0 Cla.y, red and green blocky, top covered 7 6 Shale, gray-green...... 0 1 Sandstone, green-gray, fine-grained...... 2 0 Sandstone, medium to coarse-grained, yellow cross-bedded,friable containing zones of clay galls and sandstone pebbles...... •••• 38 6 Coal, soft powdery, Lower Freeport...... 0 2 Clay, light-gray, darker near the top with much iron stain...... 3 0 Shale, green-gray with iron stains becoming sandier near the top...... 7 6 Sandstone, yellow-green, medium to fine texture , mic aceous ...... 6 6 Sandstone, green, yellow-gray, medium texture micaceous, upper portion calcareous...... 8 0 Shale, dark green-brown...... £ 6 Clay, dark-gray with coaly fragments and light-gray clay streaks,Middle Kittanning...... U 0 Sandstone, green-gray, fine texture with much iron stain...... I4 0

NE 4' Sec. 3b from bridge over Raccoon Creek up hill to Tabor Church

Clay, blocky, bright, yellow-brown, gray-green and red...... 5 0 Sandstone, medium to coarse-grained, red with clay galls in the base...... 3b 0 110. Coal, soft, badly weathered...... Clay, light green-gray to dark-gray . ■ Sandstone, green-brown, fine to very fine-grained, lumpy with hollow limonite concretions »...... Sandstone, light yellow-gray, fine to medium texture...... Clay, light-gray...... Sandstone, yellow-gray, fine texture...... Clay, blocky, green-brown with sandy limonite concretions...... Clay, light-gray, Piedmont...... Clay, blocky, green-brown...... Sandstone, light green-yellow, fine to medium texture, thin-bedded ...... Shale, yellow-brown ...... Clay, light-gray, sandy, Upper Freeport.... Sandstone, light green-yellow, fine to medium texture, thin-bedded...... Shale, yellow-brown. i...... Clay, light-grgy, sandy Upper Freeport.... Clay, blocky yellow-brown, sandy, micaceous Sandstone, yellow-brown, very fine-grained. Shale, yellow-green with heavy limonite concretions nearthe base, top covered.... Siltstone, dark blue-green, very finely laminated, sandy near the top...... Shale, dark green-gray...... Shale, dark-gray, carbonaceous...... Coal, blocky with pyrite...... Clay, gray, hard, sandy with iron stains... Sandstone, fine-grained, green-grey, micaceous, very thinly bedded with hollow limonite concretions •...... Covered to bridge......

STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS FROM MORGAN TOWNSHIP

Along creek bed from SW \ Sec. 3U to top of hill in SW

Shale, red...... Limestone, sandy, dark brown-yellow to blue-gray, fossiliferous, Ames...... Sandstone, very fine-grained, light yellow thin-bedded...... Sandstone, very fine-grained, red, thinly bedded...... Ft. In. Sandstone, very fine-grained, light yellow, thinly bedded...... 2 0 0 Shale, silty, dark-red and purple-red with dark—red limestone nodules up to 2 inches in diameter, Ewing...... ° Clay, light-gray ° \ Clay, red, blocky...... ° Sandstone, very fine-grained, thinly bedded dark yellow-green, micaceous ° ~ Clay, red, blocky 0 I Limestone, dark gray-brown to yellow, sandy...... 0 h Clay, blocky, red and green-yellow. 7 o Clay, light-gray 0 2 Sandstone, light-green, soft...... 0 ° Sandstone, fine-grained, massive, calcareous light gray-green U 0 Sandstone, light yellow-brown, very fine grained, thin-bedded ...... 2 1 0 Limestone, blue-gray, fossiliferous, Cambridge..... 1 11 Coal, Wilgus 0 ® Sandstone, yellow-brown, fine-grained, thin, micaceous 21 0 Limestone, irregularly bedded, sandy, green, highly fossiliferous, Upper Brush Creek 2 0 Sandstone, dark gray-green, fine-textured, very thinly bedded...... ^ 0 0 Coal, sandy, Mason...... 0 1 Sandstone, light yellow-brown to blue-green, irregular, lumpy with rolls of hard brown sands tone 6 0 Sandstone, green-brown, irregular, thin-bedded, medium-textured 1 0 0 Sandstone, jointed, fine-grained, blue-gray to brown with abundant plant fossils 1 0 6 Coal, hard blocky, Mahoning...... 0 8 Clay, sandy, dark blue-gray, very irregular, jointed and with slickensides. U 6 Clay, irregular red, light-gray and light-yellow sandy 3 0 Clay, light-gray and red, lumpy 2 0 Sandstone, light yellow-green, lumpy with thin stringers of light-gray clay 2 8 Shale, blocky and laminated red •...... 1 6 Clay, light-gray with coal streak at top, Piedmont. 0 1 Clay, blocky red arid purple 12 0 Sandstone, yellow-green, fine-textured, micaceous.. 6 0

ll2 Starting at road, intersection on Porter Pike southward up hill along Morgan-Cheshire township line* e center Sec. 3 Ft. In, Sandstone, yellow-brown, fine to medium texture, friable .« • . 30 0 Clay, light-gray, Redstone...... 1 6 Sandstone, light green-yellow, fine-grained, micaceous, friable ...... 18 0 Clay, light-gray, Upper Pittsburgh...... 1 0 Sandstone, yellow-brown, fine-grained, friable, partly covered...... 23 0 Clay, light-gray and swampy area, Pittsburgh ?..... Trace Sandstone, yellow-brown, fine-grained, friable, partly covered...... U3 6 Clay, light-gray, Connellsville...... 0 2 Clay, blocky, red...... h 0 Sandstone, light green-gray, fine-textured, micaceous ...... 1 U 6 Clay, light-gray, Clarksburg...... 0 3 Shale, blocky, red...... h 0 Sandstone, light green-gray, fine-textured, micaceous...... 13 6 Shale, fissile, red...... 1 6 Clay, light-gray, Elk Lick...... 0 1 Clay, blocky light green-gray and yellow-brown...... 17 0 Clay, yellow-brown, plastic Duquesne ?...... 0 6 Clay, shale, varigate red, light gray, red-brown and green-yellow parts with scattered small limestone nodules in lower portion ho 0 Limestone , nodular, Cay sport...... 0 10 Clay, light gray-green...... 2 0 Sandstone, very fine-grained and siltstone thinly bedded...... 2 6 Sandstone, hard gray-green, calcareous, fine-grained, Ames ...... 1 6 Sandstone, very fine-grained, yellow-green, thinly bedded...... 13 6 Covered to road intersection...... 10 0

STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS FROM OHIO TOWNSHIP

Road cut along Ohio ? in SE \ Sec. 2

Sandstone, massive, fine-grained, yellow-green micaceous...... 10 0 113. Ft. In. Sandstone, dark-gray and green-gray very fine-grained with occasional ferruginous limestone nodules...... ” 0 Shale, silty, thin-bedded, dark blue-gray with dark-brown calcareous bands ® 0 Clay, light-gray with thin carbonaceous bands and plant fragments 2 0 Coal, blocky bright upper portion dull laminated ...... I 2 Coal, bony, hard 0 8 Coal, blocky, cleated, thin—bedded, Redstone 1 11 Clay, sandy, cross-bedded, light-gray.. 0 9 Shale, fissile sandy, dark blue-gray with limestone concretions 6 6 Limestone nodules, dark blue carrying resinous almost black calcite veins Redstone Limestone.. 1 6 Clay, blocky, medium-gray and yellow-brown 3 6 Sandstone, thin-bedded blue-gray, micaceous, medium texture with thin beds of dark-gray shale.. 9 0 Shale, dark-gray, silty with scattered ironstone nodules 1 0 0 Covered U 0 Sandstone, fine-text\^re, dark blue-gray, micaceous.. 2 6 Semi-flint clay, dark-red and dark-gray with limestone nodules and calcite vein filling Upper Pittsburgh Limestone 6 6 Semi-flint clay, dark-red and dark-gray with occasional sandstone lenses 1 1 0 Sandstone, dark blue-gray, very fine-grained 2 0 Shale, da±*k green-gray, Upper Little Pittsburgh ?... 1 0 Siltstone and clay, blocky dark green-gray and red.. U 0 Covered... J4 0 Sandstone, very fine-grained and siltstone, yellow-brown with ferruginous limestone nodules up to 2 inches in diameter, Summerfield limestone. 1|. 0 Sandstone, thin slabby blue-gray, fine to medium texture, micaceous, weathers yellow-brown Ij. 6

STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS FROM PERRY TOWNSHIP

\ Sec. 17 from valley of Wolf Run northward up hill past Nebo Church

Sandstone and siltstone, yellow-brown, very fine grained, thinly bedded with dark brown limestone nodules in middle portion, Bloomfield...... U5 0 11U. Ft. In. Limestone, dark-gray, massive, Cambridge...... 1 6 Shale, ed-brown...... ~ Sandstone, dirty-brown, highly calcareous...... 0 o Sandstone, yellow-brown, fine-grained...... 5 0 Limestone, dark red-gray, sandy, fossiliferous, Upper Brush Creek. 3 6 Shale, sandy very dark yellow-brown and green-yellow hS 6 Coal...... 0 2 Shale, dark-gray...... 0 2 Coal, Mason. 0 3-0 Coal and dark-gray clay mixed ...... 0 11 Clay, light-gray, sandy 0 1° Sandstone, green-gray to dark yellow-brown very fine-grained, iron-stained...... 1 6 Sandstone, medium-textured, highly friable, micaceous, cross-bedded 27 6 Shale and very fine-grained sandstone, yellow- brown...... o Sandstons, green-yellow and rusty brown, highly calcareous, nodular. 0 6 Siltstone and very fine-grained sandstone, green-brown, thinly laminated...... 6 0 Clay, light-gray, sandy, Piedmont 2 0 Sandstone, very fine-grained, silty, dark—yellow brown, very thin—bedded 20 0

Along Ohio llj.1 from valley of Syrames Creek up Gage Hill E. •§■, Sec. 28

Siltstone and medium-textured yellow-brown sandstone 10 0 Shale, red with green-gray, fossiliferous limestone nodules, Portersville...... 19 0 Shale, green-gray silty upper part sandy..... 9 0 Siltstone, dark blue-gray, thinly bedded..... 3 0 Shale, silty, dark blue-gray, weathers yellow—brown...... 5 6 Limestone, dark blue-gray, cherty, fossiliferous, Cambridge...... 3 2 Shale, yellow-brown, sandy...... 10 6 Sandstone, massive, medium to coarse-grained, yellow-brown, micaceous...... 6 0 0 Sandstone, friable, light-yellow, mostly covered.... 6 0

STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS FROM RACCOON TOWNSHIP

NW ^ Sec. 16 from cross-road in valley of Indian Creek up hill to northeast to road fork at top of hill. 115. Ft. In. Sandstone, very friable, fine-grained, micaceous, yellow-brown...... 20 0 Clay, light-gray, Mason...... Trace Clay, red blocky and light-green...... 10 0 Sandstone, light yellow-brown, fine-grained, micaceous, thinly bedded...... 21 6 Clay, light-gray, Mahoning...... Trace Clay, blocky, red and yellow-brown...... 10 0 Sandstone, medium-textured, friable, pale yellow-brown, finer textured, harder ne a.r top ...... 16 0 Clay, light-gray with fine carbonaceous shale bands, Piedmont...... 0 a Clay, red, blocky...... U 6 Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-brown thin-bedded ...... 25 0 Coal, powdery, Upper Freeport...... 0 2 Clay, yellow-gray, red and red-gray, sandy..... 3 6 Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-brown very thin-bedded, top hard ...... 7 0 Clay, dark green-gray, silty...... 1 3 Shale, fissile dark-brown to dark-red...... 1 0 Clay, yellow-green-brown, lumpy...... 3 0 Clay, blocky, yellow-green with brown nodules... 2 0 Sandstone, green-yellow, fine-grained, thin- bedded to lumpy...... 5 0 Shale, silty, light yellow-brown...... 10 0 Clay, blocky, yellow, green and dark-gray Bolivar...... a 0 Sandstone, fine to medium texture, light yellow-green, micaceous...... 8 6 Shale, sandy light yellow-brown and light-gray...... 3 0 Coal, powdery, Lower Freeport...... 0 6 Clay, light-blue...... 2 6 Clay, sandy, blocky, iron-stained, green-gray and yellow...... 2 6 Limestone, sandy nodular, ferruginous, Lower Freeport Limestone ...... 2 0 Sandstone, fine to very fine-grained, micaceous, green-gray...... 12 0 Clay, blocky yellow-brown and dark-gray...... 2 0 Clay, light-gray, Middle Kittanning...... Trace Clay, blocky, sandy, yellow...... a 0 Sandstone, dirty green-gray, fine-grained, calcareous...... 0 8 Sandstone, hard lun£>y, fine to very fine grained...... 3 6 Covered to cross-road...... 10 0

1 1 6 . Along road in NW \ 3 Sec. 32 up hill to cross-road at center of section. Ft. In. Siltstone, yellow-brown...... 9 0 Shale, red with scattered small limestone nodules and a few large nodules, Bloomfield 5 0 Siltstone, yellow-brown 30 0 Limestone, gray, sandy, fossiliferous, Cambridge.... 0 10 Siltstone, red and gray, poorly exposed 13 6 Sandstone, hard, gray calcareous, yellow-brown Upper Brush Creek...... 1 0 Sandstone, soft friable, medium textured, highly micaceous, yellow-brown,cross-laminated... 37 0 Siltstone, dark-gray green, iron-stained,. 13 6 Siltstone, sandy, yellow-brown 2.5 0 Clay, very light-gray, Masoning...... 2 0 Clay, blocky red, and dark-brown...... 12 6 Sandstone, fine-grained, thin-bedded, light yellow-brown, micaceous...... 10 0

Section up stream gulley SW ^ Sec. 35

Sandstone, very fine-grained, yellow-brown, silty... 20 0 Limestone, dark-gray, fossiliferous...... 2 0 Shale, red, blocky and light green-gray...... 17 6 Covered 3 0 Limestone, dark-gray, laminated, Upper Brush Creek.. 1 8 Sandstone, fine-grained, green, yellow-brown, micaceous, thin-bedded...... 3k 0 Clay, light-gray, Brush Creek...... Trace Sandstone, fine-grained, green-yellow, micaceous 19 0 Sandstone, yellow-brown, very fine-grained.... 6 0 Shale, hard, carbonaceous, Mahoning 2 0 Clay, light-gray 2 0 Sandstone, yellow-brown, friable, medium-textured with hollow limonite concretions, base conglomeratic with pebbles up to 2 inches in diameter...... 76 0 Clay, dark-green, blocky with iron stain, Bolivar... 1 6 Sandstone, blue-gray, fine-grained with dark- brown limestone, nodules...... 2 6 STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS FROM SPRINGFIELD TOWNSHIP

From gulley in SE \ Sec. 10 to church at top of Prospect Hill. Ft. In. Sandstone, friable, micaceous, medium:-textured cross-bedded. 20 0 Clay, light-gray, Redstone...... Trace Sandstone, very fine-grained, light-brown micaceous with scattered ironstone nodules...... 1U 6 Clay, light-gray Upper Pittsburgh...... Trace Sandstone, very fine-grained, light-brown, micaceous alternating with medium—textured brown sandstone...... » 18 0 Sandstone, fine-grained, green-yellow, lumpy with clay and coal streak at top...... 1 0 Sandstone, gray-yellow, very fine-grained, with coal streaks• Pittsburgh...... 5 0 Clay, light-gray with thin ferruginour bands 0 1 Coal in thin bands with thin clay and ferruginous bands...... 0 8 Clay, light-gray red and yellow 11 6 Sandstone, yellow-brown, fine to medium texture.... 3 0 Clay, light-gray and coal fragments, Upper Little Pittsburgh...... 0 15 Clay, green to dark-gray, very sandy with lumpy brown limestone nodular bed near the bottom 8 0 Sandstone, light-gray to yellow, fine-grained micaceous, cross-bedded sandstone...... 3 0 Clay, light-gray, Lower Little Pittsburgh 0 1 Clay, red, blocky, sandy 3 6 Sandstone, fine-grained, green-brown, limestone nodular bed, Summerfield...... 1 6 Sandstone, dark green-gray, fine-textured, micaceous, hard, thin-bedded...... 2 6 Sandstone, yellow, fine to very fine-grained, thin-bedded, bottom gray-green and red. 13 0 Limestone, dark-gray, nodular breccia ...... 0 8 Clay, blocky red, yellow and purple with ironstone and limestone nodules.. 27 O Clay, light-gray 0 2 Limestone breccia, nodular, sandy along ? outcrop, Clarksburg...... 1 0 Sandstone, light-gray, hard, calcareous, fine-grained . . 2 0 Clay, green-gray and red, sandy, micaceous.. 3 0 Sandstone, light-gray, hard calcareous, f ine-textured...... 1 O

118. Ft. In. Sandstone, fine-textured, yellow-green micaceous, thin-bedded...... 1 6 Clay, dark red and green-gray, sandy, blocky...... 17 0

Westward up hill from cross-roads, E center Sec. 9

Clay, red and green-gray, sandy, blocky with many small limestone nodules...... 10 0 Sandstone, yellow-green, thin-bedded, fine-textured ...... U 0 Sandstone, gray-green, fine-grained, highly calcareous, micaceous...... l 6 Clay, very dark-red to purple, sandy with many deep red limestone nodules in middle portion, Gaysport...... 6 0 Clay, dark-red to pale-yellow, blocky, sandy.... h 0 Limestone, very irregular almost nodular, light gray-green, fine-textured, sandy Ames.... 0 6 Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-brown, thin-bedded...... 22 0 Limestone, nodular, sandy, Ewing...... 0 6 Clay, light-gray, yellow and red, sandy, blocky.. 23 0 Limestone, nodular, Portersville...... 0 h Sandstone, fine-textured, blocky irregular, green-yellow...... 5 0 Clay, yellow and yellow-brown, sandy...... 0 h Clay, light-gray, Anderson...... 0 l Clay, pink to gray, blocky, sandy, bottom covered...... 9 0

STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS FROM WALNUT TOWNSHIP

From valley of Symmes Creek westward up hill in N. part of sections 5 and 6.

Shale, red..... 7 0 Limestone, nodular: breccia in red shale, KLoomfield...... £ 0 Clay, light—gray...... Trace Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-brown, thinly laminated...... 17 O Shale, fissile, red and brown...... 9 6 Limestone, dark blue-gray, Cambridge...... 1 6 Clay, light blue-gray, blocky 1 6 119. Ft. In. Clay, dark yellow-brown, blocky with , _ calcareous ironstone nodules ...... 5 Sandstone, fine-grained, finely laminated brown—yellow, medium to coarse-grained...... 59 Coal, blocky, Mason...... 0 3 Shale, carbonaceous...... O 10 Clay, gray, blocky...... *...... 0 3 Clay, gray, yellow-brown and red blocky with occasional ferruginous limestone nodules.•• 10 Clay, light-gray...... Trace Sandstone, slabby, cross-bedded, yellow-brown fine-grained, micaceous ...... 16 Sandstone, medium to coarse-grained, massive light yellow-gray, micaceous...... 17 6 Coal, thin papery streak...... 0 1 Clay, blocky, yellow-brown, dark-purple red and gray-green...... b 6 Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-green, irregularly bedded' with iron stain and ironstone nodules in the upper portion.. 3 6 Sandstone, very fine to fine-grained, light yellow-brown, blocky, thin-bedded, iron-stained...... 22 0 Clay, light-gray, Upper Freeport...... 0 3 day, yellow-brown to red, blocky 1 0

Along road from SW \ Sec. 3 to NW Sec. 10

Sandstone, light gray-green to yellow, fine- textured, cross-bedded...... 35 0 Clay, red and gray-green, sandy, blocky,...... 5 0 Limestone, poorly exposed, Skelly...... Trace Sandstone, yellow, medium-textured, friable 17 6 Clay, mostly red but some light-gray and gray-green, blocky, sandy with many small 4 to 3 inch limestone nodules, Qaysport...... lit 0 Sandstone, very fine-grained, yellow-green, thin-bedded 3 6 Sandstone, light yellow-green, fine-grained, thin-bedded...... 8 0 Clay, light-gray 2 6 Clay, blocky red, green and gray with scattered calcareous nodules...... 20 6 Coal, Barton...... 0 1 Sandstone, green-yellow, fine-grained...... 1 6 Sandstone, calcareous, fine-grained, massive, gray-green, Ewing...... 1 o Sandstone, dark gray-green, fine-grained, lumpy... 2 6 Sandstone, light yellow-green, very fine-grained thin-bedded ...... 15 0 120 Ft. In. Limestone, nodular, Portersville...... 0 8 Shale, dirty gray-brown to purple with large limestone nodules 3 0 Sandstone, light green-yellow, thin-bedded very fine-grained sandstone with sandy limonite nodules 2 0 Clay, dark-gray...... 0 1 Clay shale, dark-gray...... 1 6 Clay, dark-gray green, slightly sandy breaking up into big blocks...... 18 0 Clay, sandy, lumpy clay, yellow-brown, green and red with limestone nodules iron-stained 16 0 Limestone, nodular, Cambridge...... 1 0 Sandstone yellow-green, fine-grained, calcareous near the top...... U 6 Sandstone, thin, cross-bedded, yellow-brown f ine-textured...... ;...... 16 0 Sandstone, medium to coarse-grained dark yellow-brown, massive, cross-bedded...... 9 6

121. Plate No. 1.

All figures X 1

Figure 1. Chonetes granulifers var armatus Girty a. Ventral view b. Ventral interior c. Dorsal interior

Figure 2. Ghonetina flemingi (Norwood and Pratten) a. Ventral view b. Ventral interior

Figure 3. Composita subtilita ( Hall) a. Ventral view b. Anterior view

Figure iu Derbya crassa (Meek and Hayden) a. Ventral view b . Ventral interior

Figure 0. Neospirifer latus (Dunbar and Condra) a. Internal mold b. Detail of ventral fragment

Figure 6. Weathered Cambridge limestone surface, showing individual limestone fragments that are cemented by calcite to make up the rock.

Figure 7. Dictyoclostus portlockianus var crassicostatus (Dunbar and a. View of the beak and umbonal area Gondra) b . Ventral view

Figure 8. Aviculopinna sp.

Figure 9. Section of drill core through blocky clay material showing impression of Stigmaria.

Figure 10. Section of drill core in silty material showing slump structure. 9 Plate No- ( 123. Plate No. 2.

All sections X 60

Figure 1 Fine-grained sandstone, showing nature of matrix. Crossed nicols.

Figure 2 Seme view as figure 1. without crossed nicols, showing shape and alignment of quartz fragments.

Figure 3 Microcline, showing clear unaltered edges. Crossed nicols

Figure U Quartz fragments cemented by calcite. Plagioclase in lower right showing clear unaltered edges. Crossed nicols

Figure £ Cambridge limestone showing very fine texture and numerous fossil fragments.

Figure 6 Cambridge limestone, showing fine-textured limestone cemented by interstitial calcite.

Figure 7 Swing limestone, composed of Spirorbis remains filled and cemented by calcite.

Figure 8 Quartz pebbles from transported Pittsburgh coal. 1111j1111111111111[11111111it111 ijin11 I INCHES 1 11 1 2 8. Plote No. AUTOBIOGRAPHY

I, Oliver Duncan Blake, was born in Gloucester, Massachu-

setts, July 28, 1910, I received my secondary school education in

the city of St. Louis, Missouri and in Washington, Connecticut,

My undergraduate training was obtained at Antioch College from which

I received the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1939. I received graduate training in geology at the University of Ytfyoming during the years 1938-39 and at Columbia University during the years 19UO-U2.

After service in the United States Navy during World War II, I was appointed instructor in geology at Marietta College whe re I remained during the years 19U6-U8, During the year 19h9 I held a position as visiting lecturer at Wooster College and in 1950-51

I was an instructor at Ohio State University. I am now assistant professor of geology at the Montana School of Mines.