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Geochemistry of the Cambrian-Ordovician Aquifer System in the Northern Midwest, United States

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Geochemistry of the Cambrian-Ordovician Aquifer System in the Northern Midwest, United States GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE CAMBRIAN-ORDOVICIAN AQUIFER SYSTEM IN THE NORTHERN MIDWEST, UNITED STATES U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 14SD5-D AVAILABILITY OF BOOKS AND MAPS OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Instructions on ordering publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, along with prices of the last offerings, are given in the cur­ rent-year issues of the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey." Prices of available U.S. Geological Sur­ vey publications released prior to the current year are listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" Publications that are listed in various U.S. Geological Survey catalogs (see back inside cover) but not listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" are no longer available. Prices of reports released to the open files are given in the listing "U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Reports," updated month­ ly, which is for sale in microfiche from the U.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open-File Reports Section, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225. Reports released through the NTIS may be obtained by writing to the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161; please include NTIS report number with inquiry. Order U.S. Geological Survey publications by mail or over the counter from the offices given below. BY MAIL B , OVER THE COUNTER Books Books Professional Papers, Bulletins, Water-Supply Papers, Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Circulars, publications of general in- Books of the U.S. Geological Survey are available over the terest (such as leaflets, pamphlets, booklets), single copies of Earthquakes counter at the following Geological Survey Public Inquiries Offices, all & Volcanoes, Preliminary Determination of Epicenters, and some mis- of which are authorized agents of the Superintendent of Documents: cellaneous reports, including some of the foregoing series that have gone out of print at the Superintendent of Documents, are obtainable by mail from WASHINGTON, D.C.-Main Interior Bldg., 2600 corridor, 18th and CSts.,NW. U.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open-File Reports DENVER, Colorado-Federal Bldg., Rm. 169,1961 Stout St. Federal Center, Box 25425 LOS ANGELES, California-Federal Bldg., Rm. 7638,300 N. Denver, CO 80225 Los Angeles St. MENLO PARK, California-Bldg. 3 (Stop 533), Rm. 3128, Subscriptions to periodicals (Earthquakes & Volcanoes and 345 Middlefield Rd. Preliminary Determination of Epicenters) can be obtained ONLY from RESTON, Virginia-503 National Center, Rm. 1C402,12201 the Sunrise Valley Dr. SALT LAKE CITY, Utah-Federal Bldg., Rm. 8105,125 Superintendent of Documents South State St. Government Printing Office SAN FRANCISCO, California-Customhouse, Rm. 504,555 Washington, D.C. 20402 Battery St. SPOKANE, Washlngton~U.S. Courthouse, Rm. 678, West (Check or money order must be payable to Superintendent of Docu- 920 Riverside Ave.. ments.) ANCHORAGE, Alaska-Rm. 101,4230 University Dr. ANCHORAGE, Alaska-Federal Bldg, Rm. E-146,701 C St. Maps For maps, address mail orders to U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution Maps Federal Center, Box 25286 Maps may ^ purchased over the counter at the U.S. Geologi- Denver, CO 80225 caj Sm^gy offices where books are sold (all addresses in above list) and at the following Geological Survey offices: Residents of Alaska may order maps from ROLLA, Missouri-1400 Independence Rd. Alaska Distribution Section, U.S. Geological Survey, . DENVER, Colorado-Map Distribution, Bldg. 810, Federal New Federal Building-Box 12 Center 101 Twelfth Ave., Fairbanks, AK 99701 . FAIRBANKS, Alaska-New Federal Bldg., 101 Twelfth Ave. Geochemistry of the Cambrian Ordovician Aquifer System in the Northern Midwest, United States By D.I. SIEGEL REGIONAL AQUIFER-SYSTEM ANALYSIS- NORTHERN MIDWEST AQUIFER SYSTEM U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1405-D UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON: 1989 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MANUEL LUJAN, JR., Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Siegel, Donald I. Geochemistry of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the Northern Midwest, United States. (U.S. Geological Survey professional paper; 1405-D Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs, no.: I 19.16:1405-D 1. Water Composition Middle West. 2. Geochemistry Middle West. 3. Aquifers Middle West. 4. Geology, Stratigraphic Cambrian. 5. Geology, Stratigraphic Ordovician. 6. Geology Middle West. I. Title. II Series. GB857.2.M53S54 1989 557.3s 87-6Q0044 [553.7'9'0977] For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225 FOREWORD THE REGIONAL AQUIFER-SYSTEM ANALYSIS PROGRAM The Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) Program was started in 1978 following a congressional mandate to develop quantitative appraisals of the major ground-water systems of the United States. The RASA Program represents a systematic effort to study a number of the Nation's most important aquifer systems, which in aggregate underlie much of the country and which represent an important component of the Nation's total water supply. In general, the boundaries of these studies are identified by the hydrologic extent of each system and accordingly transcend the political subdivisions to which investigations have often arbitrarily been limited in the past. The broad objective for each study is to assemble geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical information, to analyze and develop an understanding of the system, and to develop predictive capabilities that will contribute to the effective management of the system. The use of computer simulation is an important element of the RASA studies, both to develop an understanding of the natural, undisturbed hydrologic system and the changes brought about in it by human activities, and to provide a means of predicting the regional effects of future pumping or other stresses. The final interpretive results of the RASA Program are presented in a series of U.S. Geological Survey Professional Papers that describe the geology, hydrology, and geochemistry of each regional aquifer system. Each study within the RASA Program is assigned a single Professional Paper number, and where the volume of interpretive material warrants, separate topical chapters that consider the principal elements of the investigation may be published. The series of RASA interpretive reports begins with Professional Paper 1400 and thereafter will continue in numerical sequence as the interpre­ tive products of subsequent studies become available. Dallas L. Peck Director in CONTENTS Page Foreword -----------------------.-------. III Geochemistry Continued Abstract ----------------.-.---.--------. Dl Geochemical processes Continued Introduction ---------------------------- 1 Calcium-sodium-sulfate-bicarbonate water type ---- D17 Purpose and scope --------------------- 2 Sodium-mixed anion water type ------------ 21 Acknowledgments --------------------- 2 Trace and minor constituents ----------------- 23 Hydrogeologic setting ---------------------. 2 Isotopic composition of water and Pleistoeene Geochemistry ---------------------------- 7 recharge model ------------------------- 42 Methods of investigation ----------------- 7 Hypothetical geochemical models ----------------- 50 Dissolved solids -----------------------. 10 Summary and conclusions ----------------------- 53 Chemical classification ------------------- 10 Selected references ---------------------------- 56 Geochemical processes ------------------- 15 Chemical and isotopic analyses of ground water sampled Calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate water type 15 during the study ---------------------------- 61 ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES 1, 2. Maps showing: 1. Location and general features of the Northern Midwest Regional Aquifer-System Analysis area --------- D3 2. General bedrock geology of the northern Midwest -------------------------------------------- 4 3. Geologic section from Missouri to Wisconsin ---------------------------------------------------- 5 4-9. Maps showing: 4. Simulated predevelopment discharge areas for aquifer layers 1, 2, and 3 --------------------------- 8 5. Approximate predevelopment potentiometric surface for aquifer layer 3 --------------------------- 9 6. Location of wells with water-quality analyses and location of geochemical sections A-A' and B-B' -------- n 7. Dissolved-solids distribution in aquifer layers 1 and 3 ----------------------------------------- 12 8. Hydrochemcial facies of ground water in aquifer layer 5 --------------------------------------- 13 9. Hydrochemical facies of ground water in aquifer layers 1 and 3 ---------------------------------- 14 10. Diagram showing correlation of calcium plus magnesium and bicarbonate in ground water from the Ca-Mg-HCO3 facies in aquifer layers 1, 3, and 5 in the northern outcrop area of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system - - - - 16 11,12. Maps showing saturation indices for 11. Calcite and dolomite in water from selected wells in aquifer layer 3 in Iowa and northeastern Missouri - - - - 17 12. Gypsum in water from selected wells in aquifer layer 3 in Iowa and northeastern Missouri ------------- 19 13,14. Maps showing: 13. Sulfate distribution in aquifer layers 1 and 3 and sulfur isotopic composition in sulfate in water from selected wells in aquifer layer 3 and aquifer layer 5
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