NOTES: 12-1 DNA (History, Identifying the Substance of Genes)
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DNA: the Timeline and Evidence of Discovery
1/19/2017 DNA: The Timeline and Evidence of Discovery Interactive Click and Learn (Ann Brokaw Rocky River High School) Introduction For almost a century, many scientists paved the way to the ultimate discovery of DNA and its double helix structure. Without the work of these pioneering scientists, Watson and Crick may never have made their ground-breaking double helix model, published in 1953. The knowledge of how genetic material is stored and copied in this molecule gave rise to a new way of looking at and manipulating biological processes, called molecular biology. The breakthrough changed the face of biology and our lives forever. Watch The Double Helix short film (approximately 15 minutes) – hyperlinked here. 1 1/19/2017 1865 The Garden Pea 1865 The Garden Pea In 1865, Gregor Mendel established the foundation of genetics by unraveling the basic principles of heredity, though his work would not be recognized as “revolutionary” until after his death. By studying the common garden pea plant, Mendel demonstrated the inheritance of “discrete units” and introduced the idea that the inheritance of these units from generation to generation follows particular patterns. These patterns are now referred to as the “Laws of Mendelian Inheritance.” 2 1/19/2017 1869 The Isolation of “Nuclein” 1869 Isolated Nuclein Friedrich Miescher, a Swiss researcher, noticed an unknown precipitate in his work with white blood cells. Upon isolating the material, he noted that it resisted protein-digesting enzymes. Why is it important that the material was not digested by the enzymes? Further work led him to the discovery that the substance contained carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and large amounts of phosphorus with no sulfur. -
Frederick Griffith and Transformation
Balderdash Example Griffith’s Transformation Experiment Ever since Edward Jenner invented the first vaccine in 1796 scientists have been working to vaccinate the world against all known diseases. Frederick Griffith wanted to save the world from pneumonia, a disease that was killing off much of Europe during the 1920’s. He didn’t build the pneumonia vaccine, but he did accidentally discover one of the most important concepts in bacterial survivability: Griffith discovered the principle of bacterial transformation. (In other words, why bacteria can fight off antibiotics) Griffith’s Transformation Experiment In 1928, Frederick Griffith was working with mice and two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae One strain was “rough” in appearance and non-virulent, meaning that it wasn’t strong enough to hurt it’s host One strain was “smooth” in appearance and virulent. It was deadly to anyone who contracted the strain. The smooth strain looked smooth because it lacked a special protein coat that was rough in appearance and acted as a beacon summoning the mice’s immune systems. When injected with the rough (non-virulent) strain, mice lived When injected with the smooth (virulent) strain, mice died. Both as expected. Griffith’s Transformation Experiment Next, Griffith boiled the deadly, smooth strand of bacteria to kill it. He then injected mice with the deadly but boiled strand. Once again, as expected, the mice still lived. Finally, he injected the mice with BOILED smooth strands and LIVING rough strands The smooth strands are normally deadly, but Griffith had boiled them so they were not dangerous anymore. The rough strands were never deadly even when they were alive. -
Lesson Overview to Answer That Question, the First Thing You Need to 12.1 Identifying the Know Is What Genes Are Made Of
THINK ABOUT IT How do genes work? Lesson Overview To answer that question, the first thing you need to 12.1 Identifying the know is what genes are made of. Substance of Genes How would you go about figuring out what molecule or molecules go into making a gene? Griffith’s Experiments Bacterial Transformation Griffith isolated two different strains of the same bacterial The discovery of the chemical nature of the gene began in 1928 species. with British scientist Frederick Griffith, who was trying to figure Both strains grew very well in culture plates in Griffith’s lab, but out how certain types of bacteria produce pneumonia. only one of the strains caused pneumonia. The disease-causing bacteria (S strain) grew into smooth colonies on culture plates, whereas the harmless bacteria (R strain) produced colonies with rough edges. Griffith’s Experiments Griffith’s Experiments When Griffith injected mice with disease-causing bacteria, First, Griffith took a culture of the S strain, heated the cells the mice developed pneumonia and died. to kill them, and then injected the heat-killed bacteria into When he injected mice with harmless bacteria, the mice laboratory mice. stayed healthy. The mice survived, suggesting that the cause of pneumonia Perhaps the S-strain bacteria produced a toxin that made was not a toxin from these disease-causing bacteria. the mice sick? To find out, Griffith ran a series of experiments. Griffith’s Experiments Griffith’s Experiments In Griffith’s next experiment, he mixed the heat-killed, The lungs of these mice were filled with the disease-causing S-strain bacteria with live, harmless bacteria from the R bacteria. -
Managing Science: Methodology and Organization of Research
Innovation, Technology, and Knowledge Management Series Editor Elias G. Carayannis, George Washington University, Washington D.C., USA For other titles published in this series, go to www.springer.com/series/8124 wwwwwwwww Frederick Betz Managing Science Methodology and Organization of Research Frederick Betz Department of Engineering and Technology Portland State University Portland, OR USA [email protected] ISBN 978-1-4419-7487-7 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-7488-4 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7488-4 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) For Nancy, my dear wife who has been with me on this journey through life, while also being a marvelously insightful editor. wwwwwwwww Series Foreword The Springer Book Series on Innovation, Technology, and Knowledge Management was launched in March 2008 as a forum and intellectual, scholarly “podium” for global/local (gloCal), transdisciplinary, trans-sectoral, public–private, leading/“bleeding”-edge ideas, theories, and perspectives on these topics. -
Discovery of the Secrets of Life Timeline
Discovery of the Secrets of Life Timeline: A Chronological Selection of Discoveries, Publications and Historical Notes Pertaining to the Development of Molecular Biology. Copyright 2010 Jeremy M. Norman. Date Discovery or Publication References Crystals of plant and animal products do not typically occur naturally. F. Lesk, Protein L. Hünefeld accidentally observes the first protein crystals— those of Structure, 36;Tanford 1840 hemoglobin—in a sample of dried menstrual blood pressed between glass & Reynolds, Nature’s plates. Hunefeld, Der Chemismus in der thierischen Organisation, Robots, 22.; Judson, Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1840, 158-63. 489 In his dissertation Louis Pasteur begins a series of “investigations into the relation between optical activity, crystalline structure, and chemical composition in organic compounds, particularly tartaric and paratartaric acids. This work focused attention on the relationship between optical activity and life, and provided much inspiration and several of the most 1847 HFN 1652; Lesk 36 important techniques for an entirely new approach to the study of chemical structure and composition. In essence, Pasteur opened the way to a consideration of the disposition of atoms in space.” (DSB) Pasteur, Thèses de Physique et de Chimie, Presentées à la Faculté des Sciences de Paris. Paris: Bachelier, 1847. Otto Funcke (1828-1879) publishes illustrations of crystalline 1853 hemoglobin of horse, humans and other species in his Atlas der G-M 684 physiologischen Chemie, Leizpig: W. Englemann, 1853. Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace publish the first exposition of the theory of natural selection. Darwin and Wallace, “On the Tendency of 1858 Species to Form Varieties, and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and G-M 219 Species by Natural Means of Selection,” J. -
Name: DNA History Webquest I. Friedrich (Fritz) Miescher
Name: ____________________________________ DNA History Webquest! I. Friedrich (Fritz) Miescher http://www.dnaftb.org/15/bio.html Find Miescher on the timeline and click on the bucket with the Red Cross to watch the animation. In 1869, he extracted a substance from white blood cells that he called nuclein. What do you think he was actually extracting? II. Frederick Griffith http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith's_experiment http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Transformation_Experiment.html Griffith’s Experiment – The following questions pertain to Griffith’s experiment: 1. What organism(s) did Griffith use in his experiment? _________________________ 2. What are the two strains of pneumococcus and the distinguishing characteristics of each? Strain Distinguishing Characteristics 3. How did Griffith determine which strain caused disease? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 4. In one experiment, Griffith injected heat-killed S strain bacteria into the mice. a. What was he trying to determine by conducting this experiment? _________________________________________________________________ b. What were the results of this experiment? _________________________________________________________________ c. What conclusion did he reach based on these results? _________________________________________________________________ 5. In another experiment, Griffith mixed heat-killed S strain with live R strain bacteria and injected the mixture into -
Oswald Avery and the Sugar-Coated Microbe: [Dr
Rockefeller University Digital Commons @ RU Rockefeller University Research Profiles Campus Publications Spring 1988 Oswald Avery and the Sugar-Coated Microbe: [Dr. Oswald T. Avery] Fulvio Bardossi Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.rockefeller.edu/research_profiles Part of the Life Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Bardossi, Fulvio, "Oswald Avery and the Sugar-Coated Microbe: [Dr. Oswald T. Avery]" (1988). Rockefeller University Research Profiles. Book 28. http://digitalcommons.rockefeller.edu/research_profiles/28 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Campus Publications at Digital Commons @ RU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Rockefeller University Research Profiles by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ RU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY RESEARCH PROFILES SPRING 1988 Oswald Avery and the Sugar-coated Microbe When, in 1910, Director Rufus Cole and his small staff of It was a time when infectious diseases commanded major scientists at the newly opened hospital ofThe Rockefeller Insti medical attention, and microbiology grew in glamour as it tute for Medical Research picked their first targets for study, promised to track down and control the germs that caused the list included poliomyelitis, syphilis, heart disease, and them. The Rockefeller Institute was lobar pneumonia. Dr. Cole chose lobar pneumonia, the greatest established in 1901, and its hospital killer ofall, as his special problem. At the time, medicine had nine years later, to be the standard Oswald T Avery, 1877-1955 no specific weapon with which to fight this "captain of the bearers of medical science in men ofdeath," as it was called. -
Clinical Microbiology Made Ridiculously Simple Medmaster CHAPTER 2
Peface A well-developed knowledge of clinical microbiology is 4) Create a conceptual, organized approach to the or- critical for the practicing physician in any medical field. ganisms studied so the student relies less on memory Bacteria, viruses, and protozoans have no respect for and more on logical pathophysiology. the distinction between ophthalmology, pediatrics, The text has been updated to include current infor- trauma surgery, or geriatric medicine. As a physician mation on rapidly developing topics, such as HIV and you will be faced daily with the concepts of microbial AIDS (vaccine efforts and all the new anti-HIV medica- disease and antimicrobial therapy. Microbiology is one tions), Ebola virus, Hantavirus, E. coli outbreaks, Mad of the few courses where much of the "minutia" is regu- larly used by the practicing physician. Cow Disease, and brand-new antimicrobial antibiotics. This book attempts to facilitate the learning of mi- The mnemonics and cartoons in this book do not in- tend disrespect for any particular patient population or crobiology by presenting the information in a clear and entertaining manner brimming with memory aids. racial or ethnic group but are solely presented as mem- Our approach has been to: ory devices to assist in the learning of a complex and im- portant medical subject. 1) Write in a conversational style for rapid assimi- We welcome suggestions for future editions. lation. 2) Include numerous figures serving as "visual mem- MARK GLADWIN, MD ory tools" and summary charts at the end of each chap- BILL TRATTLER, MD ter. These can be used for "cram sessions" after the concepts have been studied in the text. -
Isolating Hereditary Material: Frederick Griffith, Oswald Avery, Alfred Hershey, and Martha Chase By: Clare O'connor, Ph.D
01/08/2018 Isolating the Hereditary Material | Learn Science at Scitable NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION | Lead Editor: Bob Moss Isolating Hereditary Material: Frederick Griffith, Oswald Avery, Alfred Hershey, and Martha Chase By: Clare O'Connor, Ph.D. (Biology Department, Boston College) © 2008 Nature Education Citation: O'Connor, C. (2008) Isolating hereditary material: Frederick Griffith, Oswald Avery, Alfred Hershey, and Martha Chase. Nature Education 1(1):105 How did scientists determine that DNA is the hereditary material? Groundbreaking experiments by Griffith, Avery, Hershey, and Chase disproved the notion that proteins were genetic material. Aa Aa Aa In the first half of the twentieth century, Gregor Mendel's principles of genetic inheritance became widely accepted, but the chemical nature of the hereditary material remained unknown. Scientists did know that genes were located on chromosomes and that chromosomes consisted of DNA and proteins. At the time, however, proteins seemed to be a better choice for the genetic material, because chemical analyses had shown that proteins are more varied than DNA in their chemical composition, as well as in their physical properties. Therefore, the eventual identification of DNA as the hereditary material came as a surprise to scientists. This breakthrough resulted from a series of experiments with bacteria and bacteriophages, or viruses that infect bacteria. Together, these experiments demonstrated that DNA was transferred between generations and that this molecule had the ability to transform the properties of a cell. Frederick Griffith Discovers Bacterial Transformation In the aftermath of the deadly 1918 flu epidemic, governments across the globe rushed to develop vaccines that could stop the spread of infectious diseases. -
Chapter 12 DNA &
DNA Structure & Function 1 Frederick Griffith and Transformation (1928) • Isolated two slightly different strains of pneumonia bacteria from mice • Only one of the strains caused pneumonia = smooth (S) colonies • Harmless strain = colonies with rough (R) edges • Used mice and discovered deadly bacteria could “transform” harmless bacteria 2 3 Transformation • Process: one strain of bacteria is changed into another strain of bacteria • Griffith hypothesized since ability to cause disease was inherited by transformed bacteria's offspring, the transforming factor might be a gene (genetic material) 4 Oswald Avery’s experiment (1944) 1. Made extract (juice) from heat killed bacteria 2. Used enzymes to destroy biomolecules & RNA 1. Transformation still occurred 3. Repeated experiment using DNA destroying enzyme 1. Transformation did NOT occur = DNA must be the genetic material Discovered nucleic acid DNA stores & transmits genetic info from one generation to the next 5 Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase Experiment (1952) • Used bacteriophages (“bacteria eater”) • Goal: find out which part of the phage (DNA or protein) produced new phages • Grew bacteriophages with radioactive markers – phosphorus-32 (32P) only in DNA – sulfur-35 (35S) only in Protein 6 7 DNA • Long molecule of units called nucleotides. • Nucleotides made of three basic components: • 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose) • a phosphate group • a nitrogenous base • 4 kinds of nitrogen bases found in DNA • adenine (A), guanine (G) = double ringed (purines) • cytosine (C), thymine (T) = single -
Pathogenesis of Streptococcus Pneumoniae
PPaatthhooggeenneessiiss ooff SSttrreeppttooccooccccuuss ppnneeuummoonniiaaee Lauren Joy McAllister, BSc (Mol. Biol.), BSc (Hons) A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Adelaide May, 2010 Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia This thesis is dedicated to my mother, and sisters Janine and Suzanne. Page | i Table of Contents Abstract ·············································································· x Declaration ········································································ xiii Acknowledgements ···························································· xiv List of Abbreviations ·························································· xvii Chapter 1: General Introduction 1.1 Historical Background ··························································································· 1 1.2 Pneumococcal Disease ························································································· 3 1.3 Pneumococcal Virulence ······················································································· 6 1.3.1 The pneumococcal capsule ····················································································· 8 1.3.2 Serotype, sequence type and genome ······································································· 9 1.3.3 Virulence proteins ·································································································· -
Immunology and Microbiology
WOMI2.tpgs 5/8/03 6:01 PM Page 1 AND IMMUNOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY WORLD of WOMI2.tpgs 5/8/03 6:01 PM Page 3 AND IMMUNOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY WORLD of Brigham Narins, Editor Volume 2 M-Z General Index womi_M 5/7/03 7:52 AM Page 359 M • against antigens) in the treatment of the disease. MacLeod also MMacLeod, ColinAC Munro LEOD, COLIN MUNRO (1909-1972) studied the use of sulfa drugs, synthetic substances that coun- Canadian-born American microbiologist teract bacteria, in treating pneumonia, as well as how Colin Munro MacLeod is recognized as one of the founders of Pneumococci develop a resistance to sulfa drugs. He also molecular biology for his research concerning the role of worked on a mysterious substance then known as “C-reactive deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in bacteria. Along with his col- protein,” which appeared in the blood of patients with acute leagues Oswald Avery and Maclyn McCarty, MacLeod con- infections. ducted experiments on bacterial transformation which MacLeod’s principal research interest at the Rockefeller indicated that DNA was the active agent in the genetic trans- Institute was the phenomenon known as bacterial transforma- formation of bacterial cells. His earlier research focused on the tion. First discovered by Frederick Griffith in 1928, this was a causes of pneumonia and the development of serums to treat phenomenon in which live bacteria assumed some of the char- it. MacLeod later became chairman of the department of acteristics of dead bacteria. Avery had been fascinated with microbiology at New York University; he also worked with a transformation for many years and believed that the phenom- number of government agencies and served as White House enon had broad implications for the science of biology.