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Spiny Coriander (Eryngium Foetidum L.) Cultivation in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh: Sustainable Agricultural Innovation by Indigenous Communities

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Spiny Coriander (Eryngium Foetidum L.) Cultivation in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh: Sustainable Agricultural Innovation by Indigenous Communities Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 16 (1), January 2017, pp. 59-67 Spiny coriander (Eryngium foetidum L.) cultivation in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh: Sustainable agricultural innovation by indigenous communities MA Hossain1,*, M Jashimuddin1, TK Nath2 & PO’Reilly3 1Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences Chittagong University, Chittagong-4331, Chittagong; 2School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus; 3Crops for Future Research Centre, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Received 25 April 2016, revised 20 June 2016 Spiny coriander (Eryngium foetidum L.) is a shade tolerant plant suited to climatic conditions found in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) of Bangladesh and which is intrinsically linked to the culture and traditions of indigenous communities who live in the region. This study, carried out in two villages in the CHT, examined cultivation techniques, productivity, contribution to household income and its role in supporting resilience to climate change. The study adopted a participatory rural appraisal approach; data was collected through focus group discussions, structured interviews and field observation. Sixty five per cent of farmers in the two villages cultivate spiny coriander; the mean plot size was 0.12 ha. The cropping cycle starts in January and continues until October. Production averaged 59, 219 kg per hectare with a net benefit of about US$51,212/ha/yr. Eighty six percent of farmers who cultivate the crop do so solely for the purposes of income generation. Good market demand for the crop means that farmers obtain substantial economic benefit from its cultivation. It also has the potential to build the climate change resilience of marginal farmers. The findings suggest that policies to support the development of this crop have the potential to enhance marginal farmers’ financial capability and climate resilience. Keywords: Cultivation techniques, Market potentiality, Shifting cultivation, Jhum, Underutilized crop, Livelihood IPC Int. Cl.8: A01, A01G, A47F 5/00, A47F 7/00, E04H 1/12 The Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) covers about 10% As a result, meeting household needs in the marginal (13,295 km2) of the land area of Bangladesh. They are landscapes of the CHT has become more challenging. mainly composed of high hills (70%) ranging from These factors alongside the intrusion of the market 200-1000 m above mean sea level with hills of lower economy has led local indigenous communities towards elevation hills, ranging from 15-200 m above mean the wider cultivation of, cash crops such as; sea level1 making up the remainder (30%). In this Ada (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), Halud (Curcuma hilly terrain a traditional cultivation system, jhump longa L.), Katchu [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott], has long been practiced by local indigenous groups to Pape (Carica papaya L.) and high value vegetables meet household food needs. Historically this involves which yield better economic return either in jhum or shifting slash and burn cultivation with a 4-5 yrs permanent agriculture7.However, it has been reported fallow period. In the last three decades, the population that the cultivation of crops such as Ada, Halud and in CHT has more than doubled, substantially others on the hill slopes causes severe soil erosion, increasing pressure on land resources. As a further degrading the land and causing yield decline4. consequence the jhum fallow period has been reduced to Furthermore, their production is believed to be 1-2 yrs2,3 and also there is permanent culture of some affected by changes in the rainfall regime, micro- areas. Repeated cultivation of land due to the shortening climate, and hampered ecosystem functioning due to of the fallow period has resulted in land degradation, soil deforestation which has occurred over the past fertility loss and severe soil erosion4. The continuance of decade. For this reason, high yielding hybrids and jhum within this shorter cycle has also contributed to varieties of major crops, e.g. Tomato (Lycopersicon indiscriminate destruction of forests resulting in wider esculentum Mill.), Begun (Solanum melongena L.), ecological degradation and loss in eco-system service5,6. Pape (Carica papaya L.), Puishak (Basella alba L.), —————— Bhuttra (Zea mays L.), Mula (Raphanus sativus L.), *Corresponding author etc., are now receiving even greater priority amongst 60 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL. 16, NO 1, JANUARY 2017 farmers driven by the widely held view that such components important for the pharmaceutical hybrids are more productive and provide better industry16. The crop also has many localized ethno- returns in terms of both cash and food than traditional medicinal uses including treatment for burns, earache, crops8. This further contributes to the cycle of land fevers, hypertension, constipation, fits, asthma, degradation, imposing evermore pressure on the stomach ache, worms, infertility complications, snake resource base of the CHT. In addition it undermines bites, diarrhea and malaria18. In the CHT the crop is the areas historical agro biodiversity. Local crops cultivated on hill slopes and plains by indigenous and varieties which were traditionally grown in the smallholder communities in some areas. While area are becoming underutilized. However, amid scholars have begun to recognize the importance of increasing evidence of the negative environmental local knowledge in the development of low cost, site impact arising from the use of high yielding hybrids, specific and appropriate farming techniques for and the accompanying adverse long term economic smallholders20 specific studies remain thin on the consequences this has for local communities the ground. In the case of spiny coriander, although it has potential role of these traditional local crops should be been cultivated by indigenous communities in the given more attention. Savitha & Kumari (2016) also CHT for many years little research has so far been urged the conservation of local varieties that are fast conducted on its production or associated cultivation disappearing under the pressure of hybrids9. and market practices. This study explores the Traditional crops are familiar to local communities cultivation techniques currently employed by and adapted to local agro-ecological conditions, indigenous communities. In addition the study also placing less demand on the land resulting in examines its productivity, market potential and socio- less environmental deterioration. They play a great economic value in the livelihood practices of the role in socio-economic development, nutritional and indigenous communities which currently cultivate it. livelihood security of the local farmers and dwellers By doing so the study hopes to increase understanding as a whole10. Moreover, the indigenous techniques of spiny coriander cultivation in the CHT and outline employed in cultivating local crops in developing some recommendations to maintain its use in countries, are gaining recognition within scientific sustainable agriculture in the CHT. circles as offering the basis of more sustainable production in environmentally sensitive and Methodology economically marginal areas11.These indigenous Study area techniques might have developed through practices of The study was carried out in two villages; Choto indigenous communities over many years but are Pagli (22°35'40.70"N latitude to 92°6'25.48"E diminishing gradually due to modernization and longitude) and Shapchari (22°39'27.64"N latitude to overall development trends12. Thus an exploration of 92°7'35.43"E longitude) located in the CHT. Both the potential of these underutilized crops in terms of areas are of hilly topography consisting of valley climate resilience, yield, economic and nutritional plains in between hills. The villages are surrounded value13,14 may offer indigenous smallholder communities by remnants of tropical semi-evergreen forests on the basis of a more sustainable alternative than the which the inhabitants are partially dependent for adoption of major crops. bamboo, fuel wood, timber, tubers, and other Spiny coriander is an example of one such resources. About 1570 people belonging to underutilized crop with significant economic 304 households live in the two villages. Agriculture is potential. It is a culinary, spice and medicinal leafy the main economic activity in both areas, consisting herb mostly grown in tropical Africa, South Asia and mainly of jhum and rainfed agriculture. warmer southern parts of Europe15. In India, it is grown in the Northeastern states (Mizoram, Manipur, Field survey Nagaland, Assam and Tripura), Andaman & Nicobar The study was intended to explore the way in Islands, and parts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and which underutilized crops are cultivated, used and Karnataka16. Information on the nutritional content, valued within local livelihoods. In order to do so the bio-chemical, ethno-medicinal and pharmaceutical study employed a participatory rural appraisal composition of spiny coriander is well known17,18,19. approach in order to gain an understanding of how The leaves of the plant contain 63 chemical members of both communities conceptualize and HOSSAIN et al.: SPINY CORIANDER CULTIVATION IN THE CHITTAGONG HILL TRACTS OF BANGLADESH 61 incorporate different crops into their livelihoods. The buyers from neighboring regions were interested in methods of data collection occurred in two phases,
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