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Mlra28 Drg16a Final Report USDA Ecological Site Description State-and-Transition Models Major Land Resource Area 28A and 28B Nevada February 2015 Tamzen K. Stringham1 Patti Novak-Echenique2 Paul Blackburn3 Cody Coombs4 Devon Snyder5 Amanda Wartgow6 Authors are 1Professor, 5,6Rangeland Ecologists, Dept. of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 2State Rangeland Management Specialist, USDA-NRCS Reno, NV, 3MLRA Soil Survey Leader, USDA-NRCS Elko, NV, and 4Hazardous Fuels Program Manager, BLM, Ely, NV Cite as: Stringham, T.K., P. Novak-Echenique, P. Blackburn, C. Coombs, D. Snyder, and A. Wartgow. 2015. Final Report for USDA Ecological Site Description State-and-Transition Models, Major Land Resource Area 28A and 28B Nevada. University of Nevada Reno, Nevada Agricultural džƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚ^ƚĂƚŝŽŶ Research Report 2015-01. p. 1524. Cooperators: USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service, USDA Agricultural Research Service, USDI Bureau of Land Management and Eureka County, NV. Final Report submitted to USDA Agricultural Research Service as fulfillment of Agreement # 58-5370-2-211 Disturbance Response Group 16A Contents Page DRG 16A – Modal Site Loamy 5-8” 028AY012NV Ecological sites within DRG 16 ϲϯϬ Narrative ϲϯϭ Modal State-and-Transition model ϲϰϮ References ϲϰϰ Additional STMs within DRG 16 ϲϰϳ 629 Ecological Sites within Disturbance Response Group 16A: Modal Site: Loamy 5-8” 028AY012NV Group Name Site ID Loamy 5-8" P.Z. 028AY012NV Coarse Gravelly Loam 5-8" P.Z. 028AY018NV 16A Gravelly Sandy Loam 5-8" P.Z. 028AY014NV Loamy Slope 5-8" P.Z. 028AY003NV Gravelly Loam 5-8" P.Z. 028AY016NV 630 MLRA 28A Group 16A Disturbance Response Group (DRG) 16A consists of five ecological sites. The precipitation ranges from 5 to 8 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 75 percent. Elevations range from 4,300 to 6,500 feet. The soil temperature regime is mesic and the moisture regime is aridic. Soils are moderately to strongly alkaline and calcareous throughout. Soil textures are variable but usually include a high volume of rock fragments throughout the profile. Depth to bedrock for these sites varies from very shallow to deep, but they are typically well drained. The soil temperature regime is mesic and the soil moisture regime is typic aridic. Production ranges from 300 to 500 lbs/acre for a normal year. The potential native plant community for these sites is typically dominated by shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia) in the overstory; bud sagebrush (Picrothamnus desertorum) and winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata) are other important shrubs. The understory is dominated by deep rooted cool season perennial bunchgrasses primarily Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides). Modal Site: The Loamy 5-8” ecological site is the modal site that represents this DRG, as it has the most acres mapped. This site occurs on fan piedmonts and alluvial flats on all exposures. Precipitation is from 5 to 8 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent but are typically 2 to 8 percent. Elevation ranges from 4,500 to 6,000 feet. Soils of this site are strongly to very strongly alkaline and calcareous throughout. Permeability is moderate and runoff is slow. The available water holding capacity of the soil is low to very low. These soils are typically alluvium derived from mixed rock sources. The soil temperature regime is mesic and the soil moisture regime is typic aridic. Production for a normal year is typically 300 lbs/acre. The potential native plant community is dominated by shadscale, bud sagebrush, Indian ricegrass and galleta grass (Pleuraphis Torr.). Globemallow (Sphaeralcea A.) is a common forb on this site. Disturbance Response Group 16A – Ecological Sites: Loamy 5-8" P.Z. Modal 028AY012NV Coarse Gravelly Loam 5-8" P.Z. 028AY018NV Gravelly Sandy Loam 5-8" P.Z. 028AY014NV Loamy Slope 5-8" P.Z. 028AY003NV Gravelly Loam 5-8" P.Z. 028AY016NV Ecological Dynamics and Disturbance Response: An ecological site is the product of all the environmental factors responsible for its development and it has a set of key characteristics that influence a site’s resilience to disturbance and resistance to invasives. Key characteristics include 1) climate (precipitation, temperature), 2) topography (aspect, slope, elevation, and landform), 3) hydrology (infiltration, runoff), 4) soils (depth, texture, structure, organic matter), 5) plant communities (functional groups, productivity), and 6) natural disturbance regime (fire, herbivory, etc.) (Caudle 2013). Biotic factors that influence resilience include site productivity, species composition and structure, and population regulation and regeneration (Chambers et al. 2013). The ecological sites in this DRG are dominated by deep-rooted cool season, perennial bunchgrasses and drought tolerant shrubs with high root to shoot ratios. The dominant shrubs usually root to the full depth of the winter-spring soil moisture recharge, which Fernandez and Caldwell (1975) reported as 631 between 80 and 110 cm for shadscale and winterfat. Shadscale and winterfat both initiate root growth, in early April, a few days to a week prior to aerial plant parts and shadscale in particular exhibits active root growth for several weeks after termination of shoot growth (Fernandez and Caldwell 1975). Continued root growth, even for established plants that are not exploring new areas of the soil, facilitates water absorption particularly in low soil moisture conditions (Gardner 1960). Fernandez and Caldwell (1975) concluded that the ability of shadscale to explore the soil volume at greater depths with a more profuse system of small branching lateral roots than winterfat or sagebrush may play a role in its ability to remain photosynthetically active longer into the summer season. Although shadscale exhibits the ability to withstand drought conditions on a short-term basis the forty year photographic record (1951-1990) from the Raft River Valley of south-central Idaho visually demonstrates the impact of multiple years of drought on shadscale communities (Sharp et al. 1990). Scale insects have also been implicated in the death of shadscale (Sharp et al. 1990) however the data on this subject remains inconclusive (Nelson et al. 1990). Interestingly, periods of above normal springtime precipitation are also linked to shadscale die-off. Nelson et al. (1990) investigated areas of severe shadscale die-off that were, for the most part, located in low areas in valley bottoms or upland depressions that apparently incurred prolonged high soil moisture during a wet period. The high soil moisture appeared to be correlated with increased pythiaceous fungi leading to rootlet mortality and plant stress (Nelson et al. 1990). The authors suggest that depending on the degree and duration of plant stress, injury could range from a sustained disease to rapid death. Shadscale is a densely clumped, rounded, compact native shrub. It generally attains heights of 8 to 32 inches and widths of 12 to 68 inches (Blaisdell and Holmgren 1984). Shadscale is considered an evergreen to partially deciduous shrub, since a small percentage of leaves are dropped in the winter (Smith and Nobel 1986). Shadscale possesses wider ecological amplitude than most Atriplex species (Crofts and Van Epps 1975), and shows ploidy levels from diploid (2x) to decaploid (10x). The extensive polyploidy of shadscale is an important consideration when implementing revegetation projects because ploidy levels are usually associated with distinct habitats (Sanderson et al. 1990). Diploid individuals are unlikely to perform as well in areas where tetraploids are more common. Diploid individuals generally occur above Pleistocene lake levels, whereas lake floors are usually occupied by autotetraploids. Overall, tetraploids are the most widespread throughout its range (Carlson 1984). Thus, the diploid most associated with this site is a tetraploid. Bud sagebrush, a common shrub to this ecological site, is a native, summer-deciduous shrub. It is low growing, spinescent, aromatic shrub with a height of 4 to 10 inches and a spread of 8 to 12 inches (Chambers and Norton 1993). The perennial bunchgrasses that are sub-dominant with the shrubs include Indian ricegrass, King’s eyelashgrass (Blepharidachne kingii), needle and thread (Hesperostipa comata) and bottlebrush squirreltail. The dominant grass within this site, is Indian ricegrass a hardy, cool-season, densely tufted, native perennial bunchgrass that grows from 4 to 24 inches in height (Blaisdell and Holmgren 1984). These species generally have somewhat shallower root systems than the shrubs, but root densities are often as high as or higher than those of the shrubs in the upper 0.5m of the soil profile. General differences in root depth distributions between grasses and shrubs results in resource partitioning in these shrub – grass systems. The invasibility of plant communities is often linked to resource availability. Disturbance can decrease resource uptake due to damage or mortality of the native species and depressed competition or can increase resource pools by the decomposition of dead plant material following disturbance. Historically, shadscale dominant salt-desert shrub communities were free of exotic invaders; however, excessive grazing pressure during settlement and into the 20th century has increased the overall presence of 632 cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus), Russian thistle (Salsola sp.) and weedy mustard species (Brassica L.) (Peters and Bunting 1994). The presence of exotic annual plants within these ecosystems
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