Three Geologic Cross Sections Across Portions of Eastern Showing Quaternary Lithologic Units and Stratigraphy of Uppermost Bedrock

Jesse T. Korus1, Dana P. Divine1, Paul R. Hanson1, and Jeremy S. Dillon2

Author affiliations: 1. Conservation and Survey Division, School of Natural Resources, University of NebraskaLincoln 2. Department of Geography, University of NebraskaKearney

Correlations and Cross Sections (CCS) 18 Conservation and Survey Division School of Natural Resources Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of NebraskaLincoln Lincoln, Nebraska

2012

Introduction

Three cross sections were constructed across portions of eastern Nebraska to characterize the regional geology of unconsolidated Quaternary deposits and the bedrock units that lie directly beneath them. The locations of these cross sections are shown in Figure 1. Lithologic data were obtained primarily from historical test hole logs drilled by the Conservation and Survey Division (CSD). These test holes were drilled specifically to investigate subsurface geology and therefore represent the highest quality data available. Lithologic logs of these test holes are available from CSD or at http://snr.unl.edu. Additional unpublished test hole logs not drilled as part of the official CSD test hole drilling program that exist along the line of cross section were reviewed for quality and reliability. Logs of good quality were used in some places to supplement the lithologic data. These logs are included in Appendices A-C.

Each of these geologic cross sections was originally drafted by Vince Dreeszen of the CSD. Although these original cross sections were not published, the originals are archived at CSD. The geologic interpretations on each of the three cross sections are based in part on the existing data and Dreeszen’s original cross sections. The correlations of Quaternary lithologic units are the interpretations of the authors and were made based upon their understanding of the regional geology and stratigraphy of eastern Nebraska. In general, lithologic units greater than 10 feet (~ 3 m) thick were correlated between test holes, whereas thinner units were ignored. The distances between boreholes, which is as much as several miles, are too great to reliably correlate such thin units. Nonetheless, since the thicknesses of most Quaternary lithologic units in eastern Nebraska are known to vary considerably over short distances, the units represented in the cross sections should not be taken to represent actual thicknesses in the areas between boreholes.

Information regarding bedrock stratigraphy was obtained from the geologic bedrock map of Nebraska (Burchett, 1986), published measured sections from outcrops (i.e. Burchett, 1971), as well as oil and gas exploration wells within several miles of the line of cross section (http://nogcc.ne.gov/, see also Appendices A-C).

The elevations of some test holes were determined at the time that the test hole was drilled using USGS 7.5 minute topographic maps or at a later date using USGS Digital Elevation Models (DEM). The land surface elevation profiles along the lines of cross section were derived from a DEM mosaic of the study area.

The position of the water table (or, in some locations, the potentiometric surface) displayed on the cross sections was taken from a DEM of the water table that was created using water levels from 1995 as indicated in maps by Dreeszen (2001), Summerside (2001), and Hartung and Summerside (2001). These maps represent a best approximation of the water table over a large area. The position of the water table shown on these cross sections was modified locally to correct unlikely relationships between the water table and land surface.

Fig. 1. Locations of cross sections and test holes. Acknowledgements

This project is part of the Eastern Nebraska Water Resources Assessment (ENWRA), and was funded through the Lewis and Clark Natural Resources District, Lower Elkhorn Natural Resources District, Lower Platte North Natural Resources District, Lower Platte South Natural Resources District, Nemaha Natural Resources District, Papio- Natural Resources District, and the Interrelated Water Management Plan Program Fund. Les Howard is acknowledged (UNL-CSD) for his assistance with this publication.

References

Burchett, R.R., 1971. Guidebook to the geology along portions of the lower Valley and Weeping Water Valley of Eastern Nebraska. Conservation and Survey Division, University of NebraskaLincoln, 39 p.

Burchett, R.R., 1986. Geologic bedrock map of Nebraska (1:1,000,000). Nebraska Geological Survey, Conservation and Survey Division, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of NebraskaLincoln, GMC-1.

Dreeszen, V.H., 2001. Configuration of the water table, circa 1995, Lincoln and Nebraska City Quadrangles, Nebraska. Conservation and Survey Division, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of NebraskaLincoln, GM-54.3.

Hartung, S.L., and Summerside, S.E., 2001. Configuration of the water table, circa 1995, Sioux City Quadrangle, Nebraska. Conservation and Survey Division, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of NebraskaLincoln, GM-54.10.

Summerside, S.E., 2001. Configuration of the water table, circa 1995, Fremont and Omaha Quadrangles, Nebraska. Conservation and Survey Division, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of NebraskaLincoln, GM-54.5.

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Elevation (meters above mean sea level) Interpretive Geologic Cross Section from Thurston County to Pawnee County, Nebraska North Jesse T. Korus South

Thurston County Burt County Burt County Washington County Washington County Douglas County Douglas County Saunders County Saunders County Cass County Cass County County Otoe County Johnson County Johnson County Pawnee County

1600 Loch 1 4-A-67 3-B-67 2-B-67 Plum Creek

1500 3-A-67 1-A-67 2-A-67 Schuster 1 Turkey Creek Turkey

13-A-56 450 14-A-56 12-A-56 Thurston Co. Burt Co. 4-B-40 9-A-56 Bartels 1 8-A-63 Erickson 1 Yankee Creek Yankee 10-A-56 13-B-63 14-B-63 12-B-63

1400 7-A-63 Deer Creek 11-A-56 8-A-56 11-B-63 6-B-63 9-B-63 15-B-63 10-B-63 11 5-B-63 Sunflower 1 8-B-63 6-A-63 6-A-56 10 4-B-63 3-B-63 7-A-61 8 8-A-61 South Blackbird Creek 9 7-B-63 13 Marshall 1 1-B-62 2 5-A-56 3-A-61 clay w/ gravel & 2-B-63 9-A-61 limestone 17-B-63 10-A-61

24-A-62 pebbles Hooper Creek 1300 2-A-61 South Fork Little Nemaha River 4-B-73 400 16-B-63 Callahan Creek 4-A-61 23-A-62 North Fork Big Nemaha River clay Little Nemaha River with 3-A-56 7-A-56 boulders 2-A-56 1-81

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Elevation (feet above mean sea level) black shale from 106.2-107.3 [ Elevation (ft. above mean sea level) Queen Hill? P Pcg silty clay & clayey silt 1100 Larsh contains limestone Is within the [ 16-A-61 Pa fragments bounds of till defined 15-A-61 in the Neb. lP-P-Cg

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Cass Ls [Pw 1000 Hertha Ls lP-D [Pa lP-Ad lP-Sh (miscorrelated) should be: [Pw South Bend Ls Argentine Ls? [ 300 South Bend Ls Rock Lake Sh Ps lP-W (miscorrelated) Stoner Ls Stoner Ls Raytown Ls? Vilas Sh Plattsburg Ls [Pd Lane Sh [ Argentine Ls Plattsburg Ls Pw Lane Sh lP-W Argentine Ls Bethany Falls Ls lP-Sh 900 Raytown Ls [Pkcl lP-KcL ? Horizontal Distance (km) System Group or Formation lithology of Conservation and Survey Division 0 10 20 30 Quaternary undifferentiated Quaternary deposits [Pkcl [PmplP-M-P School of Natural Resources lP-KcL University of Nebraska−Lincoln Cretaceous Dakota Formation loess [Pmp water table or potentiometric surface 0 5 10 15 20 800 Permian P[Pcg Council Grove Group silt and clay Horizontal Distance (mi) D test hole [ Admire Group Pa till [ [Pw Wabaunsee Group Lincoln Cite as: Korus, J.T., 2012. Geologic cross section across eastern Nebraska from Pmp oil/gas well (subsurface trace not shown) [Ps Shawnee Group sand Thurston County to Pawnee County. Conservation and Survey Division, School Pennsylvanian The University of Nebraska–Lincoln is an [Pd Douglas Group sand and gravel of Natural Resources, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University fault zone or zone of steeply dipping beds equal opportunity educator and employer. [Pkcl Kansas City - Lansing Groups of Nebraska−Lincoln. Correlations and Cross Sections (CCS) 18.3. [Pmp Marmaton - Pleasanton Groups Devonian D undifferentiated Appendix A: Additional information used in cross section from Knox County to Dixon County (CCS-18.1) log ID: 1 legal location: 30N-1E-2 elevation: 1470 ft latitude: -97.27050 longitude: 42.61053 depth (ft) from to description 0 3 topsoil 3 5 coarse clayey gravel 5 6 hard grey clay 6 25.5 medium sand 25.5 27 light yellow clay 27 29 sand and gravel 29 31 light clay hard 31 34 light clay soft 34 35 soft white clay 35 40 fine white sand 40 43 sandy soft light clay 43 48.5 sandy soft light clay 48.5 49 sand 49 54 light sandy clay 54 57 hard grey clay 57 61.5 soft grey clay 61.5 81 sand streaks-light to dark clay or shale in alternate layers. Soft at 81' 81 87 fine grey sand 87 90 grey shale with fine sand 90 111 very fine sand to fine clean sand (best at bottom). This area could be gravel packed 111 114 light blue clay 114 123 fine grey sand and hard grey clay 123 124 fine sand 124 126.5 sand and medium gravel, green and good 126.5 127.5 white clay, or Niobrara, one streak of yellow 127.5 129 green clay 129 131 mixture of white-green, some shells 131 133 hard dary grey clay or shale log ID: 2 legal location: 31N-1E-36 elevation: 1344 ft latitude: -97.250263 longitude: 42.617742 depth (ft) from to description 0 8 roadway fill; clay, silty and clayey 8 12 clay, silty, brown 12 27 gravel and sand, silty and clayey with intermittent layers of silty clay 27 30 gravel and sand, very silty, marly, compact 30 65 silt, clayey, marly, compact to very compact, slightly cemented below 43'. Blue-gray

1 Appendix B: Additional information used in cross section from Pierce County to Dakota County (CCS-18.2) log ID: 1 legal location: 27N-4W-32 elevation: 1780 ft latitude: -97.81036 longitude: 42.2676 depth (ft) from to description 0 3 sand 3 11 yellow clay 11 21 sand 21 80 clay 80 96 coarse sand 96 114 gravel and coarse sand 114 119 clay 119 145 mixed sand and gravel 145 200 sand 200 300 sand and sandstone mixture 300 301 clay log ID: 2 legal location: 26N-4W-3 elevation: 1730 ft latitude: -97.7618 longitude: 42.2602 depth (ft) from to description 0 8 sandy clay and sand layers 8 30 clay 30 45 clay and blue clay 45 49 blue clay 49 66 fine medium blue sand 66 80 blue clay 80 94 fine blue sand 94 106 blue clay 106 120 medium coarse blue sand 120 125 fine medium blue gravel 125 129 clay 129 135 sandstone: medium hard; blue-gray 135 150 sand and clay with limestone and sandstone streaks 150 165 sand and sandstone and clay layers 165 180 fine sand 180 210 fine sand and sandy clay layers 210 221 fine sand 221 228 sandy clay 228 238 fine sand 238 240 sandy clay 240 255 sandy clay and sandstone layers 255 261 fine sand and sandstone 261 280 sandy clay 280 290 fine medium sand 290 300 clay and limestone, yellow rock and red rock

1 Appendix B: Additional information used in cross section from Pierce County to Dakota County (CCS-18.2) log ID: 3 legal location: 27N-3W-33 elevation: 1637 ft latitude: -97.6594 longitude: 42.2709 depth (ft) from to description 0 4 top soil, black, very calcareous 4 5 sand, tan, medium, slightly silty 5 7 clay, tan 7 9 sand, medium-fine, very silty 9 21 clay, blue, very silty 21 40 sand, clean, medium-fine, moderately uniform 40 63 sand, clean, very coarse, contains gravel grains and pebbles below 50'; contians trace of gray silt @52' log ID: 4 legal location: 26N-4E-4 elevation: 1419.5 ft latitude: -96.9658 longitude: 42.2637 depth (ft) from to description 0 37 clay, silty, black to 26' then blue-gray 37 45 sand, silty, contains gravel 45 50 gravel, silty, contains sand 50 53 sand, very fine to medium, slightly silty 53 62 clay, very silty, soft, gray 62 80 Carlile: shale, dark gray to black, very hard to 64' then hard

2 Appendix C: Additional information used in cross section from Thurston County to Pawnee County (CCS-18.3) log ID: 1 legal location: 24N-9E-1 elevation: 1175 ft longitude: -96.347392 latitude: 42.080408 depth (ft) from to description 0 57 brown clay 57 62 gray clay 62 69 sandy gray clay 69 80 sandy yellow clay 80 83 rusty sand and gravel 83 99 yellow soft sandstone 99 130 brown shale 130 139 gray shale 139 170 brown shale log ID: 2 legal location: 18N-10E-33 elevation: 1310 ft longitude: -96.30052 latitude: 41.484548 depth (ft) from to description 0 10 silt, moderately clayey, in part very clayey, sligthly micaceous, light gray; iron stain 10 15 as above, pale brown 15 20 as above, much iron stain 20 26 as above, yellow 26 30 Soil: silty, very clayey, dark gray; contains carbonaceous material 30 40 silty, slightly clayey, slightly micaceous, light gray; iron stains 40 45 as above, slightly darker 45 50 as above, moderately clayey, light brownish-gray 50 60 as above, trace of pale brown 60 65 as above, in part clay 65 75 Clay, silty, very slightly sandy, light gray; sand is very fine'; trace of iron stain 75 80 as above, trace of limy areas 80 85 as above, no trace of limy areas 85 95 till: clay, silty, sandy, moderately calcareous, yellow-brown; contains limy grains 95 100 as above, light gray to yellow brown 100 105 as above, yellow brown 105 170 as above, slightly gravelly 170 200 Sand, gravelly, silty; fine sand to fine gravel (15-35% gravel) 200 208 Till: clay, silty, sandy, moderately calcareous, pale yellow 208 225 Till: clay, silty, sandy, moderately clacareous, blue-gray 225 230 as above, trace gravel 230 245 as above, no gravel 245 265 as above, some medium gravel 265 285 as above, some medium gray 285 295 Dakota: sand, silty, very fine to coarse, some iron stain

1 Appendix C: Additional information used in cross section from Thurston County to Pawnee County (CCS-18.3) log ID: 3 legal location: 16N-10E-5 elevation: 1143 ft longitude: -96.32561 latitude: 41.379094 depth (ft) from to description 0 15 fill: clay and silt 15 18 sand, contains silt and clay, blue 18 21.5 clay, contains silt and sand, black 21.5 31.5 sand, very fine to coarse; contains some gravel; clean, fairly compact tan and blue-gray 31.5 37 sand and gravel, grades from fine sand to coarse gravel, ~75% sand; clean, fairly compact

37 54.5 Till: clay, sand, silt, and gravel. Tan, grey, brown 54.5 60 Till: clay, sand silt and gravel. Contians layer of sand and gravel, very compact, tan grey and brown log ID: 4 legal location: 15N-10E-18 elevation: 1125 ft longitude: -96.335283 latitude: 41.268053 depth (ft) from to description 0 10 top soil 10 70 gravel, some fine sand 70 73 gray clay 73 80 gravel 80 90 brown gravel 90 100 red shale 100 150 red and gray shale 150 180 sandstone 180 190 limestone, hard log ID: 5 legal location: 15N-10E-29 elevation: 1110 ft longitude: -96.327742 latitude: 41.242794 depth (ft) from to description 0 4 fine sand 4 13.5 coarse sand 13.5 18 fine gravel 18 27 fine sand 27 39 gravel, 1.25" 39 73 fine sand 73 92.5 coarser 92.5 100 coarser dand

2 Appendix C: Additional information used in cross section from Thurston County to Pawnee County (CCS-18.3) log ID: 6 legal location: 14N-10E-5 elevation: 1107 ft longitude: -96.325949 latitude: 41.208348 depth (ft) from to description 0 5 Road fill: silt, organic, black-yellow brown 5 12 clayey silt, dark gray to yellow brown, some road fill 12 30 fine to coarse sand, <15% small gravel, well rounded, clean, granitic 30 64 as above, granitic and feldspar 64 70 low plasticity clay, dark gray, sandy 70 80 fine to coarse sand, fine to coarse gravel, <10% cobbles, granitic, feldspar, mafic, well rounded 80 90 medium to coarse sand, iron stained, well rounded, granitic, feldspar, marfics 90 99 as above, fine to medium gravel (<10%) 99 100 fine silica sand, well sorted. Dakota log ID: 8 legal location: 11N-9E-25 elevation: 1320 ft longitude: -96.356826 latitude: 40.886013 depth (ft) from to description 0 4 top soil 4 10 brown clay 10 18 yellow clay 18 29 tan clay 29 56 yellow clay 56 69 brown clay 69 80 50% fine sand 80 116 blue clay 116 117 blue Shale 117 148 blue clay 148 151 gravel 151 170 blue clay 170 174 rock 174 195 Shale and limestone layers 195 210 blue shale log ID: 9 legal location: 10N-10E-7 elevation: 1315 ft longitude: -96.348681 latitude: 40.848942 depth (ft) from to description 0 32 clay 32 37 clay, silty to moderately sandy, medium brown, in part very sandy 37 52 sand, fine to medium, a little coarse sand 52 87 sand, fine to coarse, trace very coarse sand, much medium to coarse sand 87 91 silty, clay, very light gray. Possibly top of Dakota 91 110 sand to sandstone, medium to coarse, highly iron stained 110 148 as above, very fine to medium, principally white

3 Appendix C: Additional information used in cross section from Thurston County to Pawnee County (CCS-18.3) log ID: 10 legal location: 10N-9E-24 elevation: 1320 ft longitude: -96.360742 latitude: 40.827178 depth (ft) from to description 0 1.5 black soil 1.5 17 brown clay 17 35 sticky red clay 35 64 hard gray and yellow clay with boulders 64 69 yellow clay, trace of fine sand 69 84 hard yellow sandy clay and boulders 84 86 fine and coarse buff sand 86 89 yellow sandy clay 89 92 fine and coarse buff sand 92 95 yellow sandy clay log ID: 11 legal location: 10N-10E-30 elevation: 1345 ft longitude: -96.350272 latitude: 40.812563 depth (ft) from to description 0 2 top soil 2 18 yellow clay 18 85 clay, sandy 85 90 sand, fine, packed and silty 90 100 medium coarse sand, cemented, traces of clay or shale which may be the material which cements the sand 100 165 clay, sandy with little gravel in some parts 165 166 limestone log ID: 12 legal location: 9N-9E-13 elevation: 1130 ft longitude: -96.352257 latitude: 40.740569 depth (ft) from to description 0 3.5 road fill; silty clay, black, wet, medium plasticity, medium stiff 7.5 9 as above, with lime concretions 9 10 silty clay, dark gray mottled with yellow brown, wet, high plasticity, very stiff 10 12 silty clay; grayish brown, wet, medium plsticity, stiff 12 16.5 silty clay; grayish brown, mottled with yellowish brown, saturated, medium plasticity, stiff

16.5 18.5 silty clay; grayish brown, mixed with brown, saturated, medium plasticity, medium stiff

18.5 20 silty clay; grayish brown, saturated, medium plasticity, medium stiff 20 23 as above 23 25 sitly clay; grayish brown, mottled with yellowish brown, saturated, medium plasticity, medium stiff 25 36 silty clay; grayish brown, mottled with gray and black, saturated, medium plasticity, stiff to very stiff 36 39.5 silty caly; gray mottled with yellow brown, saturated, medium plasticity, very stiff

4 Appendix C: Additional information used in cross section from Thurston County to Pawnee County (CCS-18.3)

39.5 40 sandy clay; gray, saturated, medium plasticity, very stiff, 25% sand 40 43 as above 43 44.5 sandy clay; gray, saturated, medium plasticity, stiff to very stiff (25% sand) 44.5 46 clayey shale 46 46.5 shale and limestone 46.5 47 limestone (clayey) 47 49 limestone-shale transitity 49 52.5 limestone (clayey) log ID: 13 legal location: 8N-9E-36 elevation: 1290 ft longitude: -96.349992 latitude: 40.616757 depth (ft) from to description 0 1.5 blck top soil 1.5 8 yellow clay 8 12 medium sand, buff color 12 15 medium to coarse gravel, multi color 15 24 soft brown clay with gravel streaks 24 32 medium to fine gravel 32 44 yellow sandy clay with gravel streaks 44 90 blue clay 90 92 sandstone 92 107 blue clay 107 112 medium to coarse gravel 112 119 blue clay 119 120 limestone log ID: 14 legal location: 7N-10E-19 elevation: 1152 ft longitude: -96.336251 latitude: 40.555596 depth (ft) from to description 0 20 Clay 20 25 Sand, medium coarse, some very fine to very coarse 25 30 sand and gravel, 20% gravel 30 35 clayey silt, sandy, medium dark gray 35 40 Sandy gravel, 60% gravel 40 45 Sand, slightly gravelly 45 46 Rock, some limestone cuttings in last sample

5 Appendix C: Additional information used in cross section from Thurston County to Pawnee County (CCS-18.3)

Published measured sections used to correlate bedrock

Log ID: 7 source: Burchett, R.R., 1971. Guidebook to the geology along portions of the lower Platte River Valley and Weeping Water Valley of Eastern Nebraska. Conservation and Survey Division, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 39 p.

Oil and gas wells used to correlate bedrock (more information at http://nogcc.ne.gov/) log ID API number Erickson-1 26021000020000 Marshall-1 26177190000000 Smith-1 26055190010000 Sorenson-1 26055210010000 Darst-24 26155300100000 Zimmerman-21 26155300050000 Thomas-23 26155300060000 Sunflower-1 26131300000000 Bartels-1 26097300030000 Schuster-1 26133000030000 Loch-1 26133000100000

6