March 25, 1999 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—SENATE 6019 TRIBUTE TO CONTOOCOOK VALLEY ety held a conference for more than 500 certification with safety certification modi- REGIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Detroit Public School children on the fications during regular overhauls. However, urgent operational commitments sometimes ∑ Mr. SMITH of New Hampshire. Mr. subject of teen pregnancy. In addition to its public service endeavors, the So- dictate that some items of the full safety President, I rise today to pay tribute certification package be deferred until a sub- to Contoocook Valley Regional High ciety encourages excellence in health sequent overhaul in order to reduce the time School for winning the regional com- care by offering Continuing Medical spent in overhaul, thus shortening off-line petition of the Second Annual Ocean Education credits to its members and time and increasing operational availability. Sciences Bowl. I commend them for by joining with the Michigan State In these cases, a minimum package of sub- their accomplishment. Medical Society and the American marine safety work items is authorized The regional competition included Medical Association to promote issues which provides enhanced safety but results in certification for unrestricted operations teams from fifteen other schools in of importance to the medical commu- nity at large. to a depth shallower than the designed test New Hampshire, Vermont and Maine. depth.’’ According to an April 5, 1968 con- Their final match, which was held at Mr. President, the Wayne County fidential memorandum, the Navy did not ex- the University of New Hampshire, was Medical Society has been a valued pect the Scorpion to be fully certified under played against high school students member of the Metro Detroit commu- SUBSAFE until 1974, six years after she was from Bridgeton Maine. It was a close nity since 1849. I invite my colleagues lost. call and Contoocook Valley won by the to join me in thanking the members of On February 1, 1967, the Scorpion entered narrow margin of two points! the Society for their commitment, and the Norfolk yard and began her ‘‘Reduced Contoocook Valley’s team consists of in wishing them continued success as Availability’’ overhaul. By the time she sailed out on October 6, she had received the five students. The team members are they address the health needs of the ∑ cheapest submarine overhaul in United Amber Carter, Megan Cahill, Sonja 21st century. States Navy history. Originally scheduled Fritz, Cissy Courtemanche, and Emily f for more extensive reconditioning, the Scor- Dark. Jon Manley, science teacher at SUBMISS: PART III pion was further hurt by manpower and ma- the Contoocook Valley, is the coach for terial shortages in the yard because of the ∑ the team. Mr. MOYNIHAN. Mr. President, overhaul of the U.S.S. Skate (SSN 578), Nor- The students train very hard every today I wish to have printed in the folk’s first of a nuclear submarine. This ret- year for this competition. This is the RECORD the final portion of Mark A. rofit had gobbled up both workmen and re- Bradley’s award winning article on the sources at an unprecedented rate. This second year in a row that Contoocook meant that a submarine tender—a mainte- Valley Regional High School has won disappearance of the U.S.S. Scorpion. I have had the previous two parts of this nance ship—and the Scorpion’s own crew had this competition. They will soon be to perform most of the work normally done traveling to Washington, D.C. to com- article printed in the last two by yard workers. She received little more pete in the nationals. RECORDS. I would like to applaud Mr. than the emergency repairs required to get As a former high school teacher, I ap- Bradley once more for his outstanding her back to sea and the refueling of her reac- preciate the hard work the students achievements, and thank him for serv- tor. Out of the $3.2 million spent on her dur- and the coach have dedicated to this ing as a loyal and valued member of ing these eight months, $2.3 million went team effort. I look forward to their my staff. into refueling and altering her nuclear reac- The material follows: tor. A standard submarine overhaul of this visit to Washington and wish them the era lasted almost two years and cost over $20 best of luck. It is an honor to represent SUBMISS: THE MYSTERIOUS DEATH OF THE million. them in the United States Senate.∑ U.S.S. ‘‘SCORPION’’ (SSN 589), PART III When the Scorpion left Norfolk on Feb- f (By Mark A. Bradley) ruary 15, 1968, on her Mediterranean deploy- Such dire predictions prompted Admiral ment she was a last minute replacement for RECOGNITION OF THE WAYNE David McDonald, then Chief of Naval Oper- the U.S.S. Sea Wolf (SSN 575), which had col- COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY ations, to follow Admiral Schade’s request lided with another vessel in Boston Harbor. ∑ Mr. LEVIN. Mr. President, I rise and approve the development and testing of During her last deployment, the Scorpion had today to pay tribute to the Wayne the experimental ‘‘Planned or Reduced 109 work orders still unfilled—one was for a County Medical Society, which is cele- Availability’’ overhaul concept in the sub- new trash disposal unit latch—and she still marine fleet. In a June 17, 1966, message to lacked a working emergency blow system brating its sesquicentennial anniver- the commanders of both the Navy’s Atlantic and decentralized emergency sea water shut- sary on April 14, 1999. The Wayne Coun- and Pacific fleets, he wrote that in response off valves. She also suffered from chronic ty Medical Society has been an impor- to ‘‘concerns about [the] percent [of] SSN problems in her hydraulics. This system op- tant part of the Metro Detroit commu- off-line time due to length of shipyard over- erated both her stern and sail planes, wing- nity for the past 150 years. hauls, [I have] requested NAVSHIPS develop like structures that controlled her move- The Wayne County Medical Society [a] program to test ‘Planned Availability’ ment. This problem came to the forefront in was formed in 1849 with 50 physicians, concept with U.S.S. Scorpion (SSN 589) and early and mid-November 1967 during the who committed themselves to pro- U.S.S. Tinosa (SSN 606). On July 20, 1966, he Scorpion test voyage to Puerto Rico and the officially approved the Scorpion’s participa- U.S. Virgin Islands as she began violently to viding the best quality medical care to tion in this program which aimed at pro- corkscrew in the water. Although she was the people of Wayne County. The Soci- viding the service’s submarines with shorter put back in dry dock, this problem remained ety has been engaged in many impor- and cheaper but more frequent overhauls be- unsolved. On February 16, 1968, she lost over tant public health campaigns through- tween missions. An undated and unsigned 1,500 gallons of oil from her conning tower as out its history. One of the most nota- confidential memorandum entitled ‘‘Sub- she sailed out of Hampton Roads toward the ble examples was the Society’s massive marine Safety Program Status Report’’ sum- Mediterranean. By that time, she was called polio immunization drive of 1964, led by marizes what lay behind the creation of this ‘‘U.S.S. Scrapiron’’ by many of her crew. Dr. Francis P. Rhoades, which vir- new concept: ‘‘The deferral of SUBSAFE cer- On May 23, 1993, the Houston Chronicle tification work during certain submarine published an article that highlighted these tually eliminated the disease from the overhauls was necessitated by the need to re- mechanical problems. The article quoted City of Detroit. duce submarine off-line time by minimizing from letters mailed home from doomed crew Today, the 4,200 members of the the time spent in overhaul and to achieve a members who complained about these defi- Wayne County Medical Society work more timely delivery of submarines under ciencies. In one of these, Machinist’s Mate together to provide free health care construction by making more of the indus- Second Class David Burton Stone wrote that services for people in need. The Society trial capacity available to new construc- the crew had repaired, replaced or jury- maintains a free medical and dental tion.’’ rigged every piece of the Scorpion equipment. clinic in Detroit, where needy children Admiral Moorer, who succeeded Admiral Commander Slattery also was worried about receive physical exams, health edu- McDonald as CNO, expanded upon what he her mechanical reliability. On March 23, 1968, hoped this new plan would accomplish in a he drafted an emergency request for repairs cation and dental treatment. The Soci- September 6, 1967, letter to Congressman that warned, among other things, that ‘‘the ety also sponsors an annual Christmas William Bates. In that letter, he stated that hull was in a very poor state of preserva- party for children in foster care. In ‘‘it is the policy of the Navy to provide sub- tion’’—the Scorpion had been forced to under- 1998, the Wayne County Medical Soci- marines that have been delivered without go an emergency drydocking in New London

VerDate jul 14 2003 12:11 Oct 01, 2004 Jkt 069102 PO 00000 Frm 00239 Fmt 0686 Sfmt 0634 E:\BR99\S25MR9.008 S25MR9 6020 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—SENATE March 25, 1999 immediately after her reduced overhaul be- tigations that followed the Thresher’s de- that was both safe and effective. Unfortu- cause of this—and bluntly stated that mise. Lost somewhere in the murky twilight nately, the strains of competing with the So- ‘‘[d]elay of the work an additional year could among the North Koreans’ seizure of the viets in the Cold War while fighting an ac- seriously jeopardize the Scorpion material U.S.S. Pueblo and the Tet offensive that Jan- tual one in Vietnam derailed this concept readiness.’’ He was particularly concerned uary and the assassinations of Martin Luther and forced the service to look for ways to de- about a series of leaking valves that caused King that April and Robert Kennedy that crease the off-line time of the submarines it the Scorpion to be restricted to an operating June, the Scorpion’s death failed to arouse already had while freeing its already choked depth of just 300 feet, 200 less than SUBSAFE much interest in a nation whose streets were yards to build more. restrictions and 400 less than her pre-Thresh- on fire and whose very fiber was being ripped The Reduced Availability concept arose er standards. apart by an increasingly unpopular and from these pressures and allowed the Navy This portrait is sharply at odds with the bloody war in Vietnam. With phrases like to defer what the Thresher taught could not one the Navy painted after the Scorpion was ‘‘body count’’ and acronyms like ‘‘MIA’’ and be delayed. Through an accident of timing, lost. From the outset, the service claimed ‘‘KIA’’ becoming part of the national the Scorpion was the first nuclear submarine the submarine was in excellent mechanical vernacular, the loss of one nuclear sub- chosen for this program. She was selected be- condition. At his first press conference on marine and her crew of 99 men hardly made cause her next regulatory scheduled over- May 27, 1968, Admiral Moorer told the gath- a ripple. haul was predicted to set a record in dura- ered newsmen that the Scorpion had not re- The Navy added to the country’s amnesia tion, and the Navy’s high command believed ported any mechanical problems and that by conducting its inquiries under a cloak of that the work she received during her 1963– she was not headed home for any repairs. extraordinary secrecy. Even now, much 1964 reconditioning in Charleston provided This was followed by other Navy statements about the Scorpion’s fate remains highly clas- enough of a safety margin to see her through that claimed the Scorpion suffered only from sified and beyond the public’s reach, and the until her next overhauls. She also was cho- a minor hydraulic leak and scarred linoleum crew’s 64 widows and over 100 children know sen because her 1967 overhaul came due dur- on her deck before her Mediterranean de- little more today about what happened to ing a time when the service was feeling enor- ployment. On May 29, however, then Sec- their husbands and fathers than they did 30 mous pressure to compete with the Soviets retary of Defense Clark Clifford pointedly years ago. This gap between what is known and reduce the amount of time its sub- asked the Navy’s high command for informa- and what is not has spawned many con- marines and yards were tied up with safety tion about the Scorpion’s participation in spiracy theories. The most popular is that retrofits. SUBSAFE, her overhaul status in general the Soviets finished the Scorpion in an under- Rushed to the Mediterranean after the and any known mechanical deficiencies. water dogfight. cheapest overhaul in U.S. nuclear submarine The Court of Inquiry did not ignore these This theory had some credibility after the history and lacking full SUBSAFE certifi- questions and asked several of its witnesses Federal Bureau of Investigation arrested cation, the Scorpion’s mechanical condition what they knew about the Scorpion’s me- master spy John Walker on May 20, 1985. and safety capabilities were far from what chanical condition and her maintenance his- Walker, a U.S. Navy warrant officer and the the Navy advertised. A trash disposal unit tory. Vice Admiral Schade told the Court leader of a Soviet-sponsored spy right for al- flood could have set into train a deadly chain that her overall condition was above average most 20 years, did enormous damage to of events that triggered a succession of ma- and that her problems were normal reoccur- America’s security by giving his KGB mas- terial and systemic failures in an already ring maintenance items. He added that the ters many of the Navy’s most closely guard- weakened submarine that left her unable to Scorpion suffered from no known material ed secrets. On May 20, 1968, he was working recover. Although the Court doubted that a problems that affected her ability to operate as a watch officer in the Navy’s closely hydrogen gas explosion from the Scorpion’s effectively. Schade’s testimony was sup- guarded submarine message center in Nor- battery could have generated enough force to ported by Captain C.N. Mitchell, the Deputy folk. Although there is evidence to believe rupture her hull, it did not consider its ex- Chief of Staff for Logistics and Management that Walker gave the Soviets intelligence ploding after being swamped with cold sea and a member of the Vice Admiral’s staff. about the Atlantic Submarine Force, par- water from uncontrollable flooding and fill- Mitchell testified about the Scorpion’s Re- ticularly about its coded communications, ing her with deadly chlorine gas. duced Availability overhaul and stated that there is nothing to suggest that he played Even under the best of circumstances, the she was in ‘‘good material condition.’’ any direct in the Scorpion’s demise. submarine force was a dangerous place to Captain Jared E. Clarke, III, the com- He appears to have played a much more serve in the 1960s. Its sailors and officers mander of Submarine Squadron 6, also told important role when he passed on to his Rus- often were engaged in extremely hazardous the Court the Scorpion was sound and ‘‘com- sian handlers much of the top secret traffic missions in warships that were like no oth- bat ready.’’ In his testimony he said, ‘‘I that came through the message center im- ers that had come before them. With far know of nothing about her material condi- mediately after the submarine was reported greater speeds, diving capabilities and com- tion upon her departure for the Mediterra- lost. This highly classified information in- plex operating systems, nuclear submarines nean that in any way represented an unsafe cluded how the Navy conducted its search, required far greater care in their construc- condition.’’ When asked about the Scorpion’s what the U.S. intelligence community knew tion and maintenance than their diesel pred- lack of an operable emergency blow system, about the Soviet vessels operating off the ecessors. This was the key lesson from the Clarke replied that this was not a concern Canary Islands, what part SOSUS had played Thresher and it may well have taken the loss because her other blow systems were more in detecting the disaster and what the serv- of the Scorpion finally to hammer home this than adequate to meet the depth restrictions ice’s main theories were for the Scorpion’s point to the Navy’s high command. she was operating under. loss. While it is tempting to blame the Sovi- After this tragedy, the Navy quietly Admiral Austin also summoned the two ets and Walker for this disaster, the probable dropped the Reduced Availability concept. In surviving crew members the Scorpion had truth is far different but no less disturbing. a May 21, 1995, article published by the Hous- offloaded for medical and family reasons on Although the theory of a weapons accident ton Chronicle, the Naval Sea Systems Com- the night of May 16, 1968. When asked about on board the Scorpion has officially never mand stated that it had no record of any any material problems, crewman Joseph W. been discounted, the physical evidence does such maintenance program. The reason for Underwood told the Court that he knew of no not seem to support it. None of the thou- this may lie in a March 25, 1966, confidential deficiencies other than ‘‘a couple of hydrau- sands of photographs taken of the wreckage memorandum from the Submarine Force: lic problems.’’ Similarly, crewman Bill G. show any torpedo damage nor does the Scor- [The] ‘‘success of this ‘major-minor’ over- Elrod testified the submarine was operating pion’s approximately 3,000 feet by 1,800 feet haul concept depends essentially on the re- smoothly with high morale. When asked to debris field contain any items from her tor- sults of our first case at hand: Scorpion.’’ Al- speculate on what did happen, Elrod could pedo room as would be expected if that area though the cause of her death is still offi- not. After hearing all this testimony, the had suffered a major explosion. All the debris cially listed as unknown, the United States Court determined that the Scorpion’s loss had is from her operations center, the locus of has never lost another nuclear submarine. nothing to do with her lack of a full her galley and above her huge battery. A NOTE ON SOURCES SUBSAFE package and that both here abil- The more likely cause of the Scorpion’s In the 30 years since the Scorpion’s loss, not ity to overcome flooding and her material death lies in the Navy’s failure to absorb the one book has been written on her. The only condition were ‘‘excellent.’’ Although at lessons learned from the Thresher. Hyman newspaper articles written about her are least one of the dead crewmen’s families sent Rickover, the father of the Navy’s nuclear eight by Ed Offley for the Virginian-Pilot & their son’s letters spelling out the Scorpion’s program, warned after that disaster that an- Ledger-Star and the Seattle Post-Intel- poor state of repair to the Navy, there is no other would occur if the service did not cor- ligencer and four written by Stephen John- evidence the Court ever received or consid- rect the inadequate design, poor fabrication son for the Houston Chronicle. The most im- ered them. methods and inadequate inspections that portant primary sources are the U.S. Navy Whatever the truth, the Scorpion’s loss caused it. Through SUBSAFE, the Navy in- Court of Inquiry Record of Proceedings and triggered neither the klieg lights of the na- stituted a program to correct these and the Supplementary Record of Proceedings. In tional media nor the congressional inves- maintain and build a nuclear submarine fleet addition, the Naval Historical Center has

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over 11 boxes of Scorpion material currently Mr. President, Senator CHRISTOPHER worked unremittingly, day in and day out, available to researchers and expects to have DODD was among those who introduced to better the lot of the least fortunate of our more as already declassified material is cat- Senator KENNEDY that night, and I ask fellow men and women. Ted Kennedy’s ef- aloged. These boxes include the sanitized forts regularly reach across the borders of that Senator DODD’s insightful re- testimony of many of the witnesses who ap- nation, race and religion. peared before the two courts of inquiry. Al- marks from the evening be printed in It was only natural, then, that the conflict though the Chief of Naval Operations cur- the RECORD. and injustice in Northern Ireland would rently is considering releasing more of the The remarks follow: make a claim on Senator Kennedy’s con- Navy’s Scorpion material, much still remains Members of the clergy, leaders of Ireland— science. His unceasing interest in achieving beyond the reach of researchers and the both north and south—with a particularly peace in Northern Ireland was, and is, the Freedom of Information Act. On December warm welcome to the Taoiseach, Bertie one constant over the many ups and downs 19, 1997, the Navy denied my attempt to get Ahern, my colleagues from Congress, mem- on the still fragile road to resolving that copies of the first Court of Inquiry’s Annex. bers of the diplomatic corps, members of the conflict. Those documents still retain their top secret Kennedy family—Eunice Kennedy Shriver, Ted Kennedy’s efforts to find the path to rating and are withheld because ‘‘of informa- Ethel Kennedy, my colleague in the House of peace have not been limited by the category tion that is classified in the interest of na- Representatives, Patrick Kennedy, and a of nationality. He labors not only as a distin- tional defense and foreign policy.’’ special welcome to the former American Am- guished representative of the United States, The most useful books for this article have bassador, Jean Kennedy Smith, and a warm and a loyal son of Ireland, but as an ambas- been the following: welcome to the light of our honoree’s eyes, sador from what the Irish poet Seamus On submarines, Modern Submarine War- Vicki Kennedy; distinguished guests and Heaney refers to as ‘‘the Republic of Con- fare by David Miller and John Jordan, New friends, and, while he is not with us this science.’’ York: Military Press (1987); Jane’s Pocket evening, a particularly warm greeting to the ‘‘The Republic of Conscience’’, according Book of Submarine Development, ed. By President of the United States, William Jef- to Heaney’s poem of that name, is a quiet John Moore, New York: MacMillan (1976); ferson Clinton; and, last but not least, our place, and one where you might meet some The American Submarine by Norman honoree, the recipient of the National Lead- of your ancestors. According to Heaney’s Polmar, Annapolis: The Nautical & Aviation ership Award, my colleague and best friend narrator: Publishing Co., (1981); and Nuclear Navy in the Senate, Ted Kennedy. When I landed in the Republic of Conscience; 1946–1962 by Richard Hewlett and Francis At the outset, I want to commend the It was so noiseless when the engines stopped; Duncan, Chicago: The University of Chicago American Ireland Fund for the marvelous I could hear a curlew high above the runway. Press (1974). work it has done on behalf of the people of At Immigration, the clerk was an old man; On intelligence matters, Jeffrey Richelson, Ireland; The U.S. Intelligence Community, Cam- Who produced a wallet from his homespun Secondly, I want to pay a special tribute to coat; bridge: Ballenger Publishing Company (1989) the two most recent recipients of the Nobel and Pete Early, Family of Spies, New York: And showed me a photograph of my grand- Peace Prize who are with us this evening and father. Bantam Books (1988). ask you to join me in expressing our admira- When Heaney’s narrator was leaving the Stephen Johnson, a reporter for the Hous- tion for the work that these two men have republic, that old man told him what all of ton Chronicle, was the first to concentrate done for peace in Northern Ireland and will us here tonight would tell Senator Kennedy, on the Scorpion’s maintenance and overhaul continue to do—John Hume and David namely that he is a ‘‘dual citizen’’ and, history and was very generous with both his Trimble. time and research. Vice Admiral Robert F. As we gather here tonight on the Eve of therefore, on permanent assignment. Fountain (Ret), a former executive officer on Saint Patrick’s Day to honor Ted Kennedy Heaney’s narrator put it this way: The Re- the Scorpion, very kindly consented to an with the International Leadership Award, I public of Conscience interview as did Rear Admiral Hank McKin- want to begin by recalling the ancient Ken- . . . Desired me when I got home; ney (Ret), the former commander of the U.S. nedy/Fitzgerald Gaelic Prayer: To consider myself a representative; Navy’s Pacific Submarine Force. And to speak on their behalf in my own In May 1998, the Chief of Naval Operations For you who are with us, may God turn your fortunes bright; tongue. declassified a 1970 study undertaken by a Their embassies, he said, were everywhere; specially appointed Structural Analysis For you who are against us, may God turn your hearts toward us; But operated independently; Group that pointed to a battery casualty as And no Ambassador would ever be relieved. the most likely cause for the Scorpion’s loss.∑ And if God cannot turn your hearts, may He at least turn your ankles, Teddy, you will never be relieved of your f So we may know you by your limp! portfolio to speak on behalf of the ‘‘Republic SENATOR KENNEDY AND THE I have the unique pleasure of presenting to of Conscience’’ for the rights of those least AMERICAN IRELAND FUND AWARD you tonight a man with whom I have served able to speak for themselves, and to continue your splendid work in furthering peace and ∑ Mr. LEAHY. Mr. President, on March in the United States Senate for nearly twen- ty years. reconciliation in Ireland and in the United 16, the American Ireland Fund hosted a Most of you know the classic story of suc- States. dinner to honor Senator EDWARD KEN- cess in American politics: Reflecting on the way you have led so NEDY and his longstanding efforts to Born of a poor and obscure family; de- many of your colleagues over so many promote peaceful and constructive prived of all but the barest necessities; years—many of whom are here tonight— down the tortured path that must inevitably change throughout Ireland. The indi- forced to quit school to support the family and finally overcoming all odds working his lead to peace, I am reminded of the figure of viduals that gathered together that the great Irish poet, William Butler Yeats, night—Taoiseach Bertie Ahearn, Nobel way through college by waiting tables in the cafeteria. standing amidst the portraits of his contem- Prize Winners John Hume and David You know that story. So does Ted Ken- poraries in the Dublin Municipal Gallery of Trimble, Sinn Fein Leader Gerry nedy. But he never let it get in the way. He Art, and urging history to judge him not on Adams, Secretary of State for North- knew there was another way to do things. this or that isolated deed but to: ern Ireland Mo Mowlan, among many And somehow even though he did none of Think where man’s glory most begins and others—are the best indication of the those things, he got elected to the Senate in ends; significant progress that has been 1962 when the previous Senator changed his And say my glory was I had such friends. made to replace violence and mistrust address. And for these past 37 years what a I know that all of us here tonight are record he has compiled. proud to say that it is our glory to have you, with cooperation and dialogue. It is He was a friend of Ireland when friends of also an indication of the Irish commu- Teddy, as our friend, and unstinting friend of Ireland were few. In fact, he—and his fam- the United States, an unwavering friend of nity’s high esteem for Senator KEN- ily—have presided so long and so firmly at Ireland, and an Ambassador from the ‘‘Re- NEDY and his key role in bringing the the confluence of Ireland and America that a public of Conscience’’ who will never be re- parties to the negotiating table. While writer in the Irish Times recently observed lieved.∑ that it was sometimes difficult to tell wheth- differences still impede full implemen- f tation of the Good Friday Agreement, er Senator Kennedy’s distinguished sister pride in Ireland’s past and present, and was the United States’ Ambassador to Ire- SUPPORT FOR U.S. TROOPS IN land or Ireland’s Ambassador to the United KOSOVO a strong commitment to a peaceful and States. prosperous future was the common There is a reason for this, and it’s quite ∑ Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. President, yester- bond that united all of those in attend- simple. Throughout the adult lives of most day, American men and women joined ance on the eve of Saint Patrick’s Day. people in this room, Ted Kennedy has their military counterparts from 18

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