JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) STATE WORKING GROUP FOR CLEANING UP, CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT FOR THE HAVANA BAY (GTE) THE REPUBLIC OF CUBA
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY IN THE REPUBLIC OF CUBA
FINAL REPORT VOLUME II MAIN REPORT
MARCH 2004
NIHON SUIDO CONSULTANTS CO., LTD.
Volume II Main Report Table of Contents
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY IN THE REPUBLIC OF CUBA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUME I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY VOLUME II MAIN REPORT VOLUME III SUPPORTING REPORT
IN SPANISH VOLUMEN IV RESUMEN EJECTIVO (EXECUTIVE SUMMARY) VOLUMEN V INFORME PRINCIPAL (MAIN REPORT)
VOLUME II MAIN REPORT
PART -I MASTER PLAN
TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES ABBREVIATIONS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUNDS...... M1-1 1.2 REPORTS...... M1-2 1.3 STUDY AREA ...... M1-3 1.4 STUDY ORGANIZATION AND STAFFING ...... M1-4 1.4.1 STUDY ORGANIZATION ...... M1-4 1.4.2 COUNTERPART STAFF...... M1-4 1.4.3 STUDY TEAM ...... M1-5 1.5 STUDY SCHEDULE...... M1-6 1.5.1 OVERALL STUDY SCHEDULE ...... M1-6 1.5.2 PHASE I AND PHASE II STUDY SCHEDULE ...... M1-6
CHAPTER 2 PHYSICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN THE STUDY AREA 2.1 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS...... M2-1 2.1.1 GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY ...... M2-1 2.1.2 METEOROLOGY...... M2-1 2.1.3 HYDROLOGY...... M2-2 2.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ...... M2-3 2.2.1 POPULATION...... M2-3 2.2.2 ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ...... M2-5 2.2.3 PUBLIC HEALTH CONDITIONS ...... M2-10 i Volume II Main Report Table of Contents
2.3 URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE ...... M2-13 2.3.1 URBAN PLANNING AND LAND USE...... M2-13 2.3.2 WATER SUPPLY CONDITIONS AND FUTURE PLAN ...... M2-13 2.3.3 SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT ...... M2-14
CHAPTER 3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS, LAWS AND STANDARDS 3.1 GENERAL ...... M3-1 3.2 TRIBUTARY RIVERS ...... M3-1 3.2.1 EXISTING DATA OF RIVER WATER QUALITY...... M3-1 3.2.2 WATER AND SEDIMENT QUALITY SURVEY OF RIVERS ...... M3-3 3.3 HAVANA BAY ...... M3-9 3.3.1 EXISTING DATA ...... M3-9 3.3.2 WATER AND SEDIMENT QUALITY SURVEY OF HAVANA BAY ...... M3-15 3.4 INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER ...... M3-22 3.4.1 PREVIOUS SURVEYS...... M3-22 3.4.2 RESULTS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER SURVEYS...... M3-25 3.4.3 SUMMARY OF SURVEYS ...... M3-33 3.5 LAWS AND STANDARDS ON WATER POLLUTION CONTROL...... M3-34 3.5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW (GENERAL LAW)...... M3-34 3.5.2 WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ...... M3-35 3.5.3 STANDARDS ...... M3-35 3.5.4 DISCHARGE QUALITY STANDARDS TO SEWERS...... M3-37 3.5.5 EFFLUENT QUALITY STANDARDS ...... M3-39 3.5.6 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS FOR FISHING WATERS ...... M3-39
CHAPTER 4 PRESENT POLLUTION LOAD ANALYSIS AND WATER QUALITY SIMULATION MODEL OF HAVANA BAY 4.1 GENERALS ...... M4-1 4.1.1 POLLUTION LOAD ANALYSIS ...... M4-1 4.1.2 WATER QUALITY SIMULATION MODEL OF HAVANA BAY...... M4-1 4.2 POLLUTION LOADS...... M4-1 4.2.1 METHODOLOGY ...... M4-1 4.2.2 POLLUTION LOAD GENERATED...... M4-2 4.2.3 POLLUTION LOAD DISCHARGED ...... M4-3 4.2.4 FURTHER WORK...... M4-4 4.3 WATER QUALITY SIMULATION MODEL ...... M4-5 4.3.1 METHODOLOGY ...... M4-5 4.3.2 HYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATION OF HAVA NA BAY ...... M4-5 4.3.3 WATER QUALITY SIMULATION OF HAVAN A BAY ...... M4-24 4.3.4 CALIBRATING AND VERIFYING THE WATER QUALITY MODEL...... M4-31 4.4 TIDAL CURRENT SURVEY ...... M4-41 4.4.1 RESULTS OF TIDAL CURRENT SURVEY ...... M4-43
ii Volume II Main Report Table of Contents
CHAPTER 5 EXISTING SEWERAGE SYSTEM AND FUTURE PLANS 5.1 GENERAL...... M5-1 5.2 EXISTING SEWERAGE SYSTEM ...... M5-1 5.2.1 PRESENT SEWER SERVICE AREA/DISTRICTS...... M5-1 5.2.2 SEWERS...... M5-1 5.2.3 CROSS CONNECTION SURVEY...... M5-4 5.2.4 WASTEWATER PUMPING STATION ...... M5-7 5.2.5 REHABILITATION PLAN OF EXISTING WASTEWATER TRANSMISSION FACILITIES...... M5-9 5.2.6 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT ...... M5-10 5.3 PRESENT SEWERAGE DEVELOPMENT PLANS ...... M5-12 5.3.1 GEF/UNDP PROJECT...... M5-12
CHAPTER 6 EXISTING DRAINAGE SYSTEM 6.1 GENERAL...... M6-1 6.2 EXISTING DRAINAGE SYSTEM ...... M6-1 6.2.1 PRESENT DRAINAGE SERVICE AREA ...... M6-1 6.2.2 INUNDATION AREA AND DAMAGES...... M6-3 6.2.3 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM ...... M6-4 6.2.4 HYDRAULIC CAPACITY OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM...... M6-5 6.2.5 OTHER FINDINGS...... M6-8 6.3 FUTURE PLANS ...... M6-9 6.4 WASTEWATER DISCHARGE FROM DRAINAGE CHANNELS...... M6-11 6.3.1 EXISTING DATA ...... M6-11 6.3.2 WATER QUALITY SURVEYS IN DRAINAGE CHANNELS AND SEWER ...... M6-11
CHAPTER 7 PRESENT ORGANIZATION 7.1 GENERAL...... M7-1 7.2 INSTITUTIONS RELATED TO HAVANA BAY WATER ENVIRONMENT...... M7-1 7.2.1 CENTRAL GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS ...... M7-1 7.2.2 OTHER INSTITUTIONS ...... M7-4 7.3 GTE...... M7-4 7.3.1 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES ...... M7-4 7.3.2 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE...... M7-5 7.3.3 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES...... M7-5 7.4 INRH (NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER RESOURCES) ...... M7-5 7.4.1 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES ...... M7-5 7.4.2 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE...... M7-5 7.4.3 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ...... M7-6 7.5 CITMA (MINISTRY OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT)...... M7-9 7.5.1 OBJECTIVES AND POLICY ...... M7-9 7.5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY...... M7-9 7.6 WATER AND SEWERAGE CORPORATIONS ...... M7-10 7.6.1 GENERAL ...... M7-10 7.6.2 AGUAS DE LA HABANA ...... M7-12 7.6.3 WATER & SEWERAGE CORPORATION DEL ESTE ...... M7-18
iii Volume II Main Report Table of Contents
CHAPTER 8 CURRENT FINANCIAL SITUATION 8.1 CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ...... M8-1 8.2 LOCAL GOVERNMENT...... M8-2 8.2.1 HAVANA CITY GOVERNMENT...... M8-3 8.2.2 MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT...... M8-4 8.3 INRH (NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER RESOURCES)...... M8-14 8.4 WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER CORPORATIONS...... M8-14 8.4.1 AGUAS DE LA HABANA (HAVANA WATER) ...... M8-15 8.4.2 ACUEDUCTO DEL ESTE (EAST WATER) ...... M8-21 8.4.3 ACUEDUCTO SUR (SOUTH WATER)...... M8-21 8.5 USER CHARGES ...... M8-22 8.5.1 WATER AND SEWERAGE TARIFF...... M8-22 8.5.2 BILLING AND COLLECTION ...... M8-24
CHAPTER 9 ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS 9.1 GENERAL...... M9-1 9.2 CURRENT STATUS OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN CUBA ...... M9-3 9.2.1 NATIONAL PROGRAMS ...... M9-3 9.2.2 PROGRAMS SUPPORTED INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND DONOR COUNTRIES ...... M9-3 9.3 PROPOSED ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION PROGRAM ...... M9-4 9.3.1 GENERAL...... M9-4 9.3.2 PROPOSED ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION PROGRAM ...... M9-4 9.3.3 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION PROGRAM ...... M9-7 9.4 EVALUATION OF EXECUTED ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS ...... M9-9 9.4.1 EXECUTED ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS ...... M9-9 9.4.2 OVERALL EVALUATION OF THE EXECUTED PROGRAMS...... M9-13 9.4.3 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE PROGRAMS...... M9-14
CHAPTER 10 STRATEGY FOR WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN HAVANA BAY 10.1 GENERAL...... M10-1 10.1.1 EXISTING USES OF HAVAN A BAY ...... M10-1 10.1.2 PERCEPTION OF EXISTING WATER ENVIRONMENT ...... M10-1 10.1.3 FUTURE USES...... M10-2 10.2 WATER ENVIRONMENT GOALS...... M10-2 10.2.1 FUTURE WATER ENVIRONMENT...... M10-2 10.2.2 WATER QUALITY GOALS...... M10-2 10.3 SCENARIO OF POLLUTION CONTROL ...... M10-5 10.3.1 ROLE OF STAKEHOLDERS OR POLLUTERS...... M10-5 10.3.2 WASTEWATERS MANAGED BY SEWERAGE SCHEME ...... M10-5 10.3.3 INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER...... M10-5 10.4 WATER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM ...... M10-6 10.4.1 EXISTING WATER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM ...... M10-6
iv Volume II Main Report Table of Contents
10.4.2 RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE WATER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM ...... M10-6
CHAPTER 11 PLANNING AND DESIGN BASES OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM 11.1 TARGET YEAR FOR PLANNING ...... M11-1 11.2 SEWERAGE PLANNING AREA...... M11-1 11.3 POPULATION...... M11-1 11.3.1 POPULATION IN THE STUDY AREA ...... M11-1 11.3.2 SEWER SERVICE POPULATION...... M11-2 11.4 WASTEWATER GENERATION ...... M11-3 11.4.1 GENERAL ...... M11-3 11.4.2 PER CAPITA WATER CONSUMPTION ...... M11-4 11.4.3 PER CAPITA WASTEWATER GENERATION ...... M11-4 11.4.4 WASTEWATER GENERATION...... M11-6 11.4.5 DESIGN POLLUTION LOAD...... M11-7 11.5 INFLOW /INFILTRATION...... M11-8 11.6 REQUIRED LEVEL OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT ...... M11-9 11.6.1 INTRODUCTION ...... M11-9 11.6.2 LEVEL OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT REQUIRED FOR DISCHARGE TO BAY ...... M11-9 11.6.3 LEVEL OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT REQUIRED FOR DISCHARGE TO SEA ...... M11-20 11.7 SEWERAGE SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ...... M11-21 11.7.1 WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM...... M11-21 11.7.2 PUMPING STATIONS...... M11-22 11.7.3 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT ...... M11-23
CHAPTER 12 STUDIES ON IMPROVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM 12.1 GENERAL...... M12-1 12.2 IMPROVEMENT OF THE EXISTING SEWERAGE SYSTEM...... M12-3 12.2.1 GENERAL ...... M12-3 12.2.2 CROSS CONNECTION PROBLEMS AND SOLUTION MEASURES ...... M12-6 12.2.3 REHABILITATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE COLECTORS...... M12-11 12.2.4 ALTERNATIVE STUDY ON THE EXISTING SEWERAGE SYSTEM...... M12-16 12.2.5 PROPOSED IMPROVEMENT PLAN OF EXISTING CENTRAL SEWERAGE SYSTEM ...... M12-26 12.3 DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF NEW SEWERAGE SYSTEM...... M12-28 12.3.1 GENERAL ...... M12-28 12.3.2 ALTERNATIVE STUDY OF NEW SEWERAGE SYSTEM...... M12-28 12.3.3 DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF NEW SEWERAGE SYSTEM UP TO THE YEAR 2020 ..12-53
CHAPTER 13 SEWERAGE SYSTEM MASTER PLAN 13.1 GENERAL...... M13-1 13.2 PROPOSED SEWERAGE SYSTEM...... M13-1 13.2.1 PROPOSED EXISTING SEWERAGE SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT...... M13-1
v Volume II Main Report Table of Contents
13.2.2 PROPOSED NEW SEWERAGE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT...... M13-4 13.3 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PLAN ...... M13-8 13.3.1 FACILITIES REQUIRED O/M...... M13-8 13.3.2 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE TASKS ...... M13-8 13.4 STAGED IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM ...... M13-1 0 13.4.1 GENERAL IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE...... M13-10 13.4.2 STAGED SEWERAGE SYSTEM COMPONENT ...... M13-10 13.4.3 PROPOSED IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE FOR EACH STAGE PROJECT...... M13-11 13.5 INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING...... M13-16 13.5.1 GENERAL ...... M13-16 13.5.2 SEWERAGE SYSTEM OPERATION & MAINTENANCE STAFF ...... M13-17 13.5.3 OTHER HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PLANS ...... M13-19 13.6 CAPITAL INVESTMENT...... M13-23 13.6.1 GENERAL ...... M13-23 13.6.2 BASIS OF COST ESTIMATE...... M13-23 13.6.3 DIRECT CONSTRUCTION COST...... M13-24 13.6.4 INDIRECT CONSTRUCTION COST...... M13-25 13.6.5 CAPITAL INVESTMENT ...... M13-25 13.6.6 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST...... M13-28 13.7 PROJECT EFFECTS ON WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT ...... M13-30 13.7.1 POLLUTION LOAD REDUCTION ...... M13-31 13.7.2 WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT ...... M13-31 13.8 FINANCING CAPACITY...... M13-32 13.8.1 PAYERS OF THE PROJECT...... M13-32 13.8.2 ABILITY TO PAY...... M13-34 13.8.3 EXTERNAL FINANCE ...... M13-39 13.8.4 COMMUNITY MOBILIZATION ...... M13-41 13.9 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS...... M13-42 13.9.1 FINANCIAL EVAL UAT ION ...... M13-42 13.9.2 ECONOMIC EVAL UAT ION ...... M13-48 13.10 PRIORITY PROJECTS FOR FEASIBILITY STUDY...... M13-61 13.10.1 SELECTION CRITERIA ...... M13-61 13.10.2 SELECTION OF PRIORITY PROJECTS FOR FEASIBILITY STUDY...... M13-61 13.11 INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE) OF THE SEWERAGE SYSTEM MASTER PLAN...... M13-62 13.11.1 GENERAL ...... M13-62 13.11.2 INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION...... M13-63
CHAPTER 14 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14.1 CONCLUSIONS ...... M14-1 14.2 RECOMMENDATIONS...... M14-1 14.2.1 IMPROVEMENT OF THE EXISTING SEWERAGE SYSTEM...... M14-1 14.2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEW SEWERAGE SYSTEM...... M14-1 14.2.3 BAY WATER ENVIRONMENT...... M14-2 vi Volume II Main Report Table of Contents
14.2.4 OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS...... M14-3
vii Volume II Main Report Table of Contents
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1.1 LISTS OF STUDY REPORTS ...... M1-2 TABLE 1.2 MEMBER OF STEERING COMMITTEE ...... M1-4 TABLE 1.3 COUNTERPART STAFF ...... M1-5 TABLE 1.4 MEMBER OF ADVISORY COMMITTEE AND STUDY TEAM...... M1-6 TABLE 2.1 DRAINAGE BASINS AND AREAS OF HAVANA BAY...... M2-2 TABLE 2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIBUTARY RIVERS TO HAVAN A BAY ...... M2-2 TABLE 2.3 POPULATION CENSUS DATA AND ESTIMATES ...... M2-3 TABLE 2.4 POPULATION WITHIN THE HAVANA BAY BASIN, YEAR 2000...... M2-5 TABLE 2.5 TOTAL EMPLOYEES IN THE ECONOMY...... M2-5 TABLE 2.6 SALARIES IN MIXED AND STATE ENTITIES ...... M2-5 TABLE 2.7 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ...... M2-8 TABLE 2.8 EXPORT AND IMPORT COMPOSITION...... M2-9 TABLE 2.9 SHIPPING ARRIVALS, HAVANA HARBOR ...... M2-9 TABLE 2.10 NO. OF TOURISTS AND TOURIST INCOME ...... M2-10 TABLE 2.11 STATISTICS FOR TOURIST ACCOMMODATION ...... M2-10 TABLE 2.12 INCIDENCE OF DISEASES RELATED TO WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE...... M2-11 TABLE 2.13 MORBIDITY OF DISEASES RELATED TO WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE.....M2-11 TABLE 2.14 PRESENT LAND USE...... M2-13 TABLE 2.15 PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTES IN THE PORT ENCLOSURE ...... M2-14 TABLE 2.16 FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF MAIN SOLID WASTES LAND DISPOSAL SITES IN THE HAVANA CITY ...... M2-15 TABLE 2.17 DISTANCE OF PUBLIC WASTES DISPOSAL SITES FROM MUNICIPALITIES CONCERNED...... M2-15 TABLE 3.1 MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIBUTARY RIVERS ...... M3-1 TABLE 3.2 WATER QUALITY OF TRIBUTARY RIVERS IN YEAR 2000-2002 ...... M3-2 TABLE 3.3 WATER QUALITY OF TRIBUTARY RIVERS 1985-2002 ...... M3-2 TABLE 3.4 HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATION IN RIO LUYANO...... M3-3 TABLE 3.5 WATER AND SEDIMENT QUALITY SURVEY OF TRIBUTARY RIVERS ...... M3-3 TABLE 3.6 HEAVY METALS CONTENTS OF RIVERS SEDIMENTS...... M3-8 TABLE 3.7 SURFACE SEDIMENT QUALITY OF HAVAN A BAY 1991-2001 ...... M3-14 TABLE 3.8 FECAL COLIFORM CONCENTRATIONS IN HAVANA BAY WATER, 1991-2001.M3-10 TABLE 3.9 CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS IN SEDIMENTS IN HAVANA BAY, 1991-2001 ....M3-15 TABLE 3.10 HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATION IN SEAWATER OF HAVANA BAY ...... M3-17 TABLE 3.11 SUMMARY OF SEDIMENT QUALITY IN HAVANA BAY ...... M3-21 TABLE 3.12 CONCENTRATIONS OF MAJOR HEAVY METALS IN SEDIMENTS OF HAVANA BAY ...... M3-21 TABLE 3.13 SUMMARY OF FACTORIES IN THE STUDY AREA ...... M3-23 TABLE 3.14 MAJOR 20 FACTORIES SELECTED AS CANDIDATE FOR DETAILED SURVEY....M3-25 TABLE 3.15 GENERAL INFORMATION OF 10 SELECTED FACTORIES...... M3-27 TABLE 3.16 INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER QUALITY PARAMETERS ANALYZED ...... M3-29 TABLE 3.17 THE MAIN FEATURES OF 10 SELECTED FACTORIES...... M3-30 TABLE 3.18 THE RESULTS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER SURVEY ...... M3-31 TABLE 3.19 PERMISSIBLE LEVEL FOR DISCHARGES TO PUBLIC SEWERS ...... M3-37 TABLE 3.20 DISCHARGE STANDARDS TO INLAND SURFACE WATER, NC27 ...... M3-39 TABLE 3.21 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS FOR FISHING WATERS, NC93-105...... M3-39 TABLE 4.1 POPULATION WITH THE HAVANA BAY BASIN, YEAR 1996 & 2000 ...... M4-2 viii Volume II Main Report Table of Contents
TABLE 4.2 DOMESTIC POLLUTION LOAD GENERATION, YEAR 1996 & 2000 ...... M4-2
TABLE 4.3 TOTAL BOD5 LOAD GENERATION, YEAR 1996 & 2000...... M4-3 TABLE 4.4 POLLUTION LOAD THROUGH RIVERS AND DRAINS IN YEAR 1996/97 & 2002...... M4-3 TABLE 4.5 TOTAL POLLUTION LOAD DISCHARGED TO THE BAY IN YEAR 1996/97 & 2002...... M4-4 TABLE 4.6 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENERATION AND DISCHARGE ...... M4-4 TABLE 4.7 INITIAL CONDITIONS FOR THE HYDRODYNAMICS SIMULATION...... M4-8 TABLE 4.8 SPECIFICATION OF THE SOURCE CONDITIONS FOR THE HYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATION...... M4-12 TABLE 4.9 CALIBRATED PARAMETERS OF THE HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL ...... M4-12 TABLE 4.10 SUMMARIZATION OF THE CALCULATION CONDITIONS...... M4-13 TABLE 4.11 RESULTS OF TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY OBSERVATION...... M4-15 TABLE 4.12 RANGE OF TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY FOR HAVAN A BAY ...... M4-15 TABLE 4.13 TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN VERTICAL DIRECTION...... M4-15 TABLE 4.14 SALINITY DISTRIBUTION IN VERTICAL DIRECTION ...... M4-15 TABLE 4.15 POLLUTANT SOURCE INPUT SPECIFICATION FOR THE WATER QUALITY SIMULATION...... M4-30 TABLE 4.16 WATER QUALITY IN BOUNDARY AND INITIATION...... M4-30 TABLE 4.17 PARAMETERS OF THE WQ MODEL ...... M4-31 TABLE 4.18 SPECIFICATION FOR THE TIDAL CURRENT SURVEY ...... M4-41 TABLE 4.19 SALINITY OF HAVANA BAY IN OCTOBER AND DECEMBER 2002 ...... M4-43 TABLE 4.20 CURRENT VELOCITY IN OCTOBER AND DECEMBER 2002 ...... M4-47 TABLE 5.1 COLECTORS IN THE CENTRAL SEWERAGE SYSTEM...... M5-3 TABLE 5.2 RESULTS OF CROSS CONNECTION SURVEY ...... M5-7 TABLE 5.3 ALTERNATIVES OF REHABILITATION PLAN FOR EXISTING WASTEWATER TRANSMISSION FACILITIES ...... M5-10 TABLE 5.4 FEATURES OF TWO WWTPS SURVEYED...... M5-11 TABLE 5.5 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR ZONE 4 TREATMENT PLANT ...... M5-14 TABLE 5.6 WASTEWATER TREATMENT ZONES AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT PLANS ...... M5-15 TABLE 6.1 EXISTING DRAINAGE FACILITIES IN THE HAVANA CITY ...... M6-3 TABLE 6.2 ANALYZED RAINFALL DATA ...... M6-5 TABLE 6.3 WATER QUALITY OF DRAINAGE CHANNELS 1985-2002...... M6-11 TABLE 6.4 WATER QUALITY SURVEY IN DRAINAGE CHANNELS AND SEWER...... M6-11 TABLE 6.5 WATER QUALITY IN DRAINAGE CHANNELS AND SEWER ...... M6-13
TABLE 7.1 STATISTICS-AGUAS DE LA HABANA & ACUEDUCTO DEL ESTE...... M7-12 TABLE 8.1 STATE FINANCE...... M8-2 TABLE 8.2 PRODUCTION OF HAVANA CITY ...... M8-3 TABLE 8.3 PRODUCTION OF MUNICIPALITIES ...... M8-4 TABLE 8.4 PRODUCTION OF PLAZA DE LA REVOLUCIÓN ...... M8-5 TABLE 8.5 PRODUCTION OF CENTRO HABANA...... M8-6 TABLE 8.6 PRODUCTION OF LA HABANA VIEJA...... M8-7 TABLE 8.7 PRODUCTION OF REGLA ...... M8-8 TABLE 8.8 PRODUCTION OF LA HABANA DEL ESTE...... M8-9 TABLE 8.9 PRODUCTION OF GUANABACOA ...... M8-10 TABLE 8.10 PRODUCTION OF SAN MIGUEL DEL PADRÓN ...... M8-11 TABLE 8.11 PRODUCTION OF DIEZ DE OCTUBRE ...... M8-12 TABLE 8.12 PRODUCTION OF CERRO ...... M8-13 TABLE 8.13 PRODUCTION OF ARROYO NARANJO ...... M8-14 ix Volume II Main Report Table of Contents
TABLE 8.14 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND SERVICE COVERAGE OF 3 WATER COMPANIES...... M8-15 TABLE 8.15 BALANCE SHEETS OF AGUAS DE LA HABANA...... M8-16 TABLE 8.16 INCOME STATEMENTS OF AGUAS DE LA HABANA...... M8-17 TABLE 8.17 SOURCES AND APPLICATION OF FUNDS OF AGUAS DE LA HABANA...... M8-18 TABLE 8.18 KEY FINANCIAL RATIOS OF AGUAS DE LA HABANA ...... M8-19 TABLE 8.19 MAIN FINANCIAL DATA OF ACUEDUCTO DEL ESTE ...... M8-21 TABLE 8.20 MAIN FINANCIAL DATA OF ACUEDUCTO SUR...... M8-21 TABLE 8.21 WATER AND SEWERAGE TARIFF FOR CUBAN LOCALS AND PESO EARNERS.M8-23 TABLE 8.22 WATER AND SEWERAGE TARIFF FOR FOREIGNERS AND HARD CURRENCY EARNERS...... M8-24 TABLE 8.23 CUSTOMER CLASSIFICATION OF AGUAS DE LA HABANA ...... M8-24 TABLE 10.1 DRAFT COASTAL AND BAY WATER QUALITY STANDARDS...... M10-3 TABLE 10.2 GOALS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF SECTOR ...... M10-5 TABLE 10.3 EXISTING WATER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM ...... M10-7 TABLE 10.4 CURRENT STATE OF WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS ORGANIZATION...... M10-8 TABLE 10.5 MAJOR PROBLEMS OF EXISTING WATER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM ..M10-8 TABLE 10.6 RECOMMENDED FUTURE WATER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM...... M10-9 TABLE 11.1 SEWERAGE PLANNING AREA (YEAR:2020)...... M11-1 TABLE 11.2 POPULATION IN HAVANA CITY...... M11-1 TABLE 11.3 POPULATION OF TEN MUNICIPALITIES RELATED TO HAVANA BAY BASIN ...M11-2 TABLE 11.4 POPULATION PROJECTION WITHIN HAVA NA BAY BASIN...... M11-2 TABLE 11.5 SEWER SERVICE POPULATION (YEAR : 2020)...... M11-3 TABLE 11.6 WATER DEMAND BY CATEGORY ...... M11-4 TABLE 11.7 PRESENT PER CAPITA WASTEWATER GENERATION ...... M11-5 TABLE 11.8 FUTURE PER CAPITA WASTEWATER GENERATION...... M11-6 TABLE 11.9 SUMMARY OF WASTEWATER GENERATION...... M11-7 TABLE 11.10 PER CAPITA POLLUTANT LOAD ...... M11-7 TABLE 11.11 PER CAPITA POLLUTANT LOAD IN TOILET WASTEWATER AND GREY WATER ...... M11-8 TABLE 11.12 UPSTREAM WATER QUALITY...... M11-11 TABLE 11.13 WASTEWATER TREATMENT EFFICIENCY (ASSUMED) ...... M11-11 TABLE 11.14 INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT QUALITY FOR ZONE 6 WWTP (UNDP)...... M11-11 TABLE 11.15 INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT QUALITY FOR ZONE 4 WWTP (ITALIAN) ...... M11-12 TABLE 11.16 CASE 2 – FUTURE (2020) WITH GEF PROJECTS ONLY...... M11-12 TABLE 11.17 CASE 4 : SECONDARY TREATMENT...... M11-13 TABLE 11.18 CASE 5 : PRIMARY TREATMENT ...... M11-13 TABLE 11.19 CASE 6 : ADVANCED TREATMENT...... M11-13 TABLE 11.20 EFFLUENT STANDARDS TO SEA OUTFALL ...... M11-20 TABLE 11.21 PIPE MATERIALS AND DIAMETERS USED IN DESIGN...... M11-21 TABLE 11.22 DESIGN CAPACITY ALLOWANCE FOR COLECTORS ...... M11-22 TABLE 11.23 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PRINCIPLE OF SELECTED METHODS...... M11-24 TABLE 11.24 COMPARISON OF FIVE WASTEWATER TREATMENT METHODS ...... M11-25 TABLE 11.25 COMPARISON OF SLUDGE DEWATERING PROCESS...... M11-29 TABLE 12.1 PROBLEMS AND IMPROVEMENT MEASURES...... M12-3 TABLE 12.2 DESIGN BASES FOR THE EXISTING CENTRAL SEWERAGE SYSTEM (TARGET YEAR 2020)...... M12-6 TABLE 12.3 COLECTORS RECOMMENDED FOR FURTHER STUDY ...... M12-11 TABLE 12.4 CAPACITY OF THE COLECTOR SUR AND SUR 2 ...... M12-14 TABLE 12.5 REHABILITATION PLAN FOR EACH ALTERNATIVE ON CENTRAL SYSTEM.....M12-19 x Volume II Main Report Table of Contents
TABLE 12.6 COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES FOR CENTRAL SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT ....M12-21 TABLE 12.7 EVAL UAT ION OF ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS FOR EXISTING CENTRAL SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT...... M12-24 TABLE 12.8 PROPOSED IMPROVEMENT PLAN OF THE EXISTING CENTRAL SEWERAGE SYSTEM...... M12-26 TABLE 12.9 TREATMENT EFFICIENCY ...... M12-29 TABLE 12.10 DESIGN BASES FOR THE NEW ALTERNATIVE SEWERAGE SYSTEMS (TARGET YEAR 2020)...... M12-33 TABLE 12.11 FEATURES OF THE ALTERNATIVES OF WASTEWATER DISCHARGE TO THE HAVANA BAY ...... M12-37 TABLE 12.12 SEWER MAIN FOR EACH SEWER DISTRICT IN THE ALTERNATIVES ...... M12-39 TABLE 12.13 COMPARISON OF OVERALL SEWERAGE PLAN FOR EACH ALTERNATIVE OF TREATED WASTEWATER DISCHARGE TO HAVANA BAY ...... M12-46 TABLE 12.14 COMPARISON OF AN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN UP TO THE YEAR 2020 SET FOR EACH ALTERNATIVE OF TREATED WASTEWATER DISCHARGE TO HAVANA BAY ...... M12-48 TABLE 12.15 A PRELIMINARY CAPITAL COST ESTIMATE FOR THE ALTERNATIVE N-6 ...... M12-50 TABLE 12.16 RELATIONSHIP OF PROPOSED AREA WITH SEWER DISTRICTS OF NEW FOUR ZONAL SEWERAGE SYSTEMS ...... M12-53 TABLE 12.17 COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES FOR DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATER GENERATED FROM THE LEFT BANK OF RIO LUYANÓ...... M12-61 TABLE 12.18 OUTLINE OF NEW SEWERAGE DEVELOPMENT PLAN UP TO THE YEAR 2020 ...M12-64 TABLE 12.19 REQUIRED COLECTOR SYSTEM FOR THE ALTERNATIVE ...... M12-65 TABLE 13.1 IMPROVEMENT PLAN OF THE CENTRAL SEWERAGE SYSTEM...... M13-2 TABLE 13.2 SEWER NETWORKS FOR THE LUYANÓ-MARTÍN PÉREZ ABAJO SEWER DISTRICT...... M13-4 TABLE 13.3 COLECTORS REQUIRED IN THE LUYANÓ-MARTÍN PÉREZ ABAJO SEWER DISTRICT...... M13-5 TABLE 13.4 MAJOR WWTP FACILITIES TO BE CONSTRUCTED BY THE SEWERAGE MP ..M13-6 TABLE 13.5 NEW TREATMENT PLANT PERSONNEL...... M13-18 TABLE 13.6 PUMPING STATION PERSONNEL ...... M13-19 TABLE 13.7 TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT REQUIRED TO IMPLEMENT THE PROPOSED SEWERAGE MASTER PLAN ...... M13-26 TABLE 13.8 TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT FOR THE FIRST STAGE PROJECT ...... M13-26 TABLE 13.9 TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT FOR THE SECOND STAGE PROJECT...... M13-26 TABLE 13.10 TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT FOR THE THIRD STAGE PROJECT...... M13-26 TABLE 13.11 CAPITAL INVESTMENT FOR THE CENTRAL SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT...... M13-27 TABLE 13.12 CAPITAL INVESTMENT FOR THE NEW SEWERAGE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT.M13-28 TABLE 13.13 ANNUAL OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST FOR THE PROPOSED SEWERAGE SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF THE SEWERAGE MP...... M13-29 TABLE 13.14 POLLUTION LOAD REDUCTION WITH THE M/P OF NEW SEWERAGE DEVELOPMENT ...... M13-30 TABLE 13.15 POLLUTION LOAD REDUCTION WITH THE M/P OF CENTRAL SEWERAGE IMPROVEMENT...... M13-30 TABLE 13.16 CASE 1- EXISTING CONDITIONS (YEAR 2002) ...... M13-31 TABLE 13.17 CASE M/P ...... M13-31 TABLE 13.18 ANALYSIS OF POLLUTERS AND BENEFICIARIES...... M13-33 TABLE 13.19 CAPITAL INVESTMENT IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION (CLASSIFIED BY INVESTMENT SECTOR)...... M13-35 TABLE 13.20 CAPITAL INVESTMENT IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION (CLASSIFIED BY xi Volume II Main Report Table of Contents
INDUSTRY TYPE)...... M13-35 TABLE 13.21 AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND SPENDING ...... M13-36 TABLE 13.22 BASIC PRICES IN HAVANA CITY...... M13-36 TABLE 13.23 COMMERCIAL SIZE OF MAJOR FACTORIES IN STUDY AREA ...... M13-37 TABLE 13.24 TOURISM PRICE DATA ...... M13-38 TABLE 13.25 HARD-CURRENCY EXTERNAL DEBTS OF CUBA ...... M13-39 TABLE 13.26 DONORS OF DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE TO CUBA...... M13-40 TABLE 13.27 TYPE OF DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE TO CUBA...... M13-40 TABLE 13.28 REFERENTIAL LENDING RATE OF MULTILATERAL LENDING AGENCIES...... M13-41 TABLE 13.29 CHANGES IN PESO/US$ EXCHANGE RATE ...... M13-44 TABLE 13.30 CHANGE IN THE NUMBER OF TOURISTS VISITING THE CITY OF HAVANA.....M13-46 TABLE 13.31 MASTER PLAN PROJECT CASH FLOW AT FINANCIAL VALUE...... M13-47 TABLE 13.32 FINANCIAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF MASTER PLAN PROJECT...... M13-48 TABLE 13.33 CULTIVABLE CROPS IN THE PROJECT SITES...... M13-51 TABLE 13.34 ECONOMIC VALUES OF LAND ...... M13-51 TABLE 13.35 RESULTS OF INHABITANT SURVEY...... M13-54 TABLE 13.36 MASTER PLAN PROJECT CASH FLOW AT ECONOMIC VALUE ...... M13-58 TABLE 13.37 ECONOMIC SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF MASTER PLAN PROJECT...... M13-59 TABLE 13.38 LOSS CAUSED BY CONTRACTION OF DIARRHEA ...... M13-60
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1.1 STUDY AREA...... M1-3 FIGURE 1.2 ORGANIZATION CHART OF THE STUDY ...... M1-4 FIGURE 1.3 STAFF ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULE...... M1-7 FIGURE 2.1 HAVANA BAY BASIN ...... M2-4 FIGURE 2.2 TENDENCY OF MORBIDITY OF SEWERAGE RELATED DISEASES...... M2-12 FIGURE 3.1 LOCATION MAP FOR WATER AND SEDIMENT QUALITY SURVEY OF RIVERS AND WASTEWATER ...... M3-4 FIGURE 3.2 RESULTS OF FLOW RATES MEASUREMENT AT RIVER MOUTHS ...... M3-6 FIGURE 3.3 VARIATIONS OF DO, ORGANICS AND NUTRIENTS IN TRIBUTARY RIVERS ....M3-7 FIGURE 3.4 BAY WATER AND SEDIMENT QUALITY MONITORING LOCATIONS...... M3-10 FIGURE 3.5 VERTICAL VARIATION OF DO AND NUTRIENTS IN HAVANA BAY IN NOVEMBER 30, 2001 ...... M3-11 FIGURE 3.6 VARIATIONS OF DO AND NUTRIENTS IN HAVANA BAY, 1986-2001 ...... M3-12 FIGURE 3.7 VARIATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SEDIMENTS IN HAVANA BAY, 1991-2001...... M3-13 FIGURE 3.8 VERTICAL VARIATIONS OF DO, ORGANICS AND NUTRIENTS IN HAVANA BAY IN WET SEASON ...... M3-18 FIGURE 3.9 VERTICAL VARIATIONS OF DO, ORGANICS AND NUTRIENTS IN HAVANA BAY IN DRY SEASON...... M3-19 FIGURE 3.10 VERTICAL VARIATIONS OF CHLOROPHYLL-A AND FECAL COLIFORMS IN HAVANA BAY IN WET AND DRY SEASON ...... M3-20 FIGURE 3.11 PROCEDURE OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER SURVEY...... M3-26 FIGURE 3.12 LOCATION OF FACTORIES SELECTED FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER SURVEY...... M3-28 FIGURE 3.13 SUMMARY OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION LOAD FROM THE 10 SELECTED FACTORIES ...... M3-32 FIGURE 3.14 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW –STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS...... M3-36 FIGURE 4.1 FLOW CHART FOR THE WATER QUALITY SIMULATION OF HAVANA BAY...... M4-6 xii Volume II Main Report Table of Contents
FIGURE 4.2 SKETCH OF THE MODEL APPLIED IN THE SIMULATION...... M4-7 FIGURE 4.3 OBJECTIVE AREA OF HYDRODYNAMIC AND WATER QUALITY SIMULATION OF HAVANA BAY ...... M4-9 FIGURE 4.4 LOCATION OF THE OPEN BOUNDARY AND POINT SOURCES ...... M4-10 FIGURE 4.5 WATER DEPTH DISTRIBUTION OF HAVAN A BAY ...... M4-11 FIGURE 4.6 OBSERVATION RESULTS OF CURRENTS IN HAVANA BAY ...... M4-14 FIGURE 4.7 SIMULATION RESULTS OF THE CURRENTS IN HAVANA BAY (SURFACE LAYER)...... M4-18 FIGURE 4.8 SIMULATION RESULTS OF THE CURRENTS IN HAVANA BAY (SECOND LAYER)...... M4-19 FIGURE 4.9 SIMULATION RESULTS OF WATER TEMPERATURE IN HAVANA BAY (SURFACE LAYER)...... M4-20 FIGURE 4.10 SIMULATION RESULTS OF WATER TEMPERATURE IN HAVANA BAY (SECOND LAYER)...... M4-21 FIGURE 4.11 SIMULATION RESULTS OF SALINITY IN HAVANA BAY (SURFACE LAYER).....M4-22 FIGURE 4.12 SIMULATION RESULTS OF SALINITY IN HAVANA BAY (SECOND LAYER) ...... M4-23 FIGURE 4.13 WATER QUALITY OBSERVATION RESULTS OF HAVANA BAY (A) ...... M4-25 FIGURE 4.14 WATER QUALITY OBSERVATION RESULTS OF HAVANA BAY (B) ...... M4-26 FIGURE 4.15 WATER QUALITY OBSERVATION RESULTS OF HAVANA BAY (C) ...... M4-27 FIGURE 4.16 SCHEMATIC OF THE PROCESSES INCLUDED IN THE WQ MODEL APPLIED IN THIS STUDY ...... M4-29
FIGURE 4.17 CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION OF DISSOLVED BOD (BODD) IN HAVANA BAY (SURFACE LAYER) ...... M4-33
FIGURE 4.18 CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION OF SUSPENDED BOD (BODS) IN HAVANA BAY (SURFACE LAYER) ...... M4-34 FIGURE 4.19 CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO) IN HAVANA BAY (SURFACE LAYER) ...... M4-35 FIGURE 4.20 CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION OF AMMONIA IN HAVANA BAY (SURFACE LAYER)...... M4-36 FIGURE 4.21 CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION OF NITRITE NITROGEN IN HAVANA BAY (SURFACE LAYER)...... M4-37 FIGURE 4.22 CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION OF NITRATE NITROGEN IN HAVANA BAY (SURFACE LAYER) ...... M4-38 FIGURE 4.23 CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION OF ORTHOPHOSPHATE IN HAVAN A BAY (SURFACE LAYER)...... M4-39 FIGURE 4.24 CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION OF CHLOROPHYLL-A IN HAVANA BAY (SURFACE LAYER)...... M4-40 FIGURE 4.25 LOCATION MAP FOR TIDAL CURRENT SURVEY IN THIS STUDY...... M4-42 FIGURE 4.26 VERTICAL VARIATION OF TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY DURING FLOOD TIDE -OCTOBER 2002 ...... M4-44 FIGURE 4.27 VARIATION OF SURFACE WATER SALINITY IN HAVANA BAY (OCTOBER 2002-WET SEASON)...... M4-45 FIGURE 4.28 VARIATION OF SURFACE WATER SALINITY IN HAVANA BAY (DECEMBER 2002-DRY SEASON)...... M4-46 FIGURE 4.29 CURRENT PATTERN IN HAVANA BAY DURING FLOOD TIDE (OCTOBER 2002-WET SEASON)...... M4-48 FIGURE 4.30 CURRENT PATTERN IN HAVANA BAY DURING EBB TIDE (OCTOBER 2002-WET SEASON)...... M4-49 FIGURE 4.29 CURRENT PATTERN IN HAVANA BAY DURING FLOOD TIDE (DECEMBER 2002-DRY SEASON)...... M4-50 xiii Volume II Main Report Table of Contents
FIGURE 4.30 CURRENT PATTERN IN HAVANA BAY DURING EBB TIDE (OCTOBER 2002-DRY SEASON)...... M4-51 FIGURE 5.1 COLECTORS IN THE CENTRAL SEWERAGE SYSTEM...... M5-2 FIGURE 5.2 SELECTED 10 LOCATIONS FOR THE CROSS CONNECTION SURVEY...... M5-5 FIGURE 5.3 PROCEDURE OF CROSS CONNECTION SURVEY, DYE-COLORED TEST METHOD ...... M5-6 FIGURE 5.4 SEVEN WASTEWATER TREATMENT ZONES WITHIN HAVANA BASIN ...... M5-13 FIGURE 6.1 OVERVIEW OF DRAINAGE AREA AND EXISTING DRAINAGE SYSTEM...... M6-2 FIGURE 6.2 EXISTING MAJOR DRAINAGE FACILITIES ...... M6-6 FIGURE 6.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RAINFALL INTENSITY AND RAINFALL DURATION BASED ON RAINFALL DATA AT CASABLANCA METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATORY FOR 78 YEARS BETWEEN 1908 AND 1985...... M6-7 FIGURE 6.4 RAINFALL INTENSITY EXPRESSED BY TALBOT-TYPE ...... M6-10 FIGURE 6.5 SAMPLING LOCATIONS OF WATER QUALITY SURVEY FOR DRAINAGE CHANNELS AND SEWER (S1, S2, S3) ...... M6-12 FIGURE 6.6 RESULTS OF FLOWRATES MEASUREMENT AT DRAINAGE CHANNELS AND SEWER...... M6-14 FIGURE 7.1 WATER AND SANITATION SECTOR, --GENERAL ORGANIZATION CHART FOR OPERATION ...... M7-2 FIGURE 7.2 EXTRA-SECTORAL AGENCIES TO THE WATER AND SANITATION SECTOR .....M7-3 FIGURE 7.3 ORGANIZATION CHART OF GTE ...... M7-7 FIGURE 7.4 ORGANIZATION CHART OF INRH ...... M7-8 FIGURE 7.5 ORGANIZATION CHART OF AGUAS DE LA HABANA ...... M7-15 FIGURE 7.6 ORGANIZATION CHART FOR THE TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT OF AGUAS DE LA HABANA ...... M7-16 FIGURE 7.7 ORGANIZATION CHART FOR THE ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION DEPARTMENT OF AGUAS DE LA HABANA...... M7-17 FIGURE 7.8 ORGANIZATION CHART OF ACUEDUCTO DEL ESTE ...... M7-19 FIGURE 9.1 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION SYSTEM...... M9-2 FIGURE 9.2 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN – ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION PLAN...... M9-8 FIGURE 9.3 EXECUTED ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS...... M9-17 FIGURE 10.1 COMPARISON OF DO LEVELS IN HAVANA BAY (YEAR 2002) TO DRAFT STANDARDS ...... M10-4 FIGURE 11.1 RESULTS OF DO LEVELS FOR DIFFERENT LEVELS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT ...... M11-15 FIGURE 11.2 RESULTS OF BODd LEVELS FOR DIFFERENT LEVELS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT ...... M11-16
FIGURE 11.3 RESULTS OF NH4-N LEVELS FOR DIFFERENT LEVELS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT ...... M11-17
FIGURE 11.4 RESULTS OF PO4-P LEVELS FOR DIFFERENT LEVELS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT ...... M11-18 FIGURE 11.5 RESULTS OF Chl-a LEVELS FOR DIFFERENT LEVELS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT ...... M11-19 FIGURE 12.1 FLOWCHART OF FORMULATING SEWERAGE SYSTEM MASTER PLANM...... M12-2 FIGURE 12.2 CROSS CONNECTION OF SEWER MANHOLE OF HOUSING APARTMENT TO THE NEARBY DRAIN...... M12-8 FIGURE 12.3 CROSS CONNECTION OF SEWER MANHOLE TO DRAIN DUE TO INADEQUATE SEWER CAPACITY OR MISTAKE ...... M12-9 FIGURE 12.4 CROSS CONNECTION OF SEWER MANHOLE TO DRAIN DUE TO xiv Volume II Main Report Table of Contents
INADEQUATE SEWER CAPACITY ...... M12-10 FIGURE 12.5 CENTRAL SYSTEM – SEWER SUB-DISTRICTS ...... M12-12 FIGURE 12.5 PROPOSED COLECTOR SYSTEM FOR IMPROVE THE CENTRAL SEWERAGE SYSTEM...... M12-15 FIGURE 12.7 ALTERNATIVES FOR IMPROVEMENT OF EXISTING CENTRAL SEWERAGE SYSTEM...... M12-17 FIGURE 12.8 PROFILE OF THREE ALTERNATIVES FOR IMPROVEMENT OF EXISTING CENTRAL SEWERAGE SYSTEM ...... M12-18 FIGURE 12.9 ALTERNATIVE N-1 FOR NEW SEWERAGE SCHEME: FIVE ZONAL SEWERAGE SYSTEM...... M12-30 FIGURE 12.10 ALTERNATIVE N-2 TO N-5 FOR NEW SEWERAGE SCHEME: FOUR ZONAL SYSTEM TO INTEGRATED SYSTEM ...... M12-31 FIGURE 12.11 ALTERNATIVE N-6 FOR NEW SEWERAGE SCHEME: OCEAN DISCHARGE SEWERAGE SYSTEM...... M12-32 FIGURE 12.12 ALTERNATIVE N-1 IPP2020 POSSIBLE SEWER SERVICE AREA TO BE COVERED UP TO 2020 ...... M12-40 FIGURE 12.13 ALTERNATIVE N-2 IPP2020 POSSIBLE SEWER SERVICE AREA TO BE COVERED UP TO 2020 ...... M12-41 FIGURE 12.14 ALTERNATIVE N-3 IPP2020 POSSIBLE SEWER SERVICE AREA TO BE COVERED UP TO 2020 ...... M12-42 FIGURE 12.15 ALTERNATIVE N-4 IPP2020 POSSIBLE SEWER SERVICE AREA TO BE COVERED UP TO 2020 ...... M12-43 FIGURE 12.16 ALTERNATIVE N-5 IPP2020 POSSIBLE SEWER SERVICE AREA TO BE COVERED UP TO 2020 ...... M12-44 FIGURE 12.17 SELECTED SEWERAGE PLAN- FOUR ZONAL SEWERAGE SYSTEM ...... M12-52 FIGURE 12.17 SELECTED SEWERAGE PLAN- FOUR ZONAL SEWERAGE SYSTEM ...... M12-52 FIGURE 12.18 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF AGUAS DE LA HABANA PROPOSAL ...... M12-56 FIGURE 12.19 RELATIONSHIP OF PROPOSED AREA WITH SEWER DISTRICTS OF FOUR ZONAL SEWERAGE SYSTEM ...... M12-57 FIGURE 12.20 PLANNING AND DESIGN FIGURES FOR COLECTORS AND AND LUYANÓ WWTP IN LUYANÓ-MARTÍN PÉREZ ABAJO SEWER DISTRICT ...... M12-59 FIGURE 12.21 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF ALTERNATIVE FOR WASTEWATER DISPOSAL FROM THE LUYANÓ LEFT BANK AREA ...... M12-60 FIGURE 12.22 SCHEMATIC STAGED CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF THE LUYANÓ WWTP...... M12-62 FIGURE 12.23 DESIGN FIGURES OF SUB-SEWER AREA...... M12-63 FIGURE 12.24 ROUTE OF COLECTOR SUR A...... M12-67 FIGURE 12.25 LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF COLECTOR SUR A ...... M12-68 FIGURE 12.26 MATADERO PUMPING STATION – LOCATION MAP ...... M12-69 FIGURE 13.1 SEWERAGE SYSTEM GENERAL MAP...... M13-3 FIGURE 13.2 FLOW SHEET OF THE PROPOSED TREATMENT FACILITIES OF LUYANÓ WWTP...... 13-7 FIGURE 13.3 GENERAL IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE ...... M13-12 FIGURE 13.4 PROPOSED IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE FOR FIRST STAGE PROJECT ...... M13-13 FIGURE 13.5 PROPOSED IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE FOR SECOND STAGE PROJECT .....M13-14 FIGURE 13.6 PROPOSED IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE FOR THIRD STAGE PROJECT ...... M13-15 FIGURE 13.7 ORGANIZATION CHART FOR ADDITIONS TO THE TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT OF AGUAS DE LA HABANA ...... M13-22
xv Volume II Main Report Table of Contents
PART –II FEASIBILITY STUDY
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROJECT GENESIS...... F1-1 1.2 SCOPE OF FEASIBILITY STUDY ...... F1-1 1.3 STUDY ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT...... F1-1
CHAPTER 2 PRIORITY PROJECT 2.1 PROPOSED PRIORITY PROJECT...... F2-1 2.2 DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS ...... F2-1 2.2.1 DESIGN POPULATION...... F2-1 2.2.2 WASTEWATER QUANTITIES...... F2-2 2.2.3 DESIGN FLOWS ...... F2-2 2.3 REHABILITATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF EXISTING SEWERAGE SYSTEM...... F2-3 2.3.1 DESIGN OF SEWER ...... F2-3 2.3.2 DESIGN OF WASTEWATER PUMPING STATIONS...... F2-9 2.4 DEVELOPMENT OF NEW SEWERAGE SYSTEM ...... F2-16 2.4.1 DESIGN OF SEWERS ...... F2-16 2.4.2 DESIGN OF NEW WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT ...... F2-23 2.5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PLAN ...... F2-26 2.5.1 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE TASKS...... F2-26 2.5.2 SEWER MAIN (COLECTOR)...... F2-26 2.5.3 WASTEWATER PUMPING STATION ...... F2-27 2.5.4 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS (WWTPS)...... F2-28 2.5.5 STAFF REQUIREMENT ...... F2-30
CHAPTER 3 PRIORITY PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 3.1 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE...... F3-1 3.1.1 GENERAL ...... F3-1 3.1.2 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE FOR PRIORITY PROJECT ...... F3-1 3.2 PROJECT COST ESTIMATES FOR PRIORITY PROJECT ...... F3-1 3.2.1 BASIS OF CAPITAL COST ESTIMATE...... F3-1 3.2.2 PROJECT COST...... F3-3 3.2.3 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST...... F3-6 3.3 ORGANIZATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS...... F3-8 3.3.1 GENERAL ...... F3-8 3.3.2 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SECTOR ...... F3-8 3.3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL SECTOR...... F3-8 3.3.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR HAVANA BAY ...... F3-13 3.3.5 INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING ...... F3-14 3.3.6 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ...... F3-17 CHAPTER 4 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 4.1 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS...... F4-1
xvi Volume II Main Report Table of Contents
4.1.1 METHODOLOGY...... F4-1 4.1.2 BASIC CONDITIONS ...... F4-1 4.1.3 EVALUATION OF FINANCIAL VIABILITY ...... F4-2 4.1.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ...... F4-3 4.1.5 LOAN REPAYMENT PROJECTION...... F4-4 4.2 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS...... F4-7 4.2.1 METHODOLOGY...... F4-7 4.2.2 ECONOMIC COST/BENEFIT VALUATION...... F4-8 4.2.3 EVALUATION OF ECONOMIC VIABILITY ...... F4-11 4.2.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ...... F4-12
CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 5.1 GENERAL...... F5-1 5.2 MATADERO PUMPING STATION ...... F5-1 5.3 COLECTOR SUR NUEVO, PUMPED MAIN AND BY_PASS PIPE FOR COLECTOR CERRO AND COLECTOR SUR...... F5-3 5.4 LUYANÓ WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT...... F5-5 5.5 LUYANÓ-MARTÍN PÉREZ RIGHT COLECTOR AND LUYANÓ LEFT COLECTOR ...... F5-8 5.6 CASABLANCA PUMPING STATION...... F5-10 5.7 SCREENS AT CABALLERIA ...... F5-11 5.8 EVALUATION OF MEASURES DURING EMERGENCY...... F5-12 5.8.1 MATADERO PUMPING STATION ...... F5-13 5.8.2 CASABLANCA PUMPING STATION ...... F5-13 5.8.3 LUYANÓ WWTP...... F5-13 5.9 RECOMMENDATIONS...... F5-13
CHAPTER 6 PROJECT EVALUATION 6.1 GENERAL...... F6-1 6.2 TECHNICAL EVALUATION...... F6-1 6.2.1 GENERAL...... F6-1 6.2.2 PROPOSED FACILITIES ...... F6-1 6.2.3 LAND ACQUISITION AND RIGHTS ...... F6-1 6.2.4 PROCUREMENT ...... F6-2 6.2.5 PROJECT EFFECTS ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF ENVIRONMENT ...... F6-2 6.2.6 OVERALL TECHNICAL EVALUATION ...... F6-2 6.3 ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL EVALUATION ...... F6-2 6.3.1 FINANCIAL EVAL UAT ION ...... F6-2 6.3.2 ECONOMIC EVAL UAT ION ...... F6-4 6.4 ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION...... F6-4 6.4.1 POLLUTION LOAD REDUCTION ...... F6-4 6.4.2 WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT ...... F6-6 6.4.3 SUMMARY OF EVALUATION AND WAY FORWARD...... F6-12
6.5 OVERALL PROJECT EVALUATION...... F6-12 xvii Volume II Main Report Table of Contents
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7.1 CONCLUSIONS ...... F7-1 7.1.1 SOUNDNESS OF THE PROJECT...... F7-1 7.1.2 BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT...... F7-1 7.2 RECOMMENDATIONS...... F7-2 7.2.1 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT...... F7-2 7.2.2 IMPLICATIONS OF FURTHER ACTIONS AND STUDIES ...... F7-2
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 2.1 POPULATION COVERED BY THE PRIORITY PROJECT ...... F2-2 TABLE 2.2 WASTEWATER QUANTITIES RELATED TO THE PRIORITY PROJECT ...... F2-2 TABLE 2.3 PROPOSED WORK FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE CENTRAL SEWERAGE SYSTEM UNDER THE PRIORITY PROJECT ...... F2-3 TABLE 2.4 REHABILITATED MAJOR FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT OF THE CASABLANCA PUMPING STATION ...... F2-10 TABLE 2.5 REHABILITATED EQUIPMENT LIST OF SCREEN FACILITIES AT CABALLERIA ...... F2-11 TABLE 2.6 INFLOW CONDITIONS TO MATADERO PUMPING STATION ...... F2-11 TABLE 2.7 PUMPS REQUIRED AT THE MATADERO PUMPING STATION ...... F2-12 TABLE 2.8 SUMMARY OF THE MATADERO PUMPING STATION ...... F2-12 TABLE 2.9 SEWER NETWORKS DEVELOPMENT PLAN UNDER THE PRIORITY PROJECT ...... F2-16 TABLE 2.10 C OLECTORS REQUIRED UNDER THE PRIORITY PROJECT ...... F2-17 TABLE 2.11 DESIGN TREATED WASTEWATER QUALITY ...... F2-23 TABLE 2.12 M AJOR WWTP FACILITIES TO BE CONSTRUCTED UNDER THE PRIORITY ...... F2-25 TABLE 2.13 M AINTENANCE SCHEDULE FOR SEWER MAINS ...... F2-27 TABLE 2.14 M AINTENANCE SCHEDULE FOR PUMPING STATIONS ...... F2-28 TABLE 2.15 M AINTENANCE SCHEDULE FOR WWTP’S ...... F2-29 TABLE 2.16 S EWER MAINTENANCE BRANCH OFFICE ...... F2-30 TABLE 2.17 P UMPING STATION PERSONNEL ...... F2-31 TABLE 2.18 N EW TREATMENT PLANT PERSONNEL ...... F2-31 TABLE 2.19 H EADQUARTERS STAFF FOR PRIORITY PROJECT ...... F2-32 TABLE 3.1 PROJECT COST FOR THE PRIORITY PROJECT ...... F3-4 TABLE 3.2 PROJECT COST FOR THE CENTRAL SEWERAGE IMPROVEMENT UNDER THE PRIORITY PROJECT ...... F3-4 TABLE 3.3 PROJECT COST FOR THE NEW SEWERAGE DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE PRIORITY PROJECT ...... F3-5 TABLE 3.4 ANNUAL OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST REQUIRED UNDER THE PRIORITY PROJECT ...... F3-7 TABLE 3.5 OTHER STATE AGENCIES & BODIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ...... F3-10 TABLE 4.1 PRIORITY PROJECT CASH FLOW AT FINANCIAL COST ...... F4-3 TABLE 4.2 FINANCIAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF PRIORITY PROJECT ...... F4-4 TABLE 4.3 FOREIGN LOAN REPAYMENT SCHEDULE...... F4-6 TABLE 4.4 PESO LOAN REPAYMENT SCHEDULE ...... F4-6 TABLE 4.5 CHANGES IN DEBT SERVICE COVERAGE RATIO UNDER PRIORITY PROJECT ... F4-7 TABLE 4.6 PRIORITY PROJECT CASH FLOW AT ECONOMIC COST ...... F4-11 TABLE 4.7 ECONOMIC SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF PRIORITY PROJECT ...... F4-12 xviii Volume II Main Report Table of Contents
TABLE 6.1 ESTIMATED POLLUTION LOAD REDUCTION IN NEW SEWERAGE SYSTEM-PRIORITY PROJECTS ...... F6-5 TABLE 6.2 ESTIMATED POLLUTION LOAD REDUCTION IN CENTRAL SYSTEM-PRIORITY PROJECTS ...... F6-5 TABLE 6.3 CASE F/S ...... F6-6
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2.1 GENERAL MAP OF THE PRIORITY PROJECT ...... F2-5 FIGURE 2.2 ROUTE OF COLECTOR SUR NUEVO ...... F2-6 FIGURE 2.3 LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF COLECTOR SUR NUEVO ...... F2-7 FIGURE 2.4 ROUTE OF THE PROPOSED INTERCONNECTION PIPE FOR COLECTOR CERRO AND COLECTOR SUR ...... F2-8 FIGURE 2.5 LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF THE BY-PASS PIPE FOR COLECTOR CERRO AND COLECTOR SUR ...... F2-9 FIGURE 2.6 PLAN OF THE SCREEN FACILITIES TO BE REHABILITATED AT CABALLERIA . F2-13 FIGURE 2.7 PLAN OF THE EQUIPMENT TO BE REHABILITATED AT CASABLANCA PUMPING STATION ...... F2-14 FIGURE 2.8 MATADERO PUMPING STATION ...... F2-15 FIGURE 2.9 ROUTE OF THE LUYANÓ MARTIN PERÉZ RIGHT BANK COLECTOR ...... F2-18 FIGURE 2.10 LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF THE LUYANÓ MARTIN PERÉZ RIGHT COLECTOR IN VIA BLANCA ...... F2-19 FIGURE 2.11 LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF THE LUYANÓ MARTIN PERÉZ RIGHT COLECTOR IN ANILO DEL PUERTO ...... F2-11 FIGURE 2.12 ROUTE OF THE LUYANÓ LEFT COLECTOR ...... F2-21 FIGURE 2.13 LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF THE LUYANÓ LEFT COLECTOR ...... F2-22 FIGURE 2.14 TREATMENT FACILITIES DEVELOPED UNDER THE PRIORITY PROJECT -GENERAL LAYOUT PLAN OF THE LUYANÓ WWTP PLANT ...... F2-24 FIGURE 3.1 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE OF THE PRIORITY PROJECT ...... F3-2 FIGURE 3.2 INRH-ORGANIZATION CHART FOR THE CITY OF HABANA ...... F3-11 FIGURE 3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL SECTOR AND WATER SUPPLY & SEWERAGE SECTOR CITY OF HAVANA ...... F3-12 FIGURE 3.4 PROJECT INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK -PROPOSED STEERING COMMITTEE F3-19 FIGURE 3.5 PROPOSED INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION ...... F3-20 FIGURE 6.1 RESULTS OF DO LEVELS FOR M/P AND F/S ...... F6-7 FIGURE 6.2 RESULTS OF BOD LEVELS FOR M/P AND F/S ...... F6-8
FIGURE 6.3 RESULTS OF NH4-N LEVELS FOR M/P AND F/S ...... F6-9
FIGURE 6.4 RESULTS OF PO4-P LEVELS FOR M/P AND F/S ...... F6-10 FIGURE 6.5 RESULTS OF CHL-A LEVELS FOR M/P AND F/S ...... F6-11 VOLUME III SUPPORTING REPORT
APPENDIX-1 LIST OF REFERENCES ...... AP1-1 APPENDIX-2 SEWER CROSS CONNECTION SURVEY...... A2-1 APPENDIX-3 EXISTING SEWER SURVEY...... A3-1 APPENDIX-4 WATER AND SEDIMENT QUALITY SURVEY...... A4-1 APPENDIX-5 INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION SOURCE SURVEY ...... A5-1 APPENDIX-6 TIDAL CURRENT MEASUREMENT AND SOUNDING SURVEY...... A6-1
xix Volume II Main Report Table of Contents
APPENDIX-7 WATER QUALITY SIMULATION ...... A7-1 APPENDIX-8 SEWERAGE PLANNING FRAMEWORK...... A8-1 APPENDIX-9 TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY AND GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION ...... A9-1 APPENDIX-10 WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM ...... A10-1 APPENDIX-11 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS AND PUMPING STATIONS ...... A11-1 APPENDIX-12 COST ESTIMATES...... A12-1 APPENDIX-13 ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL CONSIDERATIONS...... A13-1 APPENDIX-14 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT SURVEY ...... A14-1 APPENDIX-15 ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION MATERIALS ...... A15-1 APPENDIX-16 DRAINAGE SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT PROPOSALS ...... A16-1
ABBREVIATION
B/C = Benefit Cost Ratio CAP = Provincial Administrative Council CAR = Cartagena convention CECM = Executive Committee of the Council of Ministers CENHICA = National Center for Hydrology and Water Quality Cuba’s Center for Engineering and Environmetal CIMAB = Management of Bays and Coastal Zones Delegation of the Ministry for Science, Technology and CITMA = the Environment in Havana City DISM = Directorate of Marine Security and Protection Provincial Delegation of Resources of Havana City of the DPRH/Havana-City = National Institute for Hydraulic Resources EAH = Enterprise of Hydraulic Usage EIA = Environmental Impact Assessment EIRR = Economic Internal Rate of Return FIRR = Financial Internal Rate of Return GDP = Gross Domestic Product GEF = Global Environmental Facility GNP = Growth National Product GOC = Government of the Republic of Cuba GOJ = Government of Japan State Working Group for Cleaning Up, Conservation and GTE = Development for the Havana Bay IDB = Inter-American Development Bank IMF = International Monetary Fund INRH = National Institute of Water Resources ISO = International Standards Organization JBIC = Japan Bank of International Cooperation JICA = Japan International Cooperation Agency LBS = Land Based Sources MINAG = Ministry of Agriculture MINBAS = Ministry of Basic Industry MININT = Ministry of the Interior MINSAP = Ministry of Health MINTRANS = Ministry of Transport Ministry of Foreign Investment and Economic MINVEC = Collaboration MIP = Ministry of Fisheries MIZC = Integrated Management of Coastal Zones xx Volume II Main Report Table of Contents
NC = Norma Cubanas (National Standard) NGO = Non-Governmental Organization NPV = Net Present Value O/M, O&M = Operation and Maintenance ONAT = National Office of Tax Administration Ps = Cuban Peso ROA = Return on Assets SAMARP = National Company for Port Sanitation SCF = Standard Conversion Factor SERF = Shadow Exchange Rate Factor SWRF = Standard Wage Rate Factor UNDP = United Nations Development Programme UNEP = United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO = United Nations Education and Scientific Organization UNICEF = United Nations Children’s Fund USA = United States of America WRC = Wider Caribbean Region WS & S = Water Supply & Sewerage WTA = Willingness to Accept WTP = Willingness to Pay WWTP = Wastewater Treatment Plant
xxi PART I
MASTER PLAN Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 1 Introduction
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUNDS Ciuda de La Habana Province where Study Area is situated, the largest city in the Caribbean, is Cuba’s political, cultural and economic center. The total estimated population is about 2,188,000 in year 2000, which represents about 20 % of the total population of 12,000,000 in Cuba.
Havana Bay with an area of 5.0 km2, an average water depth of 9 meters, and a capacity of 47 million m3, plays very important role as commercial seaport and tourist attractions. The extent of the basin is 68 km2. The estimated population within the Havana Bay basin is about 800,000 in 2000, which represents 37% of population of Ciudad de La Habana Province. Due to the Bay characteristics of closed water environment, the water of the Bay is not exchanged easily with seawater in the ocean. The pollutants originated from domestic and industrial wastewaters are discharged into the Bay without proper or enough treatment, which resulted in contaminating the water and accumulating the pollutants at the bottom of the Bay. Recently the water quality of the Bay becomes worse and nutrients levels are high enough to show an eutrophication phenomenon.
Without improved water pollution control measures, the water quality becomes worse and the eutrophication phenomena will be revealed to cause damage to the aquatic ecosystem of the Bay and to the tourism of Havana and the economy of Cuba.
To solve the water pollution and improve water environment of the Bay, GOC established the State Working Group for Cleaning up, conservation and development for the Havana Bay (GTE) to coordinate the government agencies concerned the Havana Bay. GTE is the state authority for planning, organizing, coordinating and controlling the program for the cleaning up and environmental management at local level. During 1995 to 1997, under the cooperation of Global Environmental Facility/UNDP (GEF), who proposed the establishment of GTE, GTE has conducted a study on Water Pollution Control Measures of the Havana Area.
Under the circumstances, to decrease the pollutants loads discharging into the Havana Bay from various pollution sources and to improve the water environment in the Havana Bay, GOC has requested GOJ for technical assistance for formulating the Sewerage and Drainage System Master Plan (M/P) and the Feasibility Study (F/S) for selected sewerage projects in the M/P.
In response to the request of the GOC, the JICA has dispatched the Preparatory Study Team headed by Ms. Keiko Yamamoto, to the Republic of Cuba from February 17 to March 8, 2002 to discuss the Scope of Work for the Development Study on the Improvement of Sewerage and Drainage System for the Havana Bay in the Republic of Cuba. The Scope of Work (S/W) was finally concluded between GTE and JICA.
The objectives of the Study are set as follows:
y To formulate a master plan for improving sewerage and drainage system for the Havana Bay to the target year of 2020; y To conduct a feasibility study for the priority project(s) selected in the master plan; and y To pursue technology transfer to the Cuban counterpart personnel in the course of the Study. Based on the S/W of Study, a Japanese consultants team was selected and authorized as the JICA Study Team, headed by Dr. Harutoshi Uchida of Nihon Suido Consultants Co. Ltd., has started the first work in Cuba since the beginning of July 2002.
M1-1 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 1 Introduction
The Study is conducted in three phases; “Phase I - Basic Study”, “Phase II - Formulation of Sewerage and Drainage System Master Plan”, and “Phase III – Feasibility Study on Priority Projects”.
All the three phases have been carried out by the JICA Study Team with collaboration work of Cuban counterpart members. 1.2 REPORTS In the course of Study, the following five (5) reports are prepared and submitted to JICA and GTE as shown in the Table 1.1. The Inception report has been submitted before starting the Study at the beginning of July 2002. The Inception Report presented basic methodologies and plan of operation to be adopted to achieve the objectives of the Study; time schedule, proposed organization, composition of the JICA Study Team, and undertaking.
The Progress Report presented the progress of the Study made during the course of “the Phase I – Basic Study” in the Republic of Cuba conducted from July 3 through October 31, 2002. This report includes and incorporates the results of field investigations, surveys, collected data and information, which intend to broadly establish the basis of a sewerage and drainage system master plan to improve the water environment of the Havana Bay and related tributary areas within the Study Area.
The Interim Report summarizes the work done during Phase I and Phase II Study. It presents the proposed sewerage and drainage master plan (MP) up to the year 2020 to improve the water environment in the Havana Bay and the priority projects identified for feasibility study. A further discussion will be still required to finalize the MP and the proposed priority projects before commencement the study work for the Feasibility Study on priority projects.
Table 1.1 List of Study Reports No Name of Report / Number of Copies Main Contents . Time of Submission 1) Inception Report, submitted English 25 Basic approach and method to GTE on July 4, 2002. Spanish 25 Time schedule of the Study Staffing schedule of the Study 2) Progress Report English 25 Study results up to the end of At the end of Basic Study Spanish 25 Basic Study in Cuba. 3) Interim Report English 25 Study results up to the end of At the end of Master Plan Spanish 25 Master Plan Study in Cuba Study, by March 2002 4) Draft Final Report Summary…. English 25 All the study results. Spanish 25 At the end of Feasibility Main……… English 25 Study in Cuba Spanish 25 Supporting... English 25 Data and English 25 drawings 5) Final Report Summary…. English 50 All the study results with Spanish 30 modifications based on the February, 2004 Main……… English 50 comments from the Government of Republic of Cuba. Spanish 30 Supporting... English 50 Data and English 50 drawings
M1-2 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 1 Introduction
1.3 STUDY AREA The Study Area is limited to the Bay of Havana and its watershed area, as shown in the Figure 1.1.
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 1.1 Study Area SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M1-3 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 1 Introduction
1.4 STUDY ORGANIZATION AND STAFFING
1.4.1 STUDY ORGANIZATION The First Phase Work in Cuba has been undertaken keeping close cooperation with the counterpart staff of GTE, INRH and DPRH/Havana-city and other concerned agencies. The organizational structure for the Study is shown in the following:
JICA JAPAN GTE,INRH, ADVISORY INTERNATIONAL DPRH/Havan COMMITTEE COOPERATION a-City AGENCY (JICA)
STEERING COMMITTEE
JICA COUNTERPART STUDY TEAM TEAM
JAPANESE SIDE CUBAN SIDE
Figure 1.2 Organization Chart of the Study
The function of JICA Advisory Committee is to give necessary advice on the Study to JICA. The STEERING COMMITTEE consists of the following members and institutions:
Table 1.2 Member of Steering Committee Name of Members Position Institutions 1) Mr. Armando Choy Rodriguez President GTE 2) Mr. Angel Valdés Mujica Vice President GTE 3) Mr. Daniel Alvarez Zamora Vice President GTE 4) Ms. Dolores Merás Morejón Representative Division of the Developed Countries, MINVEC 5) Ms. Ileana Rodríquez Representative Division of Asia, Middle East and Oceania, MINVEC 6) Mr. Jorge Kalaf Maluf Potts Executive Director DPRH/Havana-City 7) Mr. Juan Herrera Cruz CITMA/Havana-City 8) Ms. Dalgys Casaña Specialist CITMA/Havana-City 9) Ms. Marilyn Fernandéz Vice Director GTE 10) Ms. Nelida Pérez Specialist Department of Physical Planning, Havana City 11) Ms. Olga E. Alvarez Sánchez Specialist GTE 12) Ms. Maricarmen Vásquez Specialist Ministry of Economy and Planning 13) Mr. José Lara Paz Vice Director general GTE
M1-4 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 1 Introduction
1.4.2 COUNTERPART STAFF Throughout the study period the following counterpart staff have been attached to the Study:
Table 1.3 Counterpart Staff Tasks Name Organization 1) Study Coordinator Mr. Jorge Kalaf Maluf Potts DPRH/Havana-City 2) Study Coordinator Mr. Angel Valdés Mujica GTE 3) Water Pollution Analysis, Water Mr. José Fransico Santiago DPRH/Havana-City Pollution Source, Water Quality Analysis 4) Water Quality Analysis, Water Ms. Tamara del Castillo GTE Pollution Source Control 5) Water Quality Analysis, Water Ms. Antonia Lozano DPRH/Havana-City Pollution Source Control, Legal and Social Consideration, Organization and Human Resource Development 6) Water Pollution Analysis, Mr. Reinaldo Regadera GTE Environmental Impact Assessment 7) Water Pollution Analysis, Ms. Marlen Pérez GTE Environmental Impact Assessment 8) Environmental Education, Legal Ms. María de los A. GTE and Social Consideration Hernandez 9) Wastewater Treatment Facilities Mr. Valdimir Iglesias DPRH/Havana-City Planning,, Water Pollution Analysis 10)Wastewater Collection Facilities Ms. Nancy Chávez DPRH/Havana-City Planning, Drainage Facilities (Empresa Havana) Planning 11)Wastewater Collection Facilities Ms. Lourdes M. Aguiar DPRH/Havana-City Planning, Drainage Facilities (Empresa Oeste) Planning 12)Wastewater Collection Facilities Ms. Maylín Mardone DPRH/Havana-City Planning, Drainage Facilities Planning 13)Wastewater Collection Facilities Mr. Yosvany Simón GTE Planning, Drainage Facilities Planning, Map Information 14)Construction Planning, Cost Mr. Sergio Gómez DPRH/Havana-City Estimate 15)Physical Planning Ms. Maribel Pérez DPPFA
1.4.3 STUDY TEAM The Study has been implemented with all the assigned for the Phase I, Phase II and Phase III Study in the Republic of Cuba. Members of the Advisory Committee and the Study Team are shown in the Table below.
M1-5 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 1 Introduction
Table 1.4 Member of Advisory Committee and Study Team Name Designated Task Advisory Committee 1) Ms. Keiko YAMAMOTO Chairperson 2) Mr. Takesi SANNOMIYA Member 3) Mr. Yukihiro YAMAGUTI Member Study Team 1) Dr. Harutoshi UCHIDA Team Leader/ Sewerage Planning 2) Dr. Sivapragasam Water Pollution Analysis/ Environmental Impact KUGAPRASATHAM Assessment 3) Dr. Ryunan MATSUE Water Quality Analysis/ Water Pollution Source Control 4) Mr. Jack BANNISTER Environmental Education/ Legal and Social Consideration/ Organization and Human Resources Development 5) Mr. Yasuo MOTO Wastewater Treatment Facilities Planning 6) Mr. Motoo YANAI Wastewater Collection Facilities Planning 7) Mr. Kazuzi SASAKI Drainage Facilities Planning/Wastewater Collection Facilities Planning 8) Mr. Masamichi HATTA Construction Planning/ Cost Estimate 9) Mr. Mituhiro DOYA Socio-economy/ Financial Analysis 10) Mr. Zyouzi YOKOKAWA Interpreter 11) Dr. Genyong Liu Study Coordination (/ Water Quality Simulation Model Specialist) 12) Mr. Shozo MORI Environmental Education/Study Coordination
1.5 STUDY SCHEDULE
1.5.1 OVERALL STUDY SCHEDULE The Study is extended for a period of approximately 19 months, starting from June 2002 to February 2004 and is carried out in both Japan and Cuba. The Study in the Republic of Cuba is executed in three phases in the following:
y Phase I, Basic Study; from July to October, 2002 y Phase II, Master Plan Study, from November 2002 to March 2003 y Phase III, Feasibility Study, from May to October 2003 The results of the three phases are all presented in the Work Shop in January 2004 in Cuba.
1.5.2 PHASE 1 AND PHASE II STUDY SCHEDULE All member of the JICA Study Team have done the tasks in Cuba to collect the data and information, to conduct field surveys to understand the present situation in the Study Area, and prepare sewerage and drainage master plan (MP) up to the year 2020, and proposed priority projects for the Feasibility Study. The assigned staff of JICA Study Team for the Phase I and Phase II Study Work is presented in Figure 1.3, “Staff Assignment Schedule”.
M1-6 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 1 Introduction
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 1.3 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Staff Assignment Schedule
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M1-7 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 2 Physical and Socio-Economic Conditions
CHAPTER 2 PHYSICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN THE STUDY AREA
2.1 PHYSICAL CONDITIONS
2.1.1 GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY The Study Area is predominantly plain ranging from 0.7 m in the lowest areas of the basin (Triscornia Cove shoreline) to about 100 m above mean sea level in the southern parts (around Río Hondo dam).
Bordering on most of the bay is a partially marshy low plain, ranging from 0.7 to 10m, occasionally flooded, seated upon Quaternary deposits, extremely modified clay, silt clay, clayey sand and peat. Most of these lowlands have been artificially filled. The Triscornia area is permanently covered with mangrove.
Skirting these lowlands on the northeast and the west is a terraced plain gently sloping into the sea and composed mainly of coralline limestone dating from the Neógeno and friable deposits from the Quaternary.
Both the central and the southern parts of the basin are formed by a hilly plain crossed by a number of streams feeding the tributary rivers. Geologically it is made of argyrose, arenite, aleurolitas, tufa and marl. A number of hills 60 to 80 meters high rise on sandstone.
On the east there is a plain seated on clayey sand, limey clays and sandstone forming a flish terrígeno dating back from the Higher Cretaceous along with hills ranging from 35 to 70 meters made of serpentine rocks.
The area to the northeast is formed by a denuded cliff carved on limestone, marl and clayey limestone abruptly sloping to the south reaching up to about 60 meters high.
2.1.2 METEOROLOGY The subtropical climate in the Republic of Cuba is strongly influenced by the gentle Northeast Trade winds, which shift slightly to the east in summer. Because of the island’s long, tapered shape, few places are far from these moderating sea breezes, and there are no obvious seasonal variations in temperature. The seasons can be divided into two seasons, rainy summer season and drier winter season. The “rainy summer” starts in May lasting until October. And the “drier winter”” is from November to April with relatively low precipitation and humidity.
Except in mountain areas, eastern Cuba is slightly warmer than the west. The mean annual temperature is 25.5°C. The humidity ranges from 81% in summer to 79% in winter. The humidity makes it feel hotter than it actually is. The mean annual rainfall is 1,375mm; in the rainy season the island receives 1,059mm, in the dry season 316mm. The rainiest months are September and October. The rainstorms are often short and heavy.
Hurricane season runs from June to November, with the worst storms in September and October. Hurricanes usually form over the Atlantic east of the Lesser Antilles, then move northwest toward Cuba and north into Florida and the Bahamas. Havana and Pinar del Río are generally hit harder and more frequently than the provinces to the east. Such storms are characterized by winds of over 250km an hour and torrential rain.
In the following sub-section, the climate and weather conditions in the Study Area are summarized.
M2-1 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 2 Physical and Socio-Economic Conditions
(1) Temperatures The annual highest average temperature in Havana City is 28.8°C and the annual lowest average is 21.4°C. The highest and lowest temperature recorded was 35.8°C and 8.5°C, respectively. The mean average temperature in the warmest months, August, is 27.3°C, while in the coolest month, February, it is 21.6°C.
(2) Precipitation and Humidity The mean annual rainfall is 1,411mm; in the rainy season, May to October, the Havana receives 70% of the total annual rainfall. The rainiest months are September and October. Relative humidity in general is high with an annual average of 79.5%.
2.1.3 HYDROLOGY Figure 2.1 shows the basin of Habana Bay. Extent of the basin is 68 km2. Area of the bay is 5.0 km2. Table 2.1 shows the extent of the drainage basins and areas.
Table 2.1 Drainage Basins and Areas of Havana Bay Name of Basin Area, km2 Habana Vieja 2.6 Dren Arroyo Matedero 6.8 Dren Aqua Dulce 6.5 Rio Luyano 30.0 Rio Martin Perez 13.1 Arroyo Tadeo 2.6 Refinery Area 3.4 Casa Blanca Area 2.6 Cabaña Area 0.4 Total 68.0
Three rivers namely Rio Luyano, Rio Martin Perez and Arroyo Tadeo drain to the bay from southern part of basin with combined river basin area of 45.7 km2. Rio Luyano is the largest in terms of basin area, river length and river flow.
There are no permanent river gauging stations in these rivers. Table 2.2 shows the characteristics of rivers.
Table 2.2 Characteristics of Tributary Rivers to Habana Bay Item Rio Luyano Rio Martin Perez Arroyo Tadeo Total Basin area, km2 30.0 13.1 2.6 45.7 Length of River, km 10.1 6.4 2.3 Flow in year 2002*, m3/d 114,860 62,105 8,004 184,969 Average Yield, L/km2 /s 0.1214 0.1503 0.0976 0.1283 Source : CIMAB, August 2002 Rio Luyano originates from an altitude of approximately 90 m whereas Rio Martin Perez originates from an altitude of 55 m above MSL (mean sea level). Arroyo Tadeo is an urban stream receiving domestic wastewater.
M2-2 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 2 Physical and Socio-Economic Conditions
2.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
2.2.1 POPULATION The present population of Cuba is approximately 12 million. The area of Cuba is 110,860 km2 giving an overall population density of 101.2 persons/km2 (Source: National Statistics Office May 2001) which is roughly the same as France. Statistics for year 2000 give a total population of 11, 217,100 of which, 8,445,036 (75%), live in urban areas. Cuba is highly urbanized; hence the rural areas are sparsely populated with quite higher densities in urban areas.
Due to colonization, slavery, and waves of immigration, Cuba has a mingling of different races. There are native Cubans, Europeans (mainly Spanish), and Africans. It is officially estimated that about 66% of the population is of European origin, 22% are of mixed race, and 12% African.
Unlike many other Caribbean and Latin American countries, Cuba has the profile of an advanced country. Cuba has a free and advanced education and healthcare system, hence infant mortality is low (7.2 per 1000 born alive in 2000), life expectancy high (74.83 years both male and female) (1994-1995), and fertility low (1.9 children per female). One third of the population is between the ages of 14 and 27 years. (Source: Annual Demography of Cuba 2000)
The City of Havana has a total population of 2,186,632 inhabitants (National Statistics Office, May 2001), which represents about 20% of the total population of Cuba and approximately 26% of its total urban population. The average population density in the City varies from a little over 1,000 persons/ha in the central area, and less than 50 persons/ha in the peripheral zones.
From 1997, the population of the City of Havana has decreased slightly and is getting close to an aging process. It is expected that by the year 2005, the population in the province will be about 2,168,404, which reflects the tendency of a population decrease.
With the exception of the municipality of Plaza de la Revolucion, the population over the period 1996-1999 decreased in the central municipalities (La Habana Vieja, Centro Habana, Cerro, Dies de Octubre and Playa), while in the periphery municipalities and the middle zone the population has increased due to immigration from the central municipalities. (Source: PGOTU 2000. DPPF City of Havana).
Table 2.3 Population census data and estimates Year 1981 census 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Population 1,929,432 2,184,990 2,204,333 2,197,706 2,192,321 2,189,716 2,186,332 % change 0.885 -0.301 -0.245 -0.119 -0.155
DPPFA has estimated the population within the basin of Havana Bay at 795,144 as of 1996. Table 2.4 shows the estimated population within the Havana Bay basin for the year 2000. The study area contains about 35% of population of Ciudad de la Habana Province and 51.6% of the ten municipalities which falls within the basin area. Average population density within the basin is approximately 11,250/km2.
M2-3 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 2 Physical and Socio-Economic Conditions
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 2.1 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Havana Bay Basin
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M2-4 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 2 Physical and Socio-Economic Conditions
Table 2.4 Population within the Havana Bay Basin, Year 2000 Municipality Total Municipal Population Population within Basin Plaza de la Revolucion 173,416 18,359 Centro Havana 153,878 73,684 Havana Vieja 99,499 97,026 Regla 42,870 40,764 Havana del Este 184,634 17,675 Guanabacoa 106,618 24,848 San Miguel del Padron 154,675 145,803 Diez de Octubre 230,865 217,038 Cerro 135,729 97,889 Arroyo Naranjo 199,317 31,676 Total 1,481,501 764,762
2.2.2 ECONOMIC CONDITIONS (1) Employment and Salaries The following table shows the total employees in the economy, including the number of people employed in the various sectors, whether of labor age or not. The figures include employees of state organizations and all other sectors of the economy. The table shows the trend since 1996, and compares total employment in mixed and state organizations between Cuba and the City of Havana.
Table 2.5 Total Employees in the Economy (x 1000 workers) Categories 1996 2000 % % Cuba Total Employees 3,626.7 100.0 3,843.0 100.0 State entity 686.0 80.8 2,978.2 77.5 Non-state entity 20.7 9.2 864.8 22.5 Mixed enterprises 0.4 26.8 0.7 Mixed & State Organizations Total for Cuba 2,961.4 100.0 3005.0 100.0 Total for City of Havana 777.3 24.9 800.5 26.6 Source: National Statistics for year 2000 As can be seen, the City of Havana with about 20% of the total population has 26.6% of employees in mixed and state organizations.
Regarding salaries, the following table shows the comparison between Cuba and the City of Havana in mixed and state organizations.
Table 2.6 Salaries in Mixed and State Entities (x millions of Pesos) Location 1996 1996 2000 2000 Accrued Monthly Accrued Monthly Cuba 6,578.4 194 7,859.8 234 City of Havana 1,756.7 203 2,396.8 246 Source: National Statistics for year 2000 The total number of employees in Cuba was estimated to be 3.843 million in 2000, with an average monthly salary of Ps 243. About 77.5% of employees work in state organizations. For
M2-5 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 2 Physical and Socio-Economic Conditions the Whole of Cuba, the ratio of male to female workers is 62%/38%, with 47% of males and 66% of females having received high school/college level education.
In the City of Havana, with about 20%, of the total population of Cuba, accrued salaries are about 30% of the total accrued salaries, and Havana has a slightly higher than average monthly salary at Ps 246. In Havana, the ratio of male to female workers is 56%/44%. 64% of males and 75% of females reached high school/college level education.
(2) Urban Life in the Study Area With a population approaching 2 million, the City of Havana is a prime example of an overcrowded Cuban urban complex. The study area covers a large slice of the inner city where it is usual for grandparents, parents and children to share accommodation due mainly to the acute housing shortage.
Due to the housing crisis, young people live with their parents up to and after their marriage. Overcrowding and lack of privacy may be a contributory factor to the high rate of divorce in urban populations. Children are often looked after by their grandmothers when both parents are working, and it is usual for women to carry out all domestic work.
Much of a Cuban’s life is led outdoors, creating a lively urban atmosphere. Cubans are also fond of the beach, but the inadequate transport system means long waits for the crowded “Camello” (Ps 0.20 per trip), or other buses (Ps 0.40 per trip), and it is usual to see many people waiting at strategic places for a lift from motorists.
All Cubans have a “libreta”, or ration book, through which basic foodstuffs and other necessities such as rice, beans, salt, sugar, oil, eggs, coffee, soap, toothpaste etc. may be bought, depending upon availability, at special markets at prices much lower than other markets. All workers receive benefits of one kind or another in addition to their basic salaries, most are provided with lunch (sometimes at a nominal cost). Other benefits may include uniforms, transport, recreational trips, soap etc. Public Utilities provide water, electricity, gas and telephone services at affordable prices, and there are multi-channel radio and TV facilities available.
Because of the transport difficulties, many Cubans spend their leisure time with friends and neighbors. Television is very popular with most Cubans, and the women also listen to the radio, whereas the favorite male pass time is dominoes. Culture and music are also popular at the “Casa de la Culture, and “Casa de la Trova”. Cubans love music and dancing, and it takes little to start up a party where all age groups join in the special Cuban style of dancing.
(3) Urban Structure of the Study Area Out of the 15 municipalities composing Havana City, 10 are either partially or totally within the Study Area. The technical condition of buildings in 1996 was as follows: Good: 37.3 %, Fair: 34.2 %, Poor: 28.5 %. Thus it is estimated that approximately 63 % of buildings are either in a fair or poor condition, deterioration being concentrated mainly in Centro Habana, Regla and Habana Vieja municipalities.
Deterioration is associated both to the old age of buildings and to the lack of adequate maintenance, whereas in other areas it is mainly derived from the characteristics of buildings themselves, including makeshift houses in areas which have ultimately grown to become slums.
Both the pace of construction of new houses by the Government and the availability of materials for maintenance or construction by the population were seriously affected as of 1990. Consequently, deterioration has become evident not only in houses, but in public places as well.
Habana Vieja Historical Center has for some years been involved in a restoration and rehabilitation plan aimed at recovering public places, hotels, houses and services that form part
M2-6 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 2 Physical and Socio-Economic Conditions of the tangible memory and the built heritage of the city. Despite all the efforts made, a great number of monuments and buildings valuable from a historical point of view are seriously deteriorated. Thus, urgent measures are required to preserve them.
According to the Plan General de Ordenamiento Territorial y Urbanismo passed by the Provincial Assembly of the People's Power for 2001-2005, it is envisaged to implement an integral rehabilitation of a number of residential areas in Habana Vieja, Centro Habana, Cerro and Diez de Octubre municipalities where deterioration is more serious. To this effect, a number of houses are proposed to be built to replace those beyond repair to be demolished up to the year 2005, while simultaneously rehabilitate and preserve the rest, including the technical infrastructure and the services.
Habana Vieja and Centro Habana municipalities and the historical parts of Cerro and Diez de Octubre municipalities are located in the central area of the city where most of the population within the Study Area lives. There is also a high concentration of equipment and services, as well as high soil occupancy. Old residential buildings are predominant in this area where the population density is high and green areas scarce. In Habana Vieja and Centro Habana municipalities the gross population density in residential areas does not exceed 800 persons/ha, among the highest in the city.
In Cerro and Diez de Octubre municipalities there are a few industrial groups and scattered industries in urban areas, as well as some hospitals.
The shoreline of Habana Vieja municipality, an old commercial port, is undergoing a rehabilitation process to replace its present use with a tourist-recreational use. There is also an industrial area within this municipality historically linked to the port where there stand warehouses and old industries such as Otto Parellada power plant, a gas plant and Hacendados fish processing factory.
Plaza de la Revolución municipality, although also located in the central area, differs from the other three municipalities in the sense that large lots with gardens and public gardens are predominant here along with a mix of one- and two-story houses and taller buildings of a more recent date.
Most of Diez de Octubre municipality and the whole of Arroyo Naranjo, San Miguel del Padrón, Regla y Guanabacoa municipalities are located in the intermediate part of the city characterized by an average soil occupancy and a lower population density, as well as a low concentration of services and a predominance of single houses generally having a porch, a garden and a backyard. In San Miguel del Padrón there are a number of industries located along the banks of Luyanó River.
Regla municipality has lost of late the waterfront area due to the presence of port-related facilities built in public places that degrade the shoreline. In Guanabacoa municipality, on the other hand, there are scattered production facilities and a large area devoted to the long-term industrial development.
Some empty lots, mainly in Arroyo Naranjo, San Miguel del Padrón and Guanabacoa municipalities, are being successfully used for urban agriculture.
(4) Economic Scale and Growth Rate of the City of Havana The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 dealt a severe blow to the economy of Cuba. 1990 saw the inauguration of the “ Special period in Time of Peace”, heralding hard times for all Cubans. Factories were forced to close as investment was cut back, causing unemployment. Necessary energy saving actions led to power supply cuts by the electricity authority and a cut back in public transport.
M2-7 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 2 Physical and Socio-Economic Conditions
In the first half of the 1990’s, Cuba adopted more liberal policies with some degree of free market activities and found economic partners other than the old soviet block, to form joint ventures with foreign capital. Previously 80% of trade was with the soviet block countries. Capital flowed mainly from Canada, Mexico and Europe and joint ventures were initially formed in the oil industry, tourism and the telecommunications and mining sectors.
In the early 1990’s Cuba’s GNP shrunk by 37%, however, by the middle of the 1990’s the economy showed signs of recovery, albeit slow, with increases in the GNP of around 1% between 1994 and 1998. The opening up of all sectors of the economy to foreign investment in 1995 (except defense, health and education), led to the current upward trend. However, external forces, particularly the USA’s Helms-Burton Act has restrained willing investors with the threat of the loss of their markets in the USA. Should this threat be removed the Cuban economy is in a position to rapidly expand. The GDP data are summarized as follows:
Table 2.7 Gross Domestic Product Year 1996 Year 1997 Year 1998 Year 1999 Year 2000 Total GDP (Million pesos) At current prices 22,815 22,952 23,901 25,504 27,635 At constant (1981) prices 14,218 14,572 14,754 15,674 16,556 % change, year on year 7.8% 2.5% 1.2% 6.2% 5.6%
By expenditure (Million pesos at constant 1981 prices) Private consumption 6,085 6,120 6,315 6,599 6,904 Government consumption 4,749 4,809 4,957 5,000 5,133 Gross fixed investment 1,166 1,180 1,254 1,615 2,185 External balance 2,403 2,375 2,302 2,586 2,467 Statistical discrepancy -185 87 -74 -125 -132 Total 14,218 14,572 14,754 15,674 16,556
By sector (Million pesos at constant 1981 prices) Agriculture 1,075 1,074 1,018 1,123 1,253 Industry 4,949 5,314 5,490 5,843 6,168 Mining 177 182 184 186 213 Construction 539 556 588 632 694 Electricity, gas & water supp 398 422 427 430 468 Manufacturing 3,835 4,155 4,291 4,595 4,794 Services 8,193 8,185 8,247 8,708 9,135 Total 14,218 14,572 14,754 15,674 16,556 Sources: Banco Central de Cuba
With almost one in five Cubans being residents of Havana, the poor national economic situation was reflected even more so in Havana. There are 5 industrial areas, approximately 13 industrial groups and 2 free zones in Havana City. There are in general 1,961 facilities in the industrial sector covering 21 branches of the economy, among the most important of which are power generation, chemicals, food, fishing, textiles, and liquor production.
The industrial sector was seriously hit in the early 90's. It was then that foreign investment was introduced allowing to boost the industrial sector with the setting up of free zones and the implementation of technological changes.
(5) Trade Trend Big export items of Cuba are nickels and sugars. In 2000, export earnings from nickel overtook sugar earnings for the first time. Those two items together account for around 60 percent of total export earnings. Fuel and foodstuffs have been major import items. These two items still account for about one third of total imports. However the recent fall in their shares signifies the diversification of import items.
M2-8 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 2 Physical and Socio-Economic Conditions
Table 2.8 Export and Import Composition (Million Pesos) 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Export Sugar 760 714 976 853 599 463 453 Nickel and other mineral products 201 331 423 416 345 410 599 Tobacco products 71 102 109 161 192 205 166 Fish 100 123 126 128 104 97 92 Agricultural products 41 45 39 39 59 43 41 Other products 158 177 192 222 214 278 326 Total 1,331 1,492 1,866 1,819 1,512 1,496 1,676
Import Foodstuffs 467 611 718 725 704 722 672 Fuel 773 873 976 990 687 731 1,158 Chemicals 166 308 296 399 420 429 419 Machinery & equipment 196 427 562 856 1,130 1,144 1,202 Other imports 414 664 1,017 1,018 1,240 1,323 1,378 Total 2,017 2,883 3,569 3,987 4,181 4,349 4,829 Source: Anuario Estadistico de Cuba 2000
The trade trend can be also demonstrated by the number of ships arriving at Havana harbor. Arrivals reduced dramatically from 1989 to 1992, coinciding with the international political changes in that period. Annual arrival of ships was halved from 1865 to 905 over this four year period as trade with the Soviet Union collapsed, factory operations were scaled back, and production of export goods, particularly sugar were reduced. Arrivals started picking up in 1993, and by year 2000 had increased by about 70%. However this figure is still about 25% lower than the 1989 total. The figure for 2001 and the information to date for 2002 shows that arrivals have declined to the mid 1990 level. The following table shows the accumulated annual total of ship arrivals:
Table 2.9 Shipping Arrivals, Havana Harbor Year 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 No. of annual 1,865 1,631 1,303 905 922 1,018 1,103 1,135 1,093 1,064 1,217 1,382 1,152 arrivals Source: GTE (6) Tourism Industry Trends The Tourism industry was one of the first sectors of the economy to be involved with foreign capital. Since the creation of the Ministry of Tourism in 1994, and the passing of the Foreign Investment Law in 1995, 13 major organization, including mixed enterprises and international operators have been formed, including Cubanacan Corporation SA, Turism Group Gaviota SA, Hotel Group Gran Caribe, and Horizon Hotels.
Tourism has become a priority area in the Cuban economy with its ability to generate foreign currency and to expanding employment opportunities. Varadero provides for “sun and sand” holidays but Havana provides its World Heritage Center and other tourist areas, namely Marina Hemingway, Monte Barreto, Vedado and Playas del Este.
The following tables show the statistics for tourist arrivals, accommodation, and income:
M2-9 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 2 Physical and Socio-Economic Conditions
Table 2.10 No. of Tourists and Tourist Income (In Millions) Cuba 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 International Arrivals 0.619 0.745 1.004 1.170 1.416 1.603 1.774 Total Tourists 0.617 0.742 0.999 1.153 1.390 1.561 1.741 Tourism Income (US$) 0.850 1.100 1.333 1.515 1.759 1.901 1.948 Source: National Statistics for year 2000 Table 2.11 Statistics for Tourist Accommodation Cuba 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 No. of Tourist Hotels etc. 191 222 237 252 269 285 288 Total No. of Rooms 27 401 30 387 31 952 33 338 38 156 39 890 40 303 Total No. of Beds 56 108 63 006 65 543 66 813 76 514 82 368 83 753 Occupancy Rate % 52.7 55.9 64.9 77.9 78.3 73.1 74.3 Havana Total No. Tourist Hotels etc. 50 54 58 64 69 69 70 Total No. of Rooms 9 374 10 666 10.208 10 661 11 770 11 781 11 947 Total No. of Beds 19 538 21 277 20 274 21 038 23 454 23 770 23 839 Source: National Statistics for year 2000 The majority of tourists are from Canada and Europe and in consideration of the past trend, the total number of tourist arrivals is likely to continue to increase, with a corresponding increase in revenue which will, by now, have exceeded US$ 2 billion per year.
Havana has about 28% of the rooms/beds in Cuba, compared to Varadero, which has about 30%. Tourism revenue has increased by 230% from 1994 to 2000, with a corresponding 150% increase in the number of beds. The current occupancy rate of about 75% leaves some room for a further increase in tourist revenue as the accommodation expands.
2.2.3 PUBLIC HEALTH CONDITIONS Cuba is a healthy country. Yellow fever. Polio, malaria, diphtheria, measles and mumps, and leprosy were eradicated. Same as in developed countries, the main causes of death are heart disease, strokes, and malignant tumors.
One of the high-risk potentials to the public health may be air pollution. The emissions of particles, smokes, gases from the factories and vehicles may cause air pollution and give risks to the public health. A continuous air pollution monitoring system has not been established in the Study Area.
Data of diseases whose morbidities are relevant to the development of water supply and sewerage were collected. Acute diarrhea, typhoid fever, viral hepatitis, and acute respiratory disease are traceable among those diseases. Table 2.12 shows comparative incidence data of Cuba, the Havana City, and 10 municipalities in the study area. The morbidities in the same areas are presented in Table 2.13. The tendencies are depicted in Figure 2.2. Collected data covers the years 1999 through 2001. It should be noted that nationwide incidences of all those disease show a decrease in the year 2001 compared with the year 1999 despite the population increase. In the Havana City however, the population has decreased over that period. On the contrary, the incidence of acute respiratory disease in the same area has increased. Municipality-wise, Regla stands out from others in a sense that the incidences of acute diarrhea, viral hepatitis, and acute respiratory disease have increased although the population has decreased. During this period Cuba has been recovering the industrial activity in general. A likely reason is that the population of Regla has been more exposed to environmental contamination than other areas because of the proximity to various industrial activities. It can be said that the development of sewerage system would be helpful in reducing the incidences of those diseases.
M2-10 Table 2.12 Incidence of Diseases Related to Water Supply and Sewerage Total Cuba Disease Year Total Havana City Habana Habana del Centro Diez de Arroyo Regla Plaza Guanabacoa San Miguel Cerro Vieja Este Habana Octubre Naranjo Acute diarrhea 1999 953,696 261,412 10,121 2,435 21,063 13,762 13,197 7,830 13,082 19,926 8,981 21,414 2000 862,580 244,574 10,767 2,274 16,209 10,807 9,588 6,259 11,156 18,181 8,356 20,159 2001 868,477 249,329 9,360 2,994 16,326 11,001 8,751 5,794 10,733 18,887 8,717 23,842 Typhoid fever 1999 131 71030210000 2000 37 11000000000 2001 24 50000201100 Viral hepatitis 1999 18,119 4,327 125 122 233 251 130 141 219 272 215 401 2000 18,317 3,264 97 55 226 119 150 161 402 266 208 355 2001 14,850 2,210 83 144 206 93 157 183 253 161 140 156 Acute respiratory 1999 5,216,286 1,125,798 41,936 12,456 106,128 61,297 55,501 44,780 58,634 99,762 46,348 100,615 Disease 2000 4,823,831 1,140,390 45,292 13,250 97,700 57,748 51,061 39,224 56,712 99,983 44,869 91,524 2001 4,873,390 1,175,258 45,031 19,763 99,162 61,346 47,430 38,039 53,468 95,771 50,571 94,781 Population 1999 11,180,099 2,189,716 96,479 42,988 183,857 173,479 156,152 106,838 154,791 232,828 135,809 199,206 2000 11,217,100 2,186,632 95,499 42,870 184,634 173,416 153,878 106,618 154,675 230,865 135,729 199,317 2001 11,243,358 2,181,535 94,966 42,390 185,468 172,045 150,877 106,374 154,323 229,626 135,261 199,720 Source: Havana City M2-11
Table 2.13 Morbidity of Diseases Related to Water Supply and Sewerage (figures per 1,000,000 inhabitants) Total Cuba Disease Year Total Havana City Habana Regla Habana del Plaza Centro Guanabacoa San Miguel Diez de Cerro Arroyo Acute diarrhea 1999 85,303 119,382 104,904 56,644 114,562 79,329 84,514 73,289 84,514 85,582 66,130 107,497 2000 76,899 111,850 112,745 53,044 87,790 62,318 62,309 58,705 72,125 78,752 61,564 101,140 2001 77,244 114,291 98,562 70,630 88,026 63,943 58,001 54,468 69,549 82,251 64,446 119,377 Typhoid fever 1999 12 3 10 0 16 0 13 9 0 0 0 0 2000 3 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2001 2 2000013 0 64 00 Viral hepatitis 1999 1,621 1,976 1,296 2,838 1,267 1,447 833 1,320 1,415 1,168 1,583 2,013 2000 1,633 1,493 1,016 1,283 1,224 686 975 1,510 2,599 1,152 1,532 1,781 2001 1,321 1,013 874 3,397 1,111 541 1,041 1,720 1,639 701 1,035 781 Acute respiratory 1999 466,569 514,130 434,665 289,755 577,231 353,340 355,429 419,139 378,795 428,479 341,273 505,080 Disease 2000 430,043 521,528 474,267 309,074 529,155 333,003 331,828 367,893 366,653 433,080 330,578 459,188 2001 433,446 538,730 474,180 466,218 534,658 356,570 314,362 357,597 346,468 417,074 373,877 474,569 Note: Bold and italic figures denote that the morbidity increased in the year 2001 compared with the year 1999. Source: Havana City Interim Report Chapter 2: Physical and Socio-Economic Conditions in the Study Area
Acute Diarrhea Viral Hepatitis
1.20E-01 Arroyo Naranjo 3.50E-03 Regla Total Havana City
1.10E-01 3.00E-03
1.00E-01 Habana Vieja 2.50E-03
9.00E-02 Habana del Este 2.00E-03 Diez de Octubre Morbidity 8.00E-02 Morbidity Guanabacoa Total Cuba San Miguel 1.50E-03 Regla 7.00E-02 San Miguel Total Cuba Cerro Habana del Este Centro Plaza 1.00E-03 Cerro 6.00E-02 Total Havana City Centro Habana Habana Vieja Arroyo Naranjo Guanabacoa Diez de Octubre Plaza 5.00E-02 5.00E-04 1999 2000 2001 1999 2000 2001
Typhoid Fever Acute Resporatory Disease
6.00E-01
1.60E-05
Habana del Este 5.50E-01 Total Havana City 1.40E-05 Habana del Este Centro Habana
1.20E-05 5.00E-01 Arroyo Habana Vieja Regla 1.00E-05 4.50E-01 Total Cuba
8.00E-06 Diez de Octubre Morbidity Morbidity 4.00E-01 San Miguel 6.00E-06 Cerro Guanabacoa 3.50E-01 Plaza Diez de Octubre San Miguel 4.00E-06 Guanabaco
Centro Habana Total Havana City 3.00E-01 2.00E-06 Total Cuba
Habana Vieja 0.00E+00 2.50E-01 1999 2000 2001 1999 2000 2001
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Figure 2.2 Tendency of Morbidity of Sewerage Related Diseases JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M2 - 12 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 2 Physical and Socio-Economic Conditions
2.3 URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
2.3.1 URBAN PLANNING AND LAND USE Present land use in the Study is summarized in the table below.
Table 2.14 Present Land Use Land use Area (km2) Ratio (%) 1. Residential and commercial areas 40.55 61 2. Industrial area 13.20 20 3. Agriculture 6.25 10 4. Parks and green areas 4.00 6 5. Reserved area 2.00 3 Total 66.00 100 Source: Estudio de caso: Bahía de La Habana, Cuba, under “Proyecto GEF/RLA/93/G41Proyecto Regional Planificación y Manejo de Bahías y Areas Costeras Fuertemente Contaminadas del Gran Caribe” The ratio of residential, commercial and industrial areas reached more than 80%, indicating high urbanization.
2.3.2 WATER SUPPLY CONDITIONS AND FUTURE PLAN Water supply conditions and future plans are described below based on a series of interview survey and the report of the city of Havana prepared by INRH.1
Present public water supply system provide the service to about 2.2 million people of 15 municipalities in the city of Havana.
There are 53 water sources for water supply and their total intake volume is about 480.7 million m3/year (1.317 million m3/day). Forty water sources are appropriate for drinking water having intake volume of 475 million m3/year (1.30 million m3/day), and 13 water sources are brackish having intake volume of 5,694 x 1,000 m3/year (15,600 m3/day). Thirty-seven out of forty water sources are groundwater of deep wells and the remaining three water sources are surface water of reservoirs.
The groundwater is treated by chlorine gas or sodium hypochlorite for disinfections, and then conveyed by transmission main and buster pumping stations and distributed directly by pumps or through high-elevated distribution tanks. The surface water is treated at the water purification plant, Planta de Filtros, by the rapid sand filtration process, using aluminum sulfate as a coagulant, lime as for pH adjustment and chlorine gas as disinfectant. The design capacity of the plant is 600 l/sec (51,840 m3/day) and actual production capacity is 500 l/sec (48,400m3/day). Thus the daily water volume taken or produced at water resources is summarized as follows: the total water volume of 1,317,000m3/day, the treated surface water volume at the purification plant is 48,400 m3/day, the remaining groundwater volume of 1,268,600m3/day. The percentage of groundwater source is more than 96.6%, thus the almost all of water supplied to the city is groundwater origin.
The water taken and treated is conveyed through transmission main and distributed water distribution networks. The water transmission main developed are 374 km in total length, having the diameter of 12”” to 78” (300 mm to 2,000 mm). The distribution pipes installed are 3,594 km in total length. Pipe materials are cast iron and center-steel used for transmission main and cast iron and asbestos cement used for distribution pipes.
1 Estudio sobre los ciclos del agua en la Habana,1997
M2-13 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 2 Physical and Socio-Economic Conditions
From the total intake volume of 4,806 million m3/year (1.32 million m3/dy), the unit water volume supplied by capita can be calculated as 604 liter per capita per day (lpcd) with the service population of 2,180,000. The figure of unit supply volume is not small compared the same scale of cities. However, in the actual situation, the intake water is lost through the production process, transmission mains, pumps and water distribution networks. A hearing survey estimates about 50% of intake water is lost through transmission mains due to the lack of capacity and age.
Water supply conditions in the city of Havana, 24 hours continuous water supply is limited, intermittent water supply, averagely about 10 hours supply, is commonly practiced. Thus individual water storage tanks are commonly used.
The Cuban water supply standards (Norm) set a per capita water supply volume: 220 lpcd of domestic water in the city having 500,000 population and 470 lpcd including water for institutional and public purposes parks, roads.
A future plan for improving the water supply conditions and water supply system is prepared for the city of Havana by INRH under the finance of Europa-Union.1
2.3.3 SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT The solid wastes management is responsible for Havana City. An appropriate solid wastes management is essential for healthy urban life and for tourist industry.
A study on solid wastes management “MANEJO DE RESIDUOS SÓLIDOS URBANOS, RECINTO PORTUARIO DE LA HABANA, Ciudad de La Habana, diciembre 2001” reports estimated solid wastes production in an area of Havana Bay and proposes an efficient solid wastes management to solve the ever increasing solid wastes.
The study report estimated the solid wastes production and characteristics as shown in the table below:
Table 2.15 Production and Characteristics of Solid Wastes in the Port Enclosure Unit Percentage Population production Weight Volume Density in weight Generating 3 Equivalent rate, (kg./ (ton/day) (m3/day) (kg/m ) (%) capita/day) Port facilities 3,267 0.4 1.3 9.9 131 25 Chemical 1,122 0.4 3.8 104 8 0.4 industry Petroleum 2,184 0.4 7.4 121 17 0.9 industry Food industry 1,748 0.4 0.7 4.5 156 13 Other indutry 3,381 0.4 1.4 12.3 114 27 Domestic 1,331 0.4 0.5 4.0 126 10 TOTAL 13,033 5.2 41.9 100 Source: “MANEJO DE RESIDUOS SÓLIDOS URBANOS, RECINTO PORTUARIO DE LA HABANA, Ciudad de La Habana, diciembre 2001”
Table 2.16 summarizes characteristics of main land disposal sites in Havana City. Table 2.17 shows distance of land disposal sites from the municipalities concerned. The figures in these tables were prepared in 1990, these figures needs to be updated but the magnitudes may be
1 Estudio sobre los ciclos del agua en la Habana,1997
M2-14 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 2 Physical and Socio-Economic Conditions useful to consider. disposal plans of sludge produced in the wastewater treatment plans to be constructed in the Havana Bay basin. The table 2.16 presents that the location of the sites are closed to the municipalities concerned and the expected usage time is very limited. Therefore, to secure the prominent land disposal sites is very important for the city authority.
The study on solid wastes management “MANEJO DE RESIDUOS SÓLIDOS URBANOS, RECINTO PORTUARIO DE LA HABANA, Ciudad de La Habana, diciembre 2001” proposes: an introduction of selective collection of solid wastes, valuable and possible to use recycled, and construction of primary treatment facilities aiming recycle use of solids wastes.
Table 2.16 Features and Characteristics of Main Solid Wastes Land Disposal Sites in the Havana City Name of Time Number Soil Depth of Daily Disposal Equipments Disposal limits of year type ground Capacity installed Site (year) used water level (ton/day) Guanabo 2000 22 yrs Rocky 8 m 154.1 4 Bulldozer East 8 Vias 2003 22 yrs Clay 10 m 32.6 3 Bulldozer East Jaimanitas 2005 20 yrs Rocky 7 m 20.0 3 Bulldozer West Barrera 2005 20 yrs Rocky 8 m 20.0 2 Bulldozer Este Calle 100 2010 20 yrs Clay 4 m 615.0 5 Bulldozer West Source: Dilección Provincial de Servicios Comunales, 1990, Ministry of Public Health Table 2.17 Distance of Public Wastes Disposal Sites from Municipalities concerned Name of Disposal Site Municipality, discharging solid wastes Distance (km) Guanabacoa, 0 - 5 Guanabacoa (Este ) Habana del Este, 6 -12 San Miguel del Padrón, 6 -10 Regla 4 - 7 8 Vias( East ) Industries from the 15 Municipalities 0 -20 Playa 0 - 8 Jaimanitas ( West) La Lisa 3 - 7 Marianao 3 - 5 Plaza 7 -10 Habana del Este 0 - 9 Barrera (East ) Guanabacoa 3 - 9 Regla 4 - 6 Habana Vieja 14-17 Calle 100 (west) Centro Habana 10-15 Cerro 4 - 8 Plaza 5 - 8 10de Octubre 5 -10 Arroyo Naranjo 6 -12 Boyeros 3 -14 La Lisa 5 -10 Marianao 2 - 6 Playa 6 -10 Source: Dirección Provincial de Servicios Comunales, 1990, Ministry of Public Health
M2-15 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
CHAPTER 3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS, LAWS AND STANDARDS 3.1 GENERAL Quality of tributary rivers and the bay is briefly reviewed in this chapter based on information available in annual reports of GTE and GEF Project Reports for which investigations were carried out by CIMAB.1) to 4) and 8) to 11) Results of the surveys carried out by JICA Study Team on tributary rivers and the bay are summarized. Current situation of the industrial wastewater, one of major pollution source to the Havana Bay, is also studied and reported through an industrial wastewater survey in this Study. Laws and standards on water pollution control in Cuba are also summarized in this chapter. 3.2 TRIBUTARY RIVERS There are three (3) tributary rivers flowing into Havana Bay. Table 3.1 shows major characteristics of these tributary rivers.
Table 3.1 Major Characteristics of Tributary Rivers Item Rio Luyano Rio Martin Perez Arroyo Tadeo Length (km) 10.1 6.4 2.3 Catchment Area of the 30 13.1 2.1 Basin (km2) Population in the Basin 242,000 73,000 14,000 (person, in 2000)) Flow Rate (m3/d) 71,970 (1985) 26,093 (1981-1985) 5,247 (1981-1985) (at river mouth) 79,666 (1990) 35,597 (1996) 8,004 (2002) 120,960 (1996) 39,819 (Sep., 2001) 114,860 (2002) 62,105 (May, 2002) Major Pollution Sources Domestic wastewater, Domestic wastewater, Domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater industrial wastewater and rain water (in and rain water (in and rain water (in case of rainfall) case of rainfall case of rainfall Source: CIMAB 1), 2),4)
3.2.1 EXISTING DATA OF RIVER WATER QUALITY There is no periodic monitoring system for monitoring water quality of tributary rivers, however, CIMAB and CENHICA etc. have analyzed the rivers water quality in some projects financed by GTE, GEF and Enterprise of Hydraulic Usage (EAH).
Organics and Nutrients: Results reported by CIMAB for Rio Luyano, Rio Martin Perez and Arroyo Tadeo (Reference1, 2 and 3) are summarized in Table 3.2 for observations carried out in the year 2000/2002.
M3-1 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
Table 3.2 Water Quality of Tributary Rivers in Year 2000-2002 Cuban Japanese Rio Luyano Rio Martin Perez Arroyo Standard Environ. Parameter Tadeo Wet season Dry Season Wet season Dry Season NC-27 Standard for (n=1) (n=29) (n=30) (n=27) (n=27) (C) Rivers (E) Temp., 29.0 26.6 29.0 29.5 - < 50 - oC (27.0-32.0) (23.5-29.4) (24.4-33.0) (25.9-34.4) 7.58 7.83 7.91 7.51 - 6 - 9 6.0 – 8.5 pH (7.30-7.82) (7.65-8.04) (7.03-8.64) (6.44-8.02) DO, - - 2.82 1.15 - - >2.0 mg/L (0.0-5.4) (0.63-4.25) BOD5, 53 46 16 22 192 < 60 <10 mg/L (6-205) (16-80) (8-26) (8-48) COD, 90 72 25 45 320 < 120 - mg/L (16-1,116) (35-117) (14-47) (18-81) SS, 21 46 19 18 10 - No floating mg/L (6-80) (5-97) (6-62) (10-47) wastes T-N, - - 5.55 - 12.4 < 20 - mg/L TKN, 6.72 12.88 4.48 4.48 - - - mg/L (1.12-15.68) (6.72-19.04) (2.24-17.92) (2.24-7.84) NH3-N, 4.66 7.14 1.77 - - - - mg/L (0.93-9.42) (5.22-8.68) (0.28-3.08) Organic- 2.15 5.75 2.05 - - - - N, mg/L (0.1-10.08) (0.28-11.95) (0.02-16.52) T-P, 0.36 4.09 0.59 0.69 5.1 < 10 - mg/L (0.07-0.81) (0.71-15.89) (0.07-2.04) (0.21-4.8) Oil and 2.6 0.74 0.06 0.3 0.02 <30 - Grease, (0.30-18.0) (0.04-1.73) (0.0-70.1) (0.02-2.35) mg/l Note: 1 Median value is shown along with maximum and minimum values in parenthesis, when available and n is the number of data. 2 Sampling periods for Rio Luyano were Jun./Jul. 2000 for wet season and Feb./Mar. 2001 for dry season, and for Rio Martin Perez were Sep./Oct. 2001 for wet season and May/Jun. 2002 for dry season. For Arroyo Tadeo it was in 2002. 3 NC-27 is the discharge standard to inland surface waters, and Class C is applied for the receiving water for industrial water supply purpose. Comparison is made considering rivers as a discharge and not be construed as an environmental standard for river. 4 Japanese water environmental standard for rivers (E), the lowest level, is applied for Class 3 of industrial water supply and environmental protection. 5 TKN (Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen) is at times reported as T-N.
As shown in Table 3.2, the concentrations of BOD and COD in Luyano, Martin Perez and Arroyo Tadeos show very high values. The concentrations of T-N and T-P are also considered to be a relative high level. Water quality of the rivers shows serious organic and nutrient pollution.
Table 3.3 shows general trend of organic and nutrient quality of rivers. Water quality improvement from 1985 to 1996 may be attributed to economic slowdown. Between 1996 and 2002, water quality degradation is evident except in Rio Luyano, which was mainly due to decreased industrial discharge of distillery wastewater through process modifications in the distillery.
Table 3.3 Water Quality of Tributary Rivers 1985-2002 Rio Luyano Rio Martin Perez Arroyo Tadeo Parameter 1985 1996 2002 1985 1996 2002 1985 2002 Flow, m3/d 71,970 120,960 114,860 26,093 35,597 62,105 5,247 8,004 BOD5, mg/L 546 236 83 22 10 20 36 192 COD, mg/L 1,205 402 138 56 27 43 88 320 T-N, mg/L - 39.7 9.3 - 9.0 3.8 61.0 12.4 T-P, mg/L - - - - 5.1 0.8 34.3 5.1 SS, mg/L 117 94 33 14 35 17 54 10
M3-2 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
Source: CIMAB 1) and 3) Heavy Metals: Table 3.4 shows heavy metal concentrations measured in Rio Luyano over a period of 30 days in Jun./Jul 2000 and the maximum limits set for discharge to sewers in Cuban standard NC27 and NC93-105 which set environmental quality for sea water used for fishing. For reference, Japanese standards for the wastewater discharging to sewers and on environmental quality are also shown. None of the measured heavy metals exceeded the NC27, however it should be noted that NC27 as shown in the table is pertinent to discharge to sewers and therefore not construed as acceptable environmental level.
Table 3.4 Heavy Metal Concentration in Rio Luyano Cuban Standards Japanese Standards Rio Luyano NC93-105, NC27, Parameter Discharge to Environmental (n=36) Sea water Discharge Sewers Quality for fishing to Sewers Cadmium (Cd), mg/L <0.005 – 0.018 0.01 < 0.3 0.1 0.01 Chromium (Cr), mg/L <0.020 – 0.054 - 2.0 2 - Copper (Cu), mg/L <0.010 – 0.034 - < 5.0 3 - Mercury (Hg), mg/L <0.02 0.005 <0.01 0.005 0.0005 Nickel (Ni), mg/L <0.013 – 0.093 - - - - Lead (Pb), mg/L <0.10 0.1 1.0 0.1 0.01 Zinc (Zn), mg/L <0.013 – 0.234 - 5.0 5 - Source: CIMAB 1), Sampling period was Jun./Jul. 2000 for wet season and the number of samples was 36.
Pathogenic Indicators: Fecal coliform concentration in Rio Martin Perez was in the range of 3.3 x105 to 7.6 x105 MPN/100 ml in the year 2000,2) which indicates high level of sewage pollution. Similar or higher values are expected in Rio Luyano and Arroyo Tadeo which also receive domestic wastewater discharges.
3.2.2 WATER AND SEDIMENT QUALITY SURVEY OF RIVERS Water and sediment quality survey of rivers was carried out during October to December 2002 in tributary rivers by CENHICA/CIMAB under the contract with JICA Study Team. Sampling locations are shown in Figure 3.1. Water quality sampling locations were selected to compare the water quality along the river. Sediment quality locations were selected immediately downstream of major industrial discharges along the river reaches in order to understand the effects of industrial wastewater. Table 3.5 shows the details of sampling.
Table 3.5 Water and Sediment Quality Survey of Tributary Rivers River and Water Sampling Locations and Date Sediment Sample Drainage Pipes Wet Season Dry Season Locations and Date 3 locations 3 locations 5 locations (LW1, LW2 and LW3) (LW1, LW2 and LW3) (LS1, LS2, LS3, LS4 and Rio Luyano 17 October 2002 22 December 2002 LS5) (8:00 to 19:00) (8:00 to 20:00) 17 October 2002 3 locations 3 locations 3 locations Rio Martin (MW1, MW2 and MW3) (MW1, MW2 and MW3) (MS1, MS2 and MS3) Perez 18 October 2002 21 December 2002 18 October 2002 (8:00 to 19:00) (8:00 to 20:00) 3 locations 3 locations 2 locations (TW1, TW2 and TW3) (TW1, TW2 and TW3) Arroyo Tadeo (TS1 and TS2) 19-20 October 2002 23-24 December 2002 18 October 2002 (8:00 to 7:00) (8:00 to 7:00) Total 9 locations 9 locations 10 locations
M3-3 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 3.1 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Location Map for Water and Sediment Quality Survey of Rivers and Wastewater JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M3-4 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
One composite sample was made at each location combining samples taken at hourly proportional to the river flow. Analytical parameters are as follows:
2- Water samples: pH, Water Temperature, conductivity, COD, BOD5, DO, SS, SO4 , T-N, + - - 3- NH4 -N, NO2 -N, NO3 -N, T-P, PO4 -P, SiO2, Petroleum Hydrocarbon, Fecal Coliform, Phenol, Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Total Mercury (Hg), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Vanadium (V), and Zinc (Zn)
Sediment samples: Water Content, Grain Size Distribution, Total Volatile Solids, T-N, Total Organic Matter, T-P, Petroleum Hydrocarbon, Clostridium Perfringens, Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Total Mercury (Hg), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Vanadium (V), and Zinc (Zn)
(1) Survey Results of Water Flowrates: Results of flow measurement at mouth of tributary rivers are shown in Figure 3.2. Comparing with the existing data (see Table 3.1), the average flowrates in Rio Luyano and Rio Martin Perez show higher values, especially in Rio Luyano. The reasons are presumed as following:
• Average flowrates are calculated by the results measured in daytime. Considering the fact that wastewater (especially domestic wastewater) contributes the greater part of river flowrate, and that minimum flow usually occurs during the early morning hours, calculated average flowrates in rivers may have higher values than that of 24-hour average. • The delayed inflow of stormwater has to be considered because there was a rainfall a few days ago when rivers flowrates were measured in Oct. and Dec. 2002. In addition, hourly variations of flowrates in Rio Luyano and Rio Martin Perez show a peak value in the morning (10:00 to 12:00), while the peak flowrate in Arroyo Tadeo is presented in the evening (20:00 to 21:00) indicating a similar pattern with domestic wastewater.
DO: Variations of DO, organics (BOD and COD) and nutrients (T-N and T-P) in downstream, midstream and upstream of three tributary rivers are illustrated in Figure 3.3. DO is important to aquatic life because detrimental effects can occur when DO levels drop below 4 to 5 mg/l. As shown in Figure 3.3, DO is reduced sharply from 6 mg/l in upstream to 2 mg/l in downstream of Rio Luyano and Rio Martin Perez, which indicates higher level of pollution in downstream of two rivers. For Arroyo Tadeo, DO in all of sections shows a lower level (1 to 3 mg/l) because domestic wastewater contributes the majority of flowrate.
Organics: BOD and COD concentrations of Rio Luyano and Rio Martin Perez show a increasing trend from upstream to downstream, which results in decrease of DO levels. However, comparing with the existing data of BOD concentration of 46 to 53 mg/l and COD concentration of 72 to 90 mg/l shown in Table 3.2, the survey results of BOD and COD concentrations at the mouth of Rio Luyano show lower, 7 to 11 mg/l and COD of 26 to 34 mg/l, respectively. In Arroyo Tadeo and Rio Martin Perez, similar results are observed. These results may indicate the wastewater diluted by delayed inflow and with stormwater.
Nutrients: As shown in Figure 3.3, T-N and T-P concentrations of Rio Luyano and Rio Martin Perez show an increasing trend from upstream to downstream, which means that water quality is getting worse from upstream to downstream due to inflow of industrial and domestic wastewater along Rio Luyano and Rio Martin Perez.
M3-5 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
Hourly variation of flowrates in Luyano River Hourly variation of flowrates in Luyano River (Wet season, 17 Oct. 2002) (Dry season, 22 Dec. 2002)
500,000 300,000
400,000
/d) 250,000 /d) 3 3 300,000 200,000
Flowrate (m Flowrate 200,000 (m Flowrate 150,000 3 Average Flowrate=312,998 m3/d Average Flowrate=225,887 m /d 100,000 100,000 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 Time of day Time of day
Hourly variation of flowrates in Martin Perez River Hourly variation of flowrates in Martin Perez River (Wet season, 18 Oct. 2002) (Dry season, 21 Dec. 2002)
60,000 110,000
105,000 50,000 /d) /d) 3 3 100,000 40,000 95,000
Average Flowrate=44,027 m3/d 90,000 3 (m Flowrate 30,000 (m Flowrate Average Flowrate=98,564 m /d 85,000 20,000 80,000 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 Time of day Time of day
Hourly variation of flowrates in Tadeo River Hourly variation of flowrates in Tadeo River (Wet season, 19 Oct. 2002) (Dry season, 23 Dec. 2002) 18,000 50,000 3 Average Flowrate=11,123 m /d Average Flowrate=19,916 m3/d 15,000 40,000 /d) /d) 3 12,000 3 30,000 9,000 20,000 6,000 Flowrate (m Flowrate 3,000 (m Flowrate 10,000 0 0
:00 :00 :00 00 00 00 00 1:00 3:00 5:00 7:00 9 1 3:00 5:00 7:00 9:00 1:00 3 1:00 3:00 5:00 7: 9: 1:00 3:00 5:00 7:00 9: 1: 3:00 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 Time of day Time (hr)
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 3.2 Results of Flowrates SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Measurement at River Mouths
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M3-6 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
Luyano River Martin Perez River Tadeo River 8 8 4
6 6 3 4 4 2 DO (mg/l) DO (mg/l) DO (mg/l) 2 2 1
0 0 0 Downstream Midstream Upstream Downstream Midstream Upstream Downstream Midstream Upstream
Luyano River Martin Perez River Tadeo River 12 12 16
9 9 12 6 6 8
BOD (mg/l) BOD (mg/l) BOD (mg/l) 3 3 4
0 0 0 Downstream Midstream Upstream Downstream Midstream Upstream Downstream Midstream Upstream
Luyano River Martin Perez River Tadeo River 40 40 60 50 30 30 40 20 20 30
(mg/l) COD (mg/l) COD (mg/l) COD 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 Downstream Midstream Upstream Downstream Midstream Upstream Downstream Midstream Upstream
Luyano River Martin Perez River Tadeo River 8 12 16
6 9 12 4 6 8
T-N (mg/l) T-N (mg/l) T-N (mg/l) 2 3 4
0 0 0 Downstream Midstream Upstream Downstream Midstream Upstream Downstream Midstream Upstream
Luyano River Martin Perez River Tadeo River 2 0.8 1.6
1.5 0.6 1.2 1 0.4
T-P (mg/l) T-P (mg/l) T-P (mg/l) 0.8 0.5 0.2 0 0 0.4 Downstream Midstream Upstream Downstream Midstream Upstream Downstream Midstream Upstream
Legend: Wet Season Dry Season
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 3.3 Variations of DO, SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Organics and Nutrients in Tributary Rivers JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M3-7 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
However, this trend is not observed in Arroyo Tadeo. Actually, even at upstream of Arroyo Tadeo domestic wastewater is discharged into the river without any treatment, which results in higher nutrients concentration. Unlike BOD and COD, T-N (5 to 8 mg/l) and T-P (0.5 to 1.8 mg/l) concentrations at the mouth of three rivers show same levels as existing data shown in Table3.2.
In addition, nutrients concentrations in the effluent of rivers have exceeded by far Class IV (T- N<1.0 mg/l; T-P<0.09 mg/l), which is the lowest level of Japanese seawater environmental standards for eutrophication of seawater. Therefore, the influent of river water polluted by T-N and T-P may cause eutrophication of Havana Bay.
Heavy Metals: Analysis results of heavy metals indicate that the concentrations of heavy metals in almost samples are below the detection limit, and no abnormal values are detected. A preliminary survey results on industrial wastewater under the Study will also explain the survey results that there are no factories currently using heavy metals for production in three river basins.
Pathogenic Indicators: Fecal coliform concentrations at mouth of Rio Luyano, Rio Martin Perez and Arroyo Tadeo are measured to be 2.4 to 30 x 105, 0.8 to 17 x 105, 13 to 160 x 105 MPN/100 ml, respectively. Same as the results of previous monitoring, it is considered that these three rivers are polluted by raw sewage, especially for Arroyo Tadeo.
(2) Survey Results of Sediment Quality Very limited data are available on sediment quality of the tributary rivers. A unique study on river sediment quality (only heavy metals at three locations) was carried out by Havana University between 1999 and 2000. However, analysis method of heavy metals used by Havana University is different with that of this Study, therefore, it is impossible to compare the results of this Study with the results of Havana University.
In order to identify current situations of sediment quality in the tributary rivers, especially to grasp the effects of heavy metals from industrial wastewater on sediment of rivers, 10 samples were taken in immediately downstream of industrial wastewater discharging outlets. The resulted concentrations of heavy metals in rivers sediments are summarized in Table 3.6. Since no Cuban standards for river sediment or soil are available, EU soil standard for heavy metals are shown in the table for the reference.
Table 3.6 Heavy Metals Contents of Rivers Sediments Unit: mg/kg dry weight Rio Luyano Rio Martin Perez Arroyo Tadeo EU Soil Metal LS1 LS2 LS3 LS4 LS5 MS1 MS2 MS3 TS1 TS2 Standard* As 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 <0.2 <0.2 0.2 – Cd 3.0 5.3 5.4 4.1 9.9 3.5 4.6 5.1 5.1 4.3 1 – 3 Co 15.4 15.3 14.2 14.9 13.5 15.7 16.3 23.8 24.2 14.9 – Cu 141 94 105 136 168 87 161 89 146 135 50 – 140 Hg <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 1 – 1.5 Ni 43.9 42.9 45.5 48.8 47.9 53.5 65.6 286.0 381.0 68.9 30 – 75 Pb 96 144 124 189 227 131 190 479 134 189 50 – 300 Zn 168 211 286 359 414 202 422 333 326 304 150 – 300 Max. Admissible Concentration for EU, 86/278/EC Appendix 1A As shown in Table 3.6, for all of samples As and Co are detected in the range of 0.2 to 0.4 mg/kg, 13.5 to 24.2 mg/kg, respectively, which is considered to be normal level because common concentration of As and Co in soil is 1 to 50 mg/kg.
M3-8 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn are detected as high concentrations in downstream of Rio Luyano (LS5), Rio Martin Perez (MS2 and MS3) and Arroyo Tadeo (TS1), however, no extraordinary high values are detected. As for the mercury, the detection limit of total mercury (Hg) of 5.0 mg/kg is higher than the value of EU soil standard, it is difficult to evaluate Hg concentration in rivers sediments. 3.3 HAVANA BAY
3.3.1 EXISTING DATA Water and sediment quality of Havana Bay is monitored by CIMAB twice a year during wet season and dry season at five locations as shown in Figure 3.4. Two locations outside the Bay, one near the existing sewer outfall at Playa del Chivo and the other at Caleta de San Lázaro, are also monitored for water quality. Atares, Marimelena and Guasabacoa are located in where polluted water from urban drains, industries and rivers are discharged and tidal circulation is poor comparing to Centro de la Bahía and Canal Entrada.
DO and Nutrients: Figure 3.5 shows vertical variations of the DO and nutrients in dry season of year 2001. Low DO and high nutrients indicate higher level of pollution. Comparing with Playa del Chivo and Caleta de San Lázaro, pollution level is high at Atares, Marimelena and Guasabacoa. At Centro de la Bahía and at Canal Entrada, DO and mineral nitrogen levels are similar to that outside the Bay but PO4-P and T-P levels are higher than that outside the bay. Ratio of mineral nitrogen (NH3-N+NO2-N+NO3-N) to mineral phosphorous (PO4-P) is between 0.7- 4.8 within the Bay compared to 6.4 – 11.7 at Caleta de San Lázaro. Optimal N/P ratio by weight is around 7 and the N/P ratio suggests nitrogen limitation in the bay.
Figure 3.6 shows the variations of DO and major nutrients during year 1986-2001. Pollution level decreased between 1986-90 and 1996 showed by increase in DO and decrease in nutrients (T-P). Between 1996 and 2001, there is a slightly increasing trend in the concentration of nutrients.
Suspended solids data reported were in the range of 98-285 mg/L during year 1986-2001 which is considered to be rather high and contradictory compared with visual observation and the observed transparency (1- 4 m) during the sampling in October 2002.
Chlorophyll-a : Variation of chlorophyll-a which is an indicator of eutrophication is 31.2 (1980-83), 6.5(1996) and 25.7 (1999) mg/m3 which shows that eutrophication is on the increasing trend from a low registered in 1999.
Heavy Metals: Figure 3.7 shows the variation at Atarés, Guasabacoa and at Marimelena in comparison with the “reference heavy metal content” which is that of sediment obtained within 3-4 m from the Bay bed at respective location. At all locations, heavy metal content is higher than reference heavy metal content and there is gradual increase of heavy metal content at all locations except for lead (Pb) at Atarés and Nickel (Ni) at Marimelena. Higher than reference level shows external input from urban activities including industries.
Table 3.7 shows variation of heavy metal content in the surface sediments in Havana Bay between 1991-2001. It also shows the standards adopted in Netherlands and Canada for sediments which is considered to be polluted. Zinc (Zn) at Atarés, copper (Cu) at Atarés and Centro de la Bahía has exceeded the Dutch standard values requiring intervention.
M3-9 Interim Report Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 3.4 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Bay Water and Sediment Quality Monitoring Locations JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M3-10 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
DO, mg/L Top Middle Bottom 15
10 8.2 7.9 7.6 7.5 7.4 7.2 7.2 7.0 6.8 6.8 6.7 6.8 6.2 6.1 5.1 5 4.7 3.6 3.6 2.9 2.4 1.8
0 Atarés Guasabacoa Marimelena Centro de la Canal de Playa del Chivo Caleta de San Bahía Entrada Lázaro
Mineral-N (NO2-N + NO3-N + NH3-N), mg/L Top Middle Bottom 1.0
0.5 0.32 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.0 Atarés Guasabacoa Marimelena Centro de la Canal de Playa del Chivo Caleta de San Bahía Entrada Lázaro
Mineral-P (PO4-P), mg/L Top Middle Bottom 0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2 0.130 0.130 0.118 0.117 0.110 0.087 0.073
0.1 0.067 0.063 0.059 0.057 0.039 0.039 0.036 0.038 0.031 0.032 0.028 0.012 0.008 0.0 0.006 Atarés Guasabacoa Marimelena Centro de la Canal de Playa del Chivo Caleta de San Bahía Entrada Lázaro
T-P, mg/L Top Middle Bottom 1.0 0.453 0.432
0.5 0.426
0.290 z 0.267 0.215 0.192 0.193 0.193 0.173 0.160 0.157 0.145 0.127 0.116 0.072 0.072 0.067 0.048 0.043 0.0 0.019 Atarés Guasabacoa Marimelena Centro de la Canal de Playa del Chivo Caleta de San Bahía Entrada Lázaro Source: CIMAB
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 3.5 Vertical Variations of SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY DO and Nutrients in Havana Bay (November 30, 2001) JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M3-11 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
DO, mg/L Top Middle Bottom 10 9.2 5.8 4.6
5 4.4 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.7 1.3 0.7
0 1986-90 1991-95 1996 1999 2000 2001
NH3-N, mg/L Top Middle Bottom 0.5
0.4 0.31 0.3 0.20 0.18 0.2 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.07
0.1 0.06 0.06
0.0 1986-90 1991-95 1996 1999 2000 2001
T-P, mg/L Top Middle Bottom 0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2 0.176 0.144 0.135 0.131 0.132 0.122 0.116 0.101 0.093 0.089 0.082
0.1 0.072 0.059 0.061 0.046 0.044 0.038 0.031 0.0 1986-90 1991-95 1996 1999 2000 2001
Source: CIMAB
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 3.6 Variations of DO and SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Nutrients in Havana Bay, 1986- 2001
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M3-12 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
Atarés
Atarés 1200
1991 1000 1994 1995 1996 800 1999 2001 REF 600
concentración µg/g concentración 400 303
200 83 36 0 Ni Zn Pb Guasabacoa
Guasabacoa 300
1991 1994 240 1995 1996 1999 180 2001 REF
120 concentración µg/g 81
60 41
17
0 Ni Zn Pb
Marimelena
Marimelena 400
1991 350 339 1994 1995 300 1996 1999 250 2001 REF
200
150 Concentración µg/g Concentración
100 83
50 23
0 Ni Zn Pb
Note : The ranges shown in the graphs above are not identical for all three locations. Reference value is that of sediment taken between a depth 3-4 m below bay bed. Source : CIMAB
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 3.7 Variations of Heavy SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Metals in Sediments in Havana Bay, 1991-2001 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M3-13 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
Table 3.7 Surface Sediment Quality of Havana Bay 1991-2001 Atarés Guasabacoa Marimelena Parameter 1991-1996 1999 2001 1991-1996 1999 2001 1991-1996 1999 2001 Nickel (Ni), mg/kg 19 – 61 53 59 27 – 72 55 61 60 – 244 153 178 Lead (Pb), mg/kg 109 – 405 328 205 26 – 88 15 120 11 – 65 135 116 Zinc (Zn), mg/kg 497 – 969 635 918 107 – 260 230 263 80 – 192 343 340 Chromium (Cr), mg/kg – 63 73 – 65 82 148 159 Copper (Cu), mg/kg 209 – 329 128 166 65 – 122 78 92 66 – 146 190 170 Cobalt (Co), mg/kg 5 – 8 20 24 8 – 13 18 26 11 – 29 23 24 Iron (Fe), % 0.87 – 2.15 1.04 2.23 2.01 – 3.59 2.04 3.75 2.65 – 4.88 1.98 3.47 Manganese (Mn), % 252 – 308 415 380 252 – 308 415 510 432 – 473 500 510 Organic Content, % 20.3 – 30.2 15.8 21.2 14.3 – 24.7 13.8 14.6 13.3 – 19.9 18.0 16.2
Centro de la Bahía Canal Entrada Dutch Canada Parameter 1991-1996 1999 2001 1991-1996 1999 2001 Std. Std. Nickel (Ni), mg/kg 13 – 29 63 61 15 – 44 60 - 210 - Lead (Pb), mg/kg 31 – 69 238 236 68 – 95 138 - 530 112 Zinc (Zn), mg/kg 64 – 189 698 550 217 – 333 248 - 720 271 Chromium (Cr), mg/kg - 90 103 - 65 - 380 160 Copper (Cu), mg/kg 28 – 84 238 259 146 – 286 85 - 190 108 Cobalt (Co), mg/kg 4 – 11 18 24 2 – 4 15 - 1.44 – Iron (Fe), % 1.5 2.92 1.52 – 2.41 0.90 - - 3.76 Manganese (Mn), % 241 – 462 253 365 137 - 241 158 - - Organic Content, % 8.7 – 18.6 17.7 15.1 16.2 – 18.1 9.8 - Note: All concentrations are based on dry weight. Dutch standard, the Netherlands (2000) assuming 10% organic matter and 25% clay shows the intervention value. Canada standard shows the probable effect level of Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines for Protection of Aquatic Life (1999). Values shown as 238 are above Dutch Intervention Value. Source: CIMAB and JICA Specialist Report, 2002
Pathogenic Indicator: Variation of fecal coliform is shown in Table 3.8. Fecal coliform concentrations at all of five locations are decreased gradually from 1996 to 2001, but even so fecal coliform at Atarés shows a very high level indicating a remarkable effect of domestic wastewater.
However, the data on Clostridium Perfringens in sediments as shown in Table 3.9 shows an increase of their content. Unlike fecal coliforms, Clostridium Perfringens attached to fecal matter and settles as sediment indicating fecal contamination.
Table 3.8 Fecal Coliform Concentration in Havana Bay Water, 1991-2001 Location 1991-1994 1995-1996 1999 2000 2001 Atarés 1.0 x 106 4.6 x 106 4.4 x 106 1.6 x 106 2.8 x 105 Guasabacoa 4.3 x 104 4.3 x 105 2.4 x 104 2.5 x 104 8.0 x 103 Marimelena 2.0 x 103 2.8 x 105 3.6 x 103 1.0 x 103 1.1 x 103 Centro de la Bahía 1.5 x 105 1.2 x 106 5.6 x 104 1.6 x 104 3.1 x 103 Canal Entrada 1.5 x 105 2.2 x 106 2.7 x 104 2.1 x 103 6.3 x 103 Source: CIMAB
M3-14 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
Table 3.9 Clostridium Perfringens in Sediments of Havana Bay, 1991-2001 Location 1991 1999 2001 Atarés 7.3x105 3.6x104 2.4x106 Guasabacoa 1.1x105 3.6x103 2.4x105 Marimelena 9.3x103 1.1x103 4.6x104 Centro de la Bahía 9.3x104 2.3x104 2.4x105 Canal Entrada 1.5x103 9.1x101 - Source: CIMAB
Petroleum Hydrocarbons: One of the most visible pollution affecting the Bay is due to petroleum hydrocarbons discharged to the Bay and its yearly variation in the surface of the Bay is as shown below. Following the increasing trend until 1995, it is decreasing mainly due to improvements made at the refinery.
-1 mg.L Tendencia de los Hidrocarburos en agua 3
2.5 Media lineal Media movil 2
1.5
1
0.5
0 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
3.3.2 WATER AND SEDIMENT QUALITY SURVEY OF HAVANA BAY Water quality survey of the Bay was carried out by CIMAB during October 3-12, 2002 for wet season and December 18-20, 2002 for dry season under this Study. Figure 3.4 shows six sampling locations. Water samples were taken at three depths (0, 5 and 10 m) at each location. Sediment samples were taken from four locations within the bay. Analysis parameters are as follows:
2- Water samples: pH, Water Temperature, conductivity, salinity, COD, BOD5, DO, SS, SO4 , + - - 2- T-N, NH4 -N, NO2 -N, NO3 -N, T-P, PO4 -P, SiO3-Si, Petroleum Hydrocarbon, Fecal Coliform, Chlorophyll-a, Plankton, Phenol, Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Vanadium (V), Zinc (Zn), Total Mercury (Hg) and Arsenic (As),
Sediment samples: Water Content, Grain Size Distribution, Total Volatile Solids (TVS), T-N, TON, Total Organic Matter, T-P, Petroleum Hydrocarbon, Clostridium Perfringens, Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Vanadium (V), Zinc (Zn), Total Mercury (Hg) and Arsenic (As)
M3-15 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
(1) Survey Results of Water Quality Cuban Standard NC93-105, 1987 stipulates water quality standards for marine and fresh water used for fishing as shown in Table 3.29. However, there are no standards for seawater environmental protection, especially for the prevention of eutrophication. In the following, Japanese seawater environmental quality standard (DO and COD) related to water pollution, and standards (T-N and T-P) to protect eutrophication are used to evaluate the results of water quality.
DO: Concentrations of DO, organics (BOD and COD) and nutrients (T-N and T-P) at three deferent depths in six sampling locations are shown in Figure 3.8 for wet season and Figure 3.9 for dry season, respectively. As shown in Figure 3.8, in wet season DO concentrations inside of the bay (Atares, Guasabacoa, Marimelena and Centro) are very low, especially those in the surface and middle layers. The results are lower than the lowest level of Japanese seawater standards of Class C, DO>2.0 mg/l, which is applied only for conservation of living environment.
However, Figure 3.9 shows that DO concentrations inside of the bay are relatively high in dry season except at Atares and also shows that DO concentrations in the bottom layers and middle layers are lower than those of surface layers. The existing and survey results confirmed that Atares is the worst within the bay.
Organics: Figure 3.8 shows BOD concentrations within the bay in wet season are relatively high, especially at Atares, indicating high level pollution. However, in dry season BOD concentrations are lower at all locations except in the surface layer of Atares.
Concentration of COD within the bay both in wet and dry seasons are lower than the Japanese environmental standard of Class C, COD<8.0 mg/l, except in the surface layers of Atares and Centro in wet season.
Nutrients: As shown in Figure 3.8 and Figure 3.9, T-N concentrations in all of samples exceeded 1.0 mg/l of Class IV set as the lowest level of Japanese environmental standard to prevent eutrophication of seawater. Atares shows highest in T-N concentration among other locations. Such a high level of T-N may stimulate algal and aquatic growth and cause eutrophication of Havana Bay. Figures also show that T-N concentrations both in wet and dry seasons are increased gradually from surface to bottom. This trend may indicate nutrients are released from sediments (see the section of survey results of sediment quality).
In wet season T-P concentrations in all of samples are lower than 0.09 mg/l of Class IV, which is lowest level of Japanese environmental quality standard for the prevention of eutrophication of seawater. In dry season, however, T-P concentrations in almost of locations are over 0.09 mg/l, which may cause eutrophication of Havana Bay.
Chlorophyll-a and Plankton: Figure 3.10 shows vertical variations of Chlorophyll-a in wet season and dry season. At Atares in wet season, a very high level (42 to 65 mg/m3) of Chlorophyll-a concentration is observed at three depths, which indicates that eutrophication at Atares area is at high level in wet season.
On the other hand, in dry season high Chlorophyll-a concentration (9.4 to 93.8 mg/m3) are observed in surface layers of all locations. High values (4,048 to 12,256 x103 cell/l) of plankton biomass observed in the surface layers at all locations within the bay support that eutrophication are being occurred in the upper layer.
Heavy Metals: The concentrations of heavy metals at all locations (wet season and dry season) are briefly summarized in Table 3.10. Heavy metals of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Hg and Pb are not detected in the analytical methods used. A certain level of Cu, Ni and Zn concentrations are
M3-16 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards identified at some samples, however, it is considered to be within the range of permissible.
Table 3.10 Heavy Metal Concentration in Seawater of Havana Bay Parameter Five locations Inside the Bay Cuban Standard (NC93-105) (Three Depths) for Seawater for Fishing Arsenic (As), mg/L <0.080 1 Cadmium (Cd), mg/L <0.005 0.01 Cobalt (Co), mg/L <0.010 0.05 Chromium (Cr), mg/l <0.020 - Copper (Cu), mg/l <0.010 – 0.041 - Mercury (Hg), mg/L <0.020 0.005 Nickel (Ni), mg/l <0.010 – 0.022 - Lead (Pb), mg/L <0.10 0.1 Zinc (Zn), mg/L <0.010 – 0.172 -
Pathogenic Indicator: Vertical variations of Fecal Coliform at each location both in wet season and dry season are sumarized in Figure 3.10. Similar to the previous results, Fecal Coliform at Atares shows a very high level particularly in the surface layer, indicating effect of domestic wastewater discharge.
Petroleum Hydrocarbons (HC): In the wet season, the resulted concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in the surface layers of Atares and Marimelena are 0.84 mg/l and 0.73 mg/l, respectively, which is similar to existing monitoring results in 2001. Nico Lopez, an oil refinery factory, plays an important role in petroleum hydrocarbon pollution.
M3-17 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
DO, mg/l Top Middle Bottom 10.0 Japanese Environmental Standard for Seawater, Class C (DO>2 mg/l) 8.0
6.1 5.9 5.9 6.0 5.7
4.7 3.5 3.4
4.0 3.1 3.1 2.3 2.1 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 2.0 1.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 Atares Guasabacoa Marimelena Centro Canal Outlet of Cuban Seawater Standard for Fishing, Class C (DO<3 mg/l) Canal
BOD, mg/l Top Middle Bottom 20.0 19.9
16.0 14.7 Cuban Seawater Standard for Fishing, Class C (BOD>2 mg/l) 12.0 9.5 9.1 8.5 8.0 6.0 5.7 5.1 3.6 3.3 2.7
4.0 2.3 1.9 2.0 1.6 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.0 Atares Guasabacoa Marimelena Centro Canal Outlet of Canal
COD, mg/l Top Middle Bottom 20.0 16.0 Japanese Environmental Standard for Seawater, Class C (COD<8 mg/l) 12.0 9.8 8.8
8.0 6.5 6.5 5.9 5.8 5.1 5.0 4.2 4.2
3.5 2.8 4.0 2.7 2.7 2.7 1.9 1.3 1.2 0.0 Atares Guasabacoa Marimelena Centro Canal Outlet of Canal
T-N, mg/l Top Middle Bottom 10.0 8.0 Japanese Environmental Standard for Seawater, Class IV (T-N<1.0 mg/l)
6.79
6.0 5.69 4.56
4.0 3.43 3.41 3.42 3.41 2.30 2.30 2.28 2.28 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.24 2.24 1.19
2.0 1.12 0.0 Atares Guasabacoa Marimelena Centro Canal Outlet of Canal
T-P, mg/l Top Middle Bottom 0.4
0.3 Japanese Environmental Standard for Seawater, Class IV (T-P<0.09 mg/l)
0.2
0.092 0.085 0.081 0.080
0.1 0.070 0.050 0.050 0.040 0.040 0.035 0.031 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.021 0.016 0.0 Atares Guasabacoa Marimelena Centro Canal Outlet of Canal
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 3.8 Vertical Variations of SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY DO, Organics and Nutrients in JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY Havana Bay in Wet Season
M3-18 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
Top Middle Bottom DO, mg/l 10.0 Japanese Environmental Standard for Seawater, Class C (DO>2 mg/l) 8.0 6.5 6.6 6.5 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.4 6.0 5.2 5.0 5.1 5.0 3.9 4.0 3.4 2.4 1.9 2.0 1.8 0.3 0.3 0.0 Atares Guasabacoa Marimelena Centro Canal Outlet of Cuban Seawater Standard for Fishing, Class C (DO<3 mg/l) Canal
BOD, mg/l Top Middle Bottom 20.0 17.0 16.0 Cuban Seawater Standard for Fishing, Class C (BOD>2 mg/l) 12.0
8.0 5.1 5.0 4.0 3.4 3.2 3.1 2.9 4.0 2.6 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.1
0.9 1.0 0.0 0.0 Atares Guasabacoa Marimelena Centro Canal Outlet of Canal
COD, mg/l Top Middle Bottom 20.0 16.0 Japanese Environmental Standard for Seawater, Class C (COD<8 mg/l) 14.0 12.0 8.0 5.9
4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 2.9 2.9
4.0 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.4 1.4 0.7 0.0 Atares Guasabacoa Marimelena Centro Canal Outlet of Canal
T-N, mg/l Top Middle Bottom 10.0 8.0 Japanese Environmental Standard for Seawater, Class IV (T-N<1.0 mg/l) 6.0 4.51 3.55 3.54 3.55 3.53 3.44 3.53 4.0 3.42 3.39 2.43 2.39 2.33 2.31 2.29 2.28 1.18 1.19
2.0 1.17
0.0 Atares Guasabacoa Marimelena Centro Canal Outlet of Canal
T-P, mg/l Top Middle Bottom 0.4 Japanese Environmental Standard for Seawater, Class IV (T-P<0.09 mg/l) 0.3 0.257
0.224
0.2 0.189 0.164 0.162
0.157 0.131
0.103 0.1 0.083 0.052
0.037 0.030 0.029 0.030 0.025 0.020 0.019 0.008 0.0 Atares Guasabacoa Marimelena Centro Canal Outlet of Canal
Figure 3.9 Vertical Variations of THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA DO, Organics and Nutrients in BAY Havana Bay in Dry Season JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M3-19 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
Chlorophyll-a, mg/m3 Top Middle Bottom 100 80 Trophic Classification of Seawater: 3 64.8 60.7 Oligotrophication: <1 mg/m 60 Eutrophication: 1 to 10 mg/m3
42.1 Hypertrophication: 10 to 200 mg/m3 40 20 0.6 0.9 0.6 1.0 0.6 1.2 1.0 1.1 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.1 Atares Guasabacoa Marimelena Centro Canal Outlet of Canal
Fecal Coliforms, MPN/100 ml Top Middle Bottom 5.E+05 4.E+05 Cuban Seawater Standard for Fishing, 330,000 Class C (FC<1,000 MPN/100 ml) 3.E+05
2.E+05
1.E+05 17,000 7,900 3,300 4,000 0.E+00 2,300 1,700 2,300 220 80 2 1,300 790 80 2 110 490 330 Atares Guasabacoa Marimelena Centro Canal Outlet of Canal
Wet Season
Chlorophyll-a, mg/m3 Top Middle Bottom
100 93.8 Trophic Classification of Seawater: 80 Oligotrophication: <1 mg/m3 3 60 Eutrophication: 1 to 10 mg/m Hypertrophication: 10 to 200 mg/m3
40 31.5 17.7
20 14.2 9.4 2.8 1.6 1.6 1.3 0.5 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.5 0.9 0.7 0.3 0.1 0
Atares Guasabacoa Marimelena Centro Canal Outlet of Canal
Fecal Coliforms, MPN/100 ml Top Middle Bottom 5.E+05 4.E+05 Cuban Seawater Standard for Fishing, Class C (FC<1,000 MPN/100 ml) 3.E+05 2.E+05 110,000 1.E+05 17,000 7,000 4,000 0.E+00 2,300 1,700 2,300 70 80 2 700 1,300 490 80 2 220 490 330 Atares Guasabacoa Marimelena Centro Canal Outlet of Canal
Dry Season
Figure 3.10 Vertical Variations of THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA Chlorophyll-a and Fecal Coliforms in BAY Havana Bay in Wet and Dry Season JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M3-20 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
(2) Survey Results of Sediment Quality Organics: The survey results of sediment quality in four locations are summarized in Table 3.11. Table 3.11 shows COD concentrations in all sediment samples are very high as 24,000 to 170,000 mg/kg, which indicates that eutrophication in Havana Bay presents severe state. Because typical COD concentrations in eutrophication water are in the range of 5,000 to 30,000 mg/kg. It also shows that high concentrations of organics (COD and TOC) at Atares show the worst situation.
Table 3.11 Summary of Sediment Quality in Havana Bay Parameter Atares Guasabacoa Marimelena Centro COD, mg/kg-dry weight 170,000 94,000 24,000 70,000 TOC, mg/kg-dry weight 128,800 34,400 41,900 67,700 T-N, mg/kg-dry weight 5,000 1,400 1,100 1,600 T-P, mg/kg-dry weight 664.2 94.8 40.3 194.5 HC, mg/kg-dry weight 1,759 1,230 1,660 1,290 Clostridium Perfringens, 20x103 11x103 40x10 40x102 MPN/100 ml Source: JICA Study Team Nutrients: As shown in Table 3.11, T-N and T-P concentrations are very high at Atares. The high T-N concentration in the sediment may cause the higher T-N concentration in the bottom layer compared to that of surface layer water at Atares, as mentioned in the previous section on water quality.
Heavy Metals: Table 3.12 shows the resulted concentrations of major heavy metals in the sediments. The concentrations at all locations present a relatively low level except Zn at Atares, where Zn concentration (764 mg/kg) exceeds slightly Dutch Intervention Value.
Table 3.12 Concentrations of Major Heavy Metals in Sediments of Havana Bay Parameter Atares Guasabacoa Marimelena Centro Dutch Standard Arsenic (As), mg/kg 6 3 11 15 - Cadmium (Cd), mg/kg 1 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 - Cobalt (Co), mg/kg 23 25 26 21 - Chromium (Cr), mg/kg 63 55 46 41 380 Copper (Cu), mg/kg 149 82 73 49 190 Mercury (Hg), mg/kg <5.00 <5.00 <5.00 29 - Nickel (Ni), mg/kg 63 63 63 52 210 Lead (Pb), mg/kg 194 40 2 304 530 Zinc (Zn), mg/kg 764 160 107 133 720 Source: JICA Study Team Pathogenic Indicator: No significant difference for Clostridium Perfringens is observed comparing with the existing monitoring data as shown in Table 3.9.
Petroleum Hydrocarbons (HC): As shown in Table 3.11, the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons at each location presents a relatively uniform distribution, and shows similar value comparing with the results (1,043 to 1,623 mg/kg) of existing data.3)
M3-21 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
3.4 INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
3.4.1 PREVIOUS SURVEYS It is reported that there are 110 factories of various sizes and types in the Study area5). Among these factories, 55 of them discharge the wastewaters directly into Havana Bay area and 23 discharge the wastewaters into Havana Bay through Rio Luyano. The others discharge the wastewaters into Havana Bay through Rio Martin Perez, Arroyo Tadeo, as well as existing sewers and drainage channels.
The main industrial pollution sources in the Study area are oil refinery and food processing factories, especially, Nico Lopez, an oil refinery plant, plays an important role in pollution sources.
No periodical monitoring system for industrial wastewater has been established due to financial constraints. However, on a study basis industrial wastewater characteristics have been investigated. CIMAB and CENHICA have analyzed the industrial wastewater quality of the major factories in the Study area under some projects such as CUB/80/001, GEF/RLA/93/G41 and GTE-Bahia Habana etc. 4 and 5). The results of pollution sources survey conducted in 1997 indicated that industrial wastewater contributed one third of total BOD load 5).
The previous surveys analyzed the following water quality parameters: BOD, COD, TS, TSS, T- N, T-P, Total Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals.
Table 3.13 summarizes available information of industrial wastewater on the factories related to the Study Area by receiving water bodies.
M3-22 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
Table 3.13 Summary of Factory in the Study Area (1/2) Receiving Water Body: Havana Bay
Flow Rate Workin Treatment Relocatin No. Name of Factories Type of Industry Remarks (m3/d) g Hour Process g Plan 1 Muelles Sierra Maestra 1, 2 y 3. Dock Low 2 Muelle lancha Habana-Regla. Dock Low 3 Muelle de bomberos. Fire fighting 4 Muelle Flota camaronera. Dock Low Closed GTE 2002 5 Muelle Margarito Iglesias. Dock Low 6 Muelle Aracelio Iglesias. Dock Low 7 Muelle Juan Manuel Díaz. Dock Low 8 Muelle La Coubre. Dock Low 9 Servicios marítimos. Service company Low 10 Asociación flota cubana de pesca (Pesport). Fish processing 2 11 Central Termoeléctrica Otto Parellada. Thermoelectric Plant 312 24H No Year 20051 Outlet, CIMAB 2002 12 Muelle de Tallapiedra. Custom office Low 13 Muelle de la Pesca (Pesport). Washing Low 14 Muelle de cemento a granel. Cement Low 15 T N E Juan Ronda. Electricity 3 16 Puerto pesquero de la Habana. (pumped to sewer) Fish processing 400 24H No GEF Report 17 Empresa industrial pesquera Hacendados (Indal) Fish processing 400 8H No 2 Outlets, GEF1996 18 Empresa de laboratorios farmacéuticos Mario Muñoz. Medicine 26 GEF Report 19 Planta de gas Evelio R. Curbelo. Gas 1,010 16H Lagoon 1 Outlet, GEF Report 20 Terminal Haiphong. . Dock Low 21 Terminal de contenedores (MELFI). Dock Low 22 Empresa de Recuperación de Materias Primas. Recycling Low 23 Organización Desmanteladora de equipos. Recycling Low 24 Empresa recuperadora (CUREF). Recycling Low 25 Destañadora Alfredo Gamonal. Metal recycling Closed GTE, 2002 26 Talleres de grúas terrestres ETMH. Truck repairing Closed GTE, 2002 27 Vertedero de Cayo Cruz. Garbage incineration Closed GTE, 2002 28 Obras Marítimas 1. Construction Low 29 Instalación TRANSCARGO Office (bus) Low 30 Molinos de trigo José A. Echevarría. Food Low 31 Almacenes de la Empresa Química (USEQUI). Health Public Low 32 Fábrica de fertilizantes Gerardo Granda. Heavy industry 20 33 Empresa distribuidora de combustible Habana. Service company Low 34 Muelle Manuel Porto Pena. Dock Low 35 Terminal portuaria Andrés González Lines Dock Low 36 Molinos de granos Turcios Lima. Dock Low 37 Fábrica de pienso Habana 12. Dock Low 38 Refinadora de aceites Alberto Alvarez. Food oil processing 205 24H Bio-treatment 2 Outlets, GEF Report 39 Atraques 21, 22 y 23. Dock Low 40 Derretidora de sebo (Alse). Food 100 Closed GEF Report, CIMAB 41 Central termoeléctrica Antonio Maceo. Power generation 880 Closed CIMAB, 2002 42 Embarcadero de lanchas de Regla. Dock Low 43 Terminal de ómnibus de Regla. Bus terminal 36 GEF Report 44 Obras Marítimas 2. Construction Low 45 Entidades del Poder Popular. Office Closed 46 Empresa industrial pesquera de Regla (Prodal). Food processing 360 24H No 3 outlets, GEF Report 47 Varadero de embarcaciones de Regla. Custom office Low 48 Empresa de transporte de la Pesca (DIMER). Fish processing 40 49 Obras Marítima 3. Construction Low 50 Refinería de petróleo Ñico López. Petrochemistry 62,134 24H API, Lagoon 7 outlets, GEF Report 51 Central Termoeléctrica Frank País. Thermoelectric Plant Closed GTE, 2002 52 Incinerador del puerto y atraque de SAMARP. Garbage incineration10-15 No Study team, 2002 53 Empresa Nacional de Astilleros (ENA). Ship repairing 266 No Study team, 2002 54 Empresa militar industrial (EMI) Granma. Military factory Low 55 Astilleros Galainena (ASTIGAL) Dock Low
M3-23 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
Table 3.13 Summary of Factory in the Study Area (2/2) Receiving Water Body: Rio Luyano
Flow Rate Working Treatment Relocating No. Name of Factories Catalogue Remarks (m3/d) Hour Process Plan 1 Destileria de alcohol Habana Alcohol 675 Closed No GEF Report 2 Fabrica de Levadura Heroes de Bolivia Food 432 Closed GEF Report 3 Fabrica de ron Ronera Occidental Rum 156 8H No 1 Outlet, GEF Report 4 Establecimiento Antonio Maceo Fish packing 1,000 Closed No GEF Report 5 Matadero Jesus Menendez? Food (milk) 156 Closed GEF Report 6 Pasteurizadora Lucero Food (milk) 500 24H No 1 Outlet, GEF Report 500 CIMAB, 2001 7 Licuadora Luis Pauste Food 100 Closed GTE, 2002 8 Empacadora Julio A. Mella Food 173 Closed GEF Report 9 Funicion Miguel Suarez Light industry 26 GEF Report
10 Fabrica de toallas ANTEX Dye Closed CIMAB, 2002 11 Empressa Central de Laboratorio (LACEMI) Laboratory 78 GEF Report 12 Terminal de Omnibus Lawton Bus washing 13 Empresa de herramentaje Miguel Saavedra Metal plating 14 Taller principal de Vagones Fco. Vega SaancheTrain repair 203 CIMAB, 2000 15 Taller Central de la Empresa Geofisica Machinery repair Unidad Basica de Produccion Empresarial Chemistry <5 16 Paquito Rosales GEF Report 17 Planta Andres Lujan Vazquez Metal plating Closed CIMAB, 2002 18 Empresa Portuaria (PORTRANS) Washing 19 Fca. Vietnam Heroico 16 GEF Report 20 Constructora de Motores Taino Machine 13 No Study Team, 2002 21 Empresa Inoxidable Emrique Jose Varona Tank manufacture 55 No Study Team, 2002 22 ICIDCA Laboratory 23 Fabrica de Siphorex Camilo Cienfuegos Construction 24 Fabrica Beatriz Food (milk) 370 No Close in 2002 Oct.
Receiving Water Body: Rio Martin Perez
Flow Rate Working Treatment Relocating No. Name of Factories Catalogue Remarks (m3/d) Hour Process Plan 1 Emp. Fundicion No Ferrosa Sergio Gonzalez Metal plating <5 GTE, 1993 Construction 2 Establecimiento Martires de Panama materials <5 Closed CIMAB, 2002 3 Emp. Semiremolque Ramon Pefia Truck washing <10 4 Taller Emilio Perez Olivera Metal plating <5 Closed CIMAB, 2002 5 Establecimiento Habana Bottle washing <5 Closed CIMAB, 2002 6 Tenerfa Cesar Escalante Tanning 216 Closed GEF Report
Receiving Water Body: Arroyo Tadeo
Flow Rate Working Treatment Relocating No. Name of Factories Catalogue Remarks (m3/d) Hour Process Plan 1 Fbea de calzado Aracelio Iglesias Shoe making <5 Closed No Closed; GTE 2002 Aluminum 2 Fb Elio Llerena processing 5-10 No GTE, 2002 Receiving Water Body: Drainage Channels
Flow Rate Working Treatment Relocating No. Name of Factories Catalogue Remarks (m3/d) Hour Process Plan 1 DEBON-Suchel Plant (to Matadero) Detergent produce 60 14H No 1 Outlet, CIMAB 2 JAIPER-Suchel Plant (to Agua Dulce) Detergent produce 40 12H No 1 Outlet, CIMAB
M3-24 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
3.4.2 INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER SURVEYS (1) Objective The objectives of industrial wastewater survey are:
y To identify current situations and problems of industrial wastewater management in the Study Area based on existing information; y To grasp industrial wastewater pollution loads to the Havana Bay based on a survey of 10 selected factories (2) Methodology The procedure of industrial wastewater survey is illustrated in Figure 3.11. These survey works are carries out by the Study Team and counterpart members with hired technical assistants from CIMAB, and water quality analysis is conducted at the laboratory of CIMAB.
1) Collection and analysis of existing information The following information is collected: type of industry, operation situation, receiving water body, wastewater quantity, wastewater quality, treatment process, and relocation plan etc.
2) Selection of 10 factories To select major factories, the following selection criteria are taken into account:
y Larger pollution load (BOD, T-N, T-P, Hydrocarbon etc.); y Representative factory for local industry; y Heavy metals in effluent, and y Possibility of sampling and flow-rate measurement Based on existing information and discussion with GTE and DPRH/Havana-City, the following 20 factories, as shown in Table 3.14, are selected firstly as candidate.
Table 3.14 Major 20 Factories Selected as Candidate for Detailed Survey Factory Type of Receiving Factory Activities Receiving Name Industry Body Name Body 1. Nico Lopez Oil Refinery Havana Bay 11. Ronera Rum Rio Luyano Occidental 2. Curbelo Gas Production Havana Bay 12. Alcohol Alcohol Rio Luyano Habana 3. Prodal Food Havana Bay 13. Antonio Fish Packing Rio Luyano Maceo 4. Indal Fishery Havana Bay 14. Motores Machie Rio Luyano Processing Taino 5. Alberto Food Oil Havana Bay 15. Vaga Train Repairing Rio Luyano Alvarez Processing Saanchez 6. Otto Electricity Havana Bay 16. Fabrica Milk Processing Rio Luyano Parellada Beatriz 7. Puerto Fishery Havana Bay 17. Debon- Detergent Matadero Pesquero Processing Suchel Production Drainage Channel 8. SAMARP Garbage Havana Bay 18. Jaiper- Detergent Agua Dulce Incineration Suchel Production Drainage Channel 9. ENA Ship Repairing Havana Bay 19. Aracelio Shoe Making Arroyo Tadeo Iglesias 10. Lucero Milk Rio Luyano 20. Fb Elio Aluminum Arroyo Tadeo Processing Llerena Processing
M3-25 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
Collection and Analysis of Existing Information and Data of Industrial Pollution Sources
Selection of 10 Factories
1) Current Situation of
Industrial Pollution
Source and Load Implementation of Questionnaire Survey 2) Problems and Issues
Implementation of Wastewater Quality Survey (Getting a permission to take sample a week ago)
Updating Existing Industrial Pollution Load and Using as Reference Data of Pollution Control and Havana Bay Water Quality Simulation Analysis
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 3.11 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Procedure of Industrial Wastewater Survey
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M3-26 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
A preliminary survey was carried out by the Study Team, counterpart members from GTE and DPRH/Havana-City to confirm the possibility of sampling and flow-rate measurement. Finally 10 factories were selected for industrial pollution sources survey, based on the results of above preliminary survey and discussion with GTE and DPRH/Havana-City. The general information of the 10 selected factories is summarized as Table 3.15, and the location of the 10 selected factories is shown in Fig. 3.12.
Table 3.15 General Information of 10 Selected Factories Factory Name Type of Industry Flowrate Major Pollutants Receiving (m3/d) Body 1. Nico Lopez Oil Refinery 62,000 Oil, BOD Havana Bay 2. Curbelo Gas Production 1,010 Oil, BOD Havana Bay 3. Prodal Food 360 BOD, SS, N, P, oil Havana Bay and grease 4. Indal Fishery Processing 400 BOD, SS, N, P, oil Havana Bay and grease 5. Alberto Alvarez Food Oil Processing 205 SS, BOD, N, P Havana Bay 6. Otto Parellada Electricity 312 Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr etc. Havana Bay heavy metals 7. Lucero Milk Processing 500 BOD, SS, N Rio Luyano 8. Vaga Saanchez Train Repairing 200 COD, SS, Oil Rio Luyano 9. Debon-Suchel Detergent 60 BOD, SS, N Matadero Production Drainage Channel 10. Jaiper-Suchel Detergent 40 BOD, N, SS Agua Dulce Production Drainage Channel
3) Questionnaire survey of the 10 selected factories A questionnaire survey is implemented by the Study Team, GTE and DPRH/Havana-City. This questionnaire includes following contents:
y Outline of the factory (number of employees, working hours, site area, main raw materials, main products and production capacity etc.); y Sources of water (river, groundwater, pipe water and circulating water etc.); y Water consumption (cooling water, flushing water and daily life water etc.); y Wastewater quantity (flowrate and time zone of discharging wastewater etc.); y Wastewater quality (pH, Temp., SS, color, BOD, COD, T-N, T-P and heavy metals etc.), and y Treatment process and future plan (treatment process, capacity, number of outlet, receiving water body and major problems in operation and maintenance etc..
The questionnaire survey for the 10 selected factories identified that almost every factory does not measure the daily water consumption and wastewater production/discharge quantity. Thus, the information of wastewater quality is very limited.
Among the 10 selected factories, only one factory (Alberto Alvarez, food oil processing) possesses a secondary-treatment system (physical, chemical and biological treatment process), other 9 factories discharge the wastewater into receiving bodies after primary-treatment or without any treatment.
M3-27 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 3.12 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Location Map of 10 Selected Factories for Industrial Wastewater Survey JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M3-28 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
4) Wastewater quality survey The wastewater quality survey includes a flow measurement, sampling and wastewater quality analysis.
The following flow measuring methods are used:
y Flow meter method; y Dye and floats method, and y Capacity method The flow measuring frequency is at 1-3 hours intervals in each point of the sampling stations for one working day (8 to 24 hours).
Three to four grab wastewater samples are taken on the same day at the outlet (discharging point), then one composite sample is made for each factory by combining the grab samples based on the ratio of measured flowrate.
Twenty three (23) water quality parameters are analyzed as shown below:
Table 3. 16 Industrial Wastewater Quality Parameters Analyzed Classification Parameters General Items pH, Temperature Organic Substances BOD, COD
Nutrients T-N, NH4-N, NO2-N, NO3-N, T-P, PO4-P Toxic Items Phenol, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, Zn, Hg, As Other Items SS, SO4, Hydrocarbon
Analysis methods are according to “Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, APHA, 1998.”
(3) Results The main features of 10 selected factories and the results of water quality survey are summarized in Table 3.17 and Table 3.18, respectively. Based on the results of water quality survey, pollution loads of major pollutants are calculated and illustrated in Figure 3.13.
M3-29 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan
Table 3.17 The Main Features of 10 Selected Factories
Chapter 3 Environmenta Nico Lopez Curbelo Prodal Indal Alberto Parellada Lucero Vega Debon Suchel Jaiper Alvarez Saanchez Suchel Type of Industry Oil refinery Gas Food Fishery Food oil Electricity Milk Train Detergent Detergent production processing processingl Conditions, Laws processing repairing Main Raw Materials Crude oil Naphtha Fresh fish, Fresh fish Raw oil Fuel oil Fresh Milk, - Sulfonic Acid, - and natural shrimp and and Standards Powder Sodium gas chicken meat Milk and Tripolyphosphate Soybean and Sodium Sulfate Main Products and Gasoline and Gas, Sausage and Canned Vegetable 64 MW/h Pasteurized - Detergent, Soap, Volume of Production derivates, 125.4 various fish, oil, milk, 40 13,000 ton/year shampoo 1.6 Mton/year Mm3/year deep-fried 4 to 5 100 ton/day m3/d; soy and foods, 6,500 ton/day milk, 30 toothpaste ton/year m3/day etc., 11,700 ton/year The Number of 1,326 137 926 300 180 243 350 350 270 600 Employees Operation Time 24 hours 24 hours 24 hours 8 hours 24 hours 24 hours 24 hours 12 hours 16 hours 12 hours continuous continuous continuous continuous continuous continuous operation operation operation operation operation operation Total Water 156,804 708 About 800 214 About 200 About 300 - About 460 About 40 Consumption (m3/d) 200 Water 150,425 330 ------47 - Consumption of Production (m3/d) Other Water 6,379 378 ------413 - Consumption (m3/d) Wastewater Gravity Gravity No treatment No Biological No No No No treatment No treatment Treatment Process separator etc. separator facilities treatment treatment treatment treatment treatment facilities facilities and lagoon facilities process facilities facilities facilities
M3-30
Table 3.18 The Results of Industrial Wastewater Quality Survey
Factory Nico Lopez Curbelo Prodal Indal Alberto Parellada Lucero Vega Debon Jaiper Alvarez Saanchez Suchel Suchel Parameters
Flowrate, m3/d 139,381 175 217 43 350 1,000 667 259 380 39 pH 6.9 - 7.4 7.8 - 8.2 8.47 7.7 - 8.1 - 8.1 7.4 7.5 8.9 - 10.6 8.3 - 8.4 Water Temp, ℃ 28.2 36.2 29 29.6 - 25 31.0 30.5 28.8 29.3 COD, mg/L 38.39 234 4284 455 863 16 1632 490 81 184 BOD5, mg/L 18 175 800 200 240 6 500 235 10 130 SS, mg/L 260 11 356 72 533 82 945 30 13 52 2- SO4 , mg/L 527.87 4.41 8.88 10.86 - 16.08 1.81 6.74 12.34 1.81 T-N, mg/L
M3-31 3.41 7.21 26.14 18.54 18.7 7.19 15.88 9.39 9.32 9.32 Organic-N, mg/L 0.28 1.4 10.83 11.95 4.3 2.06 13.54 7.38 3.18 3.08 + NH4 -N, mg/L 1.96 0.84 1.49 1.49 12.50 0.18 2.14 1.58 0.18 0.28 - NO2 -N, mg/L 0.07 0.07 0.22 0.20 0.10 0.41 0.20 0.03 0.07 0.07 - NO3 -N, mg/L 1.10 4.90 13.60 4.90 1.80 4.54 8.48 0.40 5.89 5.89 T-P, mg/L 31.56 5.53 31.49 8.94 5.3 4.03 7.92 9.37 1.37 11.14 3- PO4 -P, mg/L 0.06 1.02 2.84 0.84 - 2.28 1.15 0.42 0.39 0.35 Hydrocarbon, mg/L 42 0.48 56 5.8 236 0.09 13.4 3.7 8 13.5 Phenol, mg/L 62 32.00 61.00 - <0.1 1.00 5.00 8.00 3.00
Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
BOD, kg/d (Total=3,215 kg/d) COD, kg/d (Total=7,912 kg/d) 31 930 20 174 41 302 8.6 16 84 6.0
1,089 334 61 127
3.8 31
5.1 7.2
2,509
5,351 Ñico Curbelo Prodal Indal Alberto Ñico Curbelo Prodal Indal Alberto López Alvarez López Alvarez Parellada Lucero Vega Debon Jaiper Parellada Lucero Vega Debon Jaiper Saanchez Suchel Suchel Saanchez Suchel Suchel
T-N, kg/d (Total=514 kg/d) T-P, kg/d (Total=4,422 kg/d)
1.3 1.0 5.7 6.8 0.8 0.4 6.5 1.9 7.2 475.3 38.4 4398.9 22.7 4.0 10.6 5.3 2.4 2.4 3.5 0.5 0.4 0.4
Ñico Curbelo Prodal Indal Alberto Ñico Curbelo Prodal Indal Alberto López Alvarez López Alvarez Parellada Lucero Vega Debon Jaiper Parellada Lucero Vega Debon Jaiper Saanchez Suchel Suchel Saanchez Suchel Suchel
SS, kg/d (Total=37,235 kg/d) HC, kg/d (Total=5,963 kg/d) 1.9
77 0.1
3.1 12
187 0.2 82 36,239 995.876 5,854 108.638 83 630 0.1 7.8 8.9 4.9 1.0 2.0 3.0 Ñico Curbelo Prodal Indal Alberto Ñico Curbelo Prodal Indal Alberto 0.5 López Alvarez López Alvarez Parellada Lucero Vega Debon Jaiper Parellada Lucero Vega Debon Jaiper Saanchez Suchel Suchel Saanchez Suchel Suchel
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 3.13 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Summary of Industrial Pollution Load from the 10 Selected Factories JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M3-32 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
3.4.3 SUMMARY OF SURVEYS Major findings of the survey results are highlighted in the followings:
(1) The main industrial pollution sources in the Study Area are the oil refinery factory (Nico Lopez) and the food processing factories (Prodal and Lucero). (2) The wastewater quantity discharged from Nico Lopez is 139,381 m3 per day which contributes 97.8% of total wastewater quantity of the 10 selected factories (142,511 m3/d). Therefore, Nico Lopez contributes the greater part (68% to 99%) of pollutant (BOD, COD, T-N, T-P, SS and HC) loads although the concentrations of these pollutants in the effluents have declined sharply comparing with the results measured by GEF in 1997. (3) The wastewater quantity discharged from Lucero is 667 m3 per day which contributes 0.5% of total wastewater quantity of the 10 selected factories (142,511 m3/d). The concentrations of BOD and COD in the effluent of Lucero are 500 mg/l and 1,632 mg/l, respectively, which is considered to be a relative high level. Therefore, Lucero contributes 10.4% of total BOD load and 13.8% of total COD load. (4) The wastewater quantity discharged from Prodal is 217 m3 per day which contributes 0.2% of total wastewater quantity of the 10 selected factories (142,511 m3/d). The concentrations of BOD and COD in the effluent of Prodal are 800 mg/l and 4,284 mg/l, respectively, which is considered to be a relative high level. Therefore, Prodal contributes 5.4% of total BOD load and 11.7% of total COD load. (5) Taking account of the survey results and existing situation, it is recommended to install a second-stage treatment facility (such as coalescing gravity separator or dissolved air flotation system) at Nico Lopez to remove emulsified oil, and install a pretreatment process at Prodal and Lucero to remove pollutants before discharging into municipal sewerage system.
M3-33 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
3.5 LAWS AND STANDARDS ON WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
3.5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW (GENERAL LAW) Cuba has a hierarchy of legal provisions more complex than a simple division into “Laws” and “Regulations”. The legal provisions are as follows:
y Full implementing laws (leyes) presented to and passed by the full National Assembly, whose members are elected from candidates proposed by labor, farm, and other citizen organizations y Decree Law (Decreto Ley) which may be proposed by CITMA or another ministry but is presented to and approved by the Council of State (Consejo del Estado), the executive body of the Assembly which sits in permanent session y Decree (Decreto) proposed by a single ministry but approved by the Council of Ministers (Consejo de Ministros), the executive ministry heads y Resolution, adopted by an agency on its own initiative, and with, as a rule, effect limited to the agency itself Cuba gives special attention to the protection of the environment within the context of its development policy. Article 27 of the constitution of 1976 declares that:
“The state protects the nation’s environment and national resources and recognizes their close relationship with sustainable economic and social development to make human life more rational and ensure the survival, well being and security of present and future generations. It is the responsibility of proper governmental agencies to apply this policy. It is the duty of the citizens to contribute to the protection of the water, atmosphere, and the conservation of the soil, wild flora and fauna and all the rich potential of nature”.
Decree Law No. 138 of 1st July 1993 sets out the responsibility of INRH regarding terrestrial waters, with the objective of developing the basic principles stated in the constitution of the Republic of Cuba and in the Environment Protection and National Resources Natural Use Law on surface and underground waters.
Provincial Delegations of INRH, for example, the Provincial Delegation of Resources of The City of Havana of the National Institute of Hydraulic Resources (DPRH), have the role of implementing the law and the legal base on water resources, environment and optimization in the substructure exploitation.
Law No. 81 of 1999 is the Law of the Environment. The purpose of the Law is to establish the legal principles to govern environmental policy and the basic legal requirements to regulate environmental management.
The State’s Authority under this law and other environmental legislation in matters of environmental management will be exercised by the governmental bodies of the Central Administration of the State, other state bodies and the Local Bodies of the Popular Power, in accordance with this law and environmental legislation in general.
The Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (CITMA) is the governmental agency of the Central Administration of the State in charge of proposing environmental policy and guiding its execution through the coordination and control of the nation’s environmental management, promoting its coherent integration in order to contribute to sustainable development.
M3-34 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
3.5.2 WATER POLLUTION CONTROL (1) General In the Law of the Environment (No. 81), Chapter IV – Waters and Aquatic Ecosystems it is stated that:
“All discharges of substances into watercourses, bays, coastal waters, lacustrine waters, reservoirs, underground waters or any other type, that are capable of causing contamination, of affecting other foreseen or unforeseen uses or of altering the balance of the ecosystem, should be the object of proper treatment”.
As previously states INRH in coordination with other related agencies and bodies, controls the management of terrestrial waters. CITMA in coordination with the Ministries of the Fishing Industry, Transport, and Agriculture has overall responsibility for marine waters and resources. The Structures and Functions of CITMA and INRH, are given in Figure 3.15.
(2) Industrial Wastewater Law No 81, Law of the Environment, does not have a specific chapter on pollution from industrial wastewater but there are many general references that clearly apply to industry.
All discharges of substances into watercourses, bays, coastal waters, lacustrine waters, reservoirs, underground waters etc., should be the object of proper treatment. In addition it is also stated that wastewater from economic activities, before being released into the environment, must receive the appropriate treatment so that they will not pollute reservoirs or terrestrial or maritime bodies of water.
Law No. 81 also provides for the issue of Environmental Licenses for all activities capable of producing significant environmental effects, and CITMA has the authority to temporarily or permanently suspend any activity that does not comply with the license. New projects, including industrial development are subject to an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and the subsequent issue of an Environmental License.
3.5.3 STANDARDS Standards for water supply and sanitation are many and varied, and cover all aspects within the sector. Standards may be divided into State, or National Standards (Normas Cubanas), which are mandatory in areas of the national economy, and Area Standards that are technical specifications and are mandatory in the specific area in question.
The main (State) National Standards concerning this study are:
(1) Community Hygiene y NC 93-02 Drinking Water; Sanitary requirements and sampling y NC 93-03 Public Water Supply System; Sanitary requirements y NC 93-11 Public Water Supply Source; Sanitary quality and inspection y NC 93-12 Water Treatment Installations; Sanitary requirements
M3-35 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment CITMA
In charge of proposing Environmental Policy. Execution, Coordination and Control of National Environmental Management and Integration to Sustainable Development
Maritime Waters Terrestrial Water and Resources (surface & underground)
CITMA INRH
Responsible for Policy, Responsible for Execution and Control of Environmental Protection Environmental of Water Management Resources MINAG MINSAP (Agriculture) (Health)
Protection against Responsible for Water pollution of Mangrove QualityTesting in Mains areas etc. and Taps
MIP MIP (Fisheries) (Fisheries) With CITMA Proposes Measures Responsible for Fishery against Pollution affecting Resources in Dams Marine Resources
MINTRANS (Transport) CITMA
Regulates Transportation Responsible for Policy, and Civil Navigation Execution and Control of against Pollution Environmental Management
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 3.14 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Environmental Law – Structures and Functions
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M3-36 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
(2) Standards for the Environmental Protection System y NC 93-01-102 Classification of Water Related Objects y NC 93-01-103 Classification of Domestic Waters y NC 93-01-208 Requirements for the Protection of Groundwater y NC 93-01-209 Requirements for the Calculation of Sanitary Protection Areas for Groundwater Sources y NC 93-01-210 General Requirements for the Protection of Surface and Groundwater from Contamination by Petroleum and its Derivatives y NC 93-01 Final Disposal of Liquid Wastes in Domestic Water Bodies; Authorization Procedures y NC 93-01 Requirements for the Selection and Assessment of the Sources of Supply of Potable Groundwater to Communities and Industries Many more National Standards have been created (NC 22: 1999 – NC 39: 1999), plus the adoption of certain ISO-14000 standards
Among these, NC 27: 1999 governs the discharge of wastewater into sewers and is described in section 3.5.5 of this report.
A National Standard (NC) for the discharge of wastewater into seawater is in preparation and details of this standard, which are particularly relevant to this study, will be described in the Draft Final Report.
Regarding Area Standards relevant to industrial wastewater, the Ministry of Basic Industry has issued two standards to industries in the City of Havana on wastewater quality pending the finalizing of the National Standard for discharge of wastewater into seawater.
3.5.4 DISCHARGE QUALITY STANDARDS TO SEWERS Table 3.19 shows permissible levels for discharges to public sewers as stipulated in Cuban Standard NC27, 1999 and that stipulated by Havana City. The latter include several parameters and stricter than national standard.
Table 3.19 Permissible Level for Discharges to Public Sewers Parameter Limits National Standard Havana City (NC27, 1999) pH 6 - 9 6 - 9 Temperature, oC 50 40 Conductivity, S/m 0.4 - BOD5, mg/L 300 300 COD, mg/L 700 700 Total nitrogen (T-N), mg/L - 50 Organic nitrogen (Org-N), mg/L - 20 Ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), mg/L - 30 Nitrite nitrogen (NO2-N), mg/L - 0.05 Nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), mg/L - 0.2 Total Phosphorous (T-P), mg/L - 10 Phosphates, mg/L - 1 Oil and grease, mg/L 50 20 Methylene blue reactive substance(surfactant), mg/L 25 20 Settleable solids, mg/L 10 4 Total solids (TS), mg/L - 500 Total volatile solids (TVS), mg/L - 350
M3-37 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
Total non-volatile residue, mg/L - 150 Suspended solids (SS), mg/L - 300 Volatile suspended solids (VSS), mg/L - 250 Non-volatile suspended solids residue, mg/L - 50 Total dissolved solids (TDS), mg/L - 200 Volatile dissolved solids (VDS), mg/L - 100 Non-volatile dissolved solids, mg/L - 100 Total dissolved salts, mg/L - 10,000 Chlorides (Cl-), mg/L - 100 Aluminum (Al), mg/L 10 10 Iron (Fe), mg/L - 5 Arsenic (As), mg/L 0.5 0.5 Cadmium (Cd), mg/L 0.3 0.3 Cyanide (CN-), mg/L 0.5 0.5 Copper (Cu), mg/L 5 5 Total Chromium (Cr), mg/L 2 2 Hexavalent chromium (Cr), mg/L 0.5 0.5 Trivalent chromium (Cr3+), mg/L - 2.5 Mercury (Hg), mg/L 0.01 0.01 Lead (Pb), mg/L - 1 Zinc (Zn), mg/L - 5 Nickel (Ni), mg/L - 0.5 Cobalt (Co), mg/L - 1 Manganese (Mn), mg/L - 1 Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), mg/L - 1 Sulfate base dyes, mg/L - 25 Synthetic dyes, mg/L - 25 Phenols, mg/L 5 5 Hydrocarbons (CnHn), mg/L - 25 Formaldehyde (CH2O), mg/L - 25 Aniline (C6H6NH2), mg/L - 6 Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO), mg/L - 20 Acetone ((CH3)2CO), mg/L - 40 Butric Acid (C6H5COOH), mg/L - 15 Butanol, mg/L - 10 Methanol, mg/L - 30 Propanol, mg/L - 12 Ethanol, - 14 Glycerin, mg/L - 90 Toluene, mg/L - 15 Acetic acid (CH3COOH), mg/L - 25 Diethyl-hexane (C6H14), mg/L - 6 Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), mg/L - 0
M3-38 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
3.5.5 EFFLUENT QUALITY STANDARDS Cuban Standard NC-27, 1999 stipulates effluent quality depending on the receiving water.
Table 3.20 Discharge Standards to Inland Surface Waters, NC27 Receiving Water and its Water Use Parameter River and Dams Partial Saturation Area Saturation Area A B C A B C A B C pH 6.5-8.5 6 - 9 6 - 9 6 - 9 6 - 9 6 - 10 6 - 9 6 - 9 6 - 10 Temperature, oC 40 40 40 40 40 50 40 40 50 Conductivity, S/m 0.14 0.20 0.35 0.15 0.20 0.40 0.15 0.20 0.40 BOD5, mg/L 30 40 60 40 60 100 30 50 100 COD, mg/L 70 90 120 ------Total nitrogen (T-N), mg/L 5 10 20 5 10 15 5 10 15 Total Phosphorous (T-P), mg/L 2 4 10 5 5 10 5 5 10 Oil and grease, mg/L 10 10 30 5 10 30 ND 10 20 Flotable solids ND ND - ND ND ND ND - ND Settleable solids, mg/L 1 2 5 1 3 5 0.5 1 5 Note: Water uses: A – water supply, B – irrigation and C – industrial water supply, ND-not detectable.
3.5.6 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS FOR FISHING WATERS Cuban Standard NC93-105, 1987 stipulates environmental quality standards for marine and fresh water used for fishing as shown in Table 3.25.
Table 3.21 Environmental Quality Standards for Fishing Waters, NC93-105 Parameter Limits Freshwater seawater pH 6.5 – 8.5 8 – 9.5 , % 10 – 100 20 – 100 Salinity, % 1 – 3.5 BOD5, mg/L 3 – 8 1 – 2 CODMn, mg/L 15 – 30 DO, mg/L 2 – 5 3 – 5 Ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), mg/L 1 – 3 0.03 – 0.05 Nitrite nitrogen (NO2-N), mg/L 0.1 – 3 0.05 – 1.5 Nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), mg/L 10 – 80 0.01 – 0.6 mg/L 0.1 – 3 0.05 – 0.20 Suspended solids (SS), mg/L 100 – 300 100 – 300 Total coliforms, No/100 mL 5x103 – 5x104 2x102 – 1x103 Fecal coliforms, No/100 mL - 7x102 – 1x103 Arsenic (As), mg/L - 1 Cadmium (Cd), mg/L - 0.01 Mercury (Hg), mg/L - 0.005 Lead (Pb), mg/L - 0.1 Cobalt (Co), mg/L - 0.05
M3-39 Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 3 Environmental Conditions, Laws and Standards
References :
1. Muestreo y Caracterización de las Aguas del Río Luyanó, Informe Final, 16th April 2001 2. Muestreo y Caracterización del Río Martín Pérez, Informe Final, Julio 2002 3. Control y evolución de la calidad ambiental de la Bahía de La Habana y el litoral adyacente, Enero 2000, Enero 2001 and Febrero 2002 4. Aportes contaminantes a la Bahía de La Habana y su evolución, Informe Final, Agosto 2002 5. Proyecto Regional Planificación y Manejo de Bahías y Areas Costeras Fuertemente Contaminadas del Gran Caribe, Proyecto GEF/RLA/93/G41, INFORME FINAL, Octubre, 1997. 6. Law of the Environment – 1999 – Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment 7. Legislacion: Una Herramienta – 1999 (Spanish) 8. CIMAB: Estudio Topobatimeterico del Proyecto Emergente del Rio Luyano, Informe Final, Julio 2002. (Spanish) 9. CIMAB, Prueba de JAR TEST para la Solucion Emergente al Rio Luyano, Informe Final, Julio 2002. (Spanish) 10. INRH: Contribucion al Estudio Sanitario de la Cuenca del Rio Luyano, Proyecto Regional GEF/RLA/93/G41, Septimbre de 1997. (Spanish) 11. Felix C. Dominguez, Joelis Rodriguez, Cristina Diaz y Ramon Pomes: Caracterizacion quimica y de fases de los sedimentos del rio “Martin Perez”, 2001.
M3-40 Volume II Main Report, Part II Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
CHAPTER 4 PRESENT POLLUTION LOAD ANALYSIS AND WATER QUALITY SIMULATION MODEL OF HAVANA BAY 4.1 GENERAL
4.1.1 POLLUTION LOAD ANALYSIS Deterioration of water quality of Havana Bay is due to pollution load received by rivers, wastewater collectors and urban drains discharging to the bay or through direct discharges from sources located along the shore of the bay. Pollution load generated undergo transformation processes during treatment prior to discharge and during their transport between the point of generation and to the point of discharge to the bay. Pollution load discharged to the bay further undergoes transformation within the bay through several physical and bio-chemical processes and dilution by tidal exchange with the outlying sea. Understanding the mechanism beginning from the sources of pollution load generation, pollution load discharge to the bay and its transformation within the bay is a basic requirement to undertake any pollution control measures effectively.
4.1.2 WATER QUALITY SIMULATION MODEL OF HAVANA BAY Water quality of Havana Bay is influenced by complex processes within the bay and thus behavior of water quality of the bay is also complex. Water quality simulation model to describe these complex processes is an effective tool to characterize the water pollution of the bay and to evaluate the pollution control measures such as reduction in pollution load to the bay through improvement of sewerage system. Constructing a water quality simulation model can also be used as a management tool for decision making in the future.
Water quality simulation model based on MIKE3 has been developed and will be transferred to WASP6/DYNHYD5. Description of the development of model in this chapter is based on available data. Model is being updated with the results of current measurement survey and water quality surveys carried out in this Study. 4.2 POLLUTION LOADS
4.2.1 METHODOLOGY Pollution sources : Pollution load generation is classified as due to wastewater generated through domestic, institutional and industrial activities.
Pollution load: Pollution load is estimated at the point of generation and at the point of discharge to the bay. Estimates of pollution load generation are made based on unit pollutant load. Pollutant load discharge to the bay is estimated based on the monitoring data at the most downstream end of drains and rivers draining to bay. Industries along the periphery of the bay and discharging directly is also estimated based on monitoring data. Figure 2.1 shows nine basins constituting the Havana Bay basin and the estimation of loads are made for each of the nine basins for the year 1996 and year 2000.
Relationship between pollution load generation and pollution load discharge in each basin will be utilized to estimate the future pollutant loads discharged to the bay.
Unit Pollution load: Results of the investigation carried out on the unit pollution load generation of domestic origin indicate that the unit per capita BOD5 generation was 43 gpcd (Ref. 1) in 1978 and 29.3 gpcd in 1996 (Ref. 2) respectively investigated for a vocational training school and for a small community in outskirts of Havana City. The decrease was explained due to the
M4-1
Volume II Main Report, Part II Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model economic slowdown during “special period”. There are no recent investigations on the unit pollutant load and an estimate is made at 40 gpcd to reflect the present conditions.
4.2.2 POLLUTION LOAD GENERATED Estimates are made for the year 1996 and year 2000. Table 4.1 shows the population estimate for the basin for the year 1996 and 2000. Table 4.2 shows the domestic pollution load generation based on unit pollutant loads. Table 4.3 shows domestic, institutional and industrial pollutant load generation in terms of BOD5. Institutional pollutant load is estimated as a percentage of total domestic load generated in proportion to domestic and institutional water consumption. Total institutional load will be distributed among the basins following the identification of ‘grand consumers’ (more than 900 m3 of average monthly water consumption). Industrial load is based on monitoring data of CIMAB.
Table 4.1 Population within the Havana Bay Basin, Year 1996 & 2000 Area, Population Population Population 1996, GEF/ Density Population Density Basin DPPFA 1996, 2000 2000, ha person/ha person/ha Habana Vieja 257 110,641 430 101,015 392 Dren Arroyo Matadero 679 128,160 189 120,189 177 Dren Agua Dulce 648 148,581 229 139,185 215 Rio Luyano 2,995 252,223 84 241,927 81 Rio Martin Perez 1,309 72,797 56 72,916 56 Rio Tadeo 256 14,059 55 13,966 55 Refinery Area 342 21,946 64 22,793 67 Casa Blanca 259 12,991 50 14,231 55 Cabaña 44 639 15 671 15 Total 6,790 762,037* 106 726,893 107 Note: * Population estimate revised based on the limits of Havana Bay Basin
Table 4.2 Domestic Pollution Load Generation, Year 1996 & 2000 Year 1996 Year 2000 Basin BOD5 T-N T-P BOD 5 T-N T-P kg/d kg/d kg/d kg/d kg/d kg/d Habana Vieja 4,426 819 210 4,041 748 192 Dren Arroyo Matadero 5,126 948 244 4,808 889 228 Dren Agua Dulce 5,943 1,099 282 5,567 1,030 264 Rio Luyano 10,089 1,866 479 9,677 1,790 460 Rio Martin Perez 2,912 539 138 2,917 540 139 Rio Tadeo 562 104 27 559 103 27 Refinery Area 878 162 42 912 169 43 Casa Blanca 520 96 25 569 105 27 Cabaña 26 5 1 27 5 1 Total 30,481 5,639 1,448 29,076 5,379 1,381 Note: Unit pollutant loads for BOD5, T-N and T-P are assumed at 40, 7.4 and 1.9 gpcd.
M4-2
Volume II Main Report, Part II Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
Table 4.3 Total BOD5 Load Generation, Year 1996 & 2000 (Preliminary) Year 1996 Year 2000 Basin Domestic Inst./com Industrial Total Domestic Inst./com Industrial Total kg/d kg/d kg/d kg/d kg/d kg/d kg/d kg/d Habana Vieja 4,426 29 4,455 4,041 29 4,070 Dren Arroyo Matadero 5,126 0 5,126 4,808 0 4,808 Dren Agua Dulce 5,943 0 5,943 5,567 0 5,567 Rio Luyano 10,089 26,505 36,594 9,677 3,010 12,688 Rio Martin Perez 2,912 273 3,185 2,917 820 3,737 Rio Tadeo 562 1,719 2,281 559 340 899 Refinery Area 878 22,823 23,701 912 21,723 22,634 Casa Blanca 520 23 542 569 23 592 Cabaña 26 0 26 27 0 27 Total 30,481 15,241 51,372 81,853 29,076 14,538 25,946 55,021 Note: Institutional and commercial load is preliminary and will be distributed among the basins following the analysis of water consumption and location data.
4.2.3 POLLUTION LOAD DISCHARGED Table 4.4 shows the pollutant load discharged directly to the bay through rivers and drain. Table 4.5 shows the total pollution load discharged directly to the bay which includes the pollutant load discharged by the industries on the periphery.
Table 4.4 Pollution Load through Rivers and Drains in Year 1996/97 & 2002 1996/97 2002 Basin Flow BOD5 T-N T-P Flow BOD 5 T-N T-P m3/d kg/d kg/d kg/d m3/d kg/d kg/d kg/d Habana Vieja 7,516 801 16 13 8,554 1,291 144 77.5 Dren Arroyo Matadero 78,126 20,015 3,918 1,326 77,760 8,942 610 1,053 Dren Agua Dulce 46,152 5,630 1,099 356 43,226 6,770 529 1,171 Rio Luyano 120,960 28,500 4,800 N/A 114,860 9,476 1,068 N/A Rio Martin Perez 35,597 356 320 180 62,105 1,245 239 49 Rio Tadeo 8,004 1,537 99 41 8004 1,537 99 41 Refinery Area ------Casa Blanca ------Cabaña ------Total 296,355 56,839 10,252 4,616 314,509 29,261 4,622 2,391 Note: Total load includes that discharged directly to bay by the industries. Load data for the industries discharging directly is not available for all major industries in 1996/97 and the data for 2002 is assumed. Data shown as 610 indicates unbalanced concentration of nitrogen and phosphorous. N/A indicates data not available. The total is obtained by assuming similar proportion of BOD:N as Rio Martin Perez for data N/A. Unbalanced values are adjusted with 96/97 data. Totals shown with underline 4,616 are adjusted values for unbalanced values and N/A.
M4-3
Volume II Main Report, Part II Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
Table 4.5 Total Pollution Load Discharged to the Bay in Year 1996/97 & 2002 1996/97 2002 Basin Flow BOD5 T-N T-P Flow BOD 5 T-N T-P m3/d kg/d kg/d kg/d m3/d kg/d kg/d kg/d Habana Vieja 7,619 830 86 15 8,657 1,320 214 79 Dren Arroyo Matadero 78,126 20,015 3,918 1,326 77,760 8,942 610 1,053 Dren Aqua Dulce 46,152 5,630 1,099 356 43,226 6,770 529 1,171 Rio Luyano 121,955 29,803 6,738 N/A 115,417 9,784 1,627 N/A Rio Martin Perez 36,070 629 838 186 62,578 1,518 757 55 Rio Tadeo 8,585 3,256 2,396 156 8,517 1,812 595 46 Refinery Area 475 22,823 54 1 475 21,723 54 1 Casa Blanca 80 23 54 1 80 23 54 1 Cabaña 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 Total 299,062 83,009 15,184 4,820 316,710 51,893 6,373 2,433 Note: Total load includes that discharged directly to bay by the industries. Load data for the industries discharging directly is not available for all major industries in 1996/97 and the data for 2002 is assumed. 4.2.4 FURTHER WORK
Table 4.6 shows the preliminary results of the relationship between BOD5 generation and discharge. Pollution load generated in Habana Vieja basin, Dren Arroyo Matadero basin and and Dren Agua Dulce basin is intended to be collected by Colector Principal and discharged outside the bay near Playa del Chivo. However, due to illegal connections to stormwater drains and interconnection/overflow between Principal Colector and stormwater drains, pollution load generated in those areas are discharged to the bay through stormwater drains. In addition, the Colector Paralelo Orengo (Figure 5.1) serves areas outside the Havana Bay Basin and connected to Principal Colector, from which part of wastewater is discharged to the bay through stromwater drains. Further investigation will be necessary to quantify wastewater discharge from collectors to stormwater drains in these areas. Further, estimated pollutant load generation is smaller than the discharged load for Arroyo Tadeo which also needs further investigation.
Table 4.6 Relationship between Generation and Discharge (Preliminary) Estimated BOD5 Intended Actual Discharged Basin Generation, kg/d Discharge BOD5, kg/d Remarks 1996 2000 to Bay 1996/97 2002 Habana Vieja 4,455 4,070 0 830 1,320 Wastewater is intended Dren Arroyo Matadero 5,126 4,808 0 20,015 8,942 to be collected by Colector Principal. Dren Agua Dulce 5,943 5,567 0 5,630 6,770 Rio Luyano 36,594 12,688 29,803 9,784 Rio Martin Perez 3,185 3,737 629 1,518 Rio Tadeo 2,281 899 3,256 1,807 Requires investigation Refinery Area 23,701 22,634 22,823 21,723 Casa Blanca 542 592 23 23 Cabaña 26 27 00 Total 81,853 55,021 83,009 51,888
M4-4
Volume II Main Report, Part II Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
4.3 WATER QUALITY SIMULATION MODEL 4.3.1 METHODOLOGY Figure 4.1 shows the flowchart of the water quality simulation for Havana bay. The water quality simulation is divided into two phases; one of which is model establishment and another one is future water quality prediction. In the phase of model establishment, identifying and analyzing the most important hydraulic phenomenon and water pollution characteristics of the bay is carried out prior to the construction of the hydrodynamic (hereinafter referred to as HD) and water quality (hereinafter referred to as WQ) model respectively. In the calibration of the models, parameters are identified to reproduce measured conditions for the calibration period. With the application of the calibrated models, allowable load to reach the water environment target is estimated. Finally, future water quality of the bay respondent to the alternatives will be predicted and evaluated.
4.3.2 HYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATION OF HAVANA BAY (1) Setting up the Model Before setting up of the hydrodynamic models, it is necessary to identify the most important hydraulic phenomena and factors that affect the pollutant transportation in the bay. Generally, current in estuarine and coastal region consists of tidal stream, tidal residual flow, drift current (wind generated current), density driven flow, slope current and wave, etc. Among these currents, tidal and density flow play an important role in the transportation of pollutants in the seawater of bay. Especially for the shallow water area of the bay, inflow of fresh water from rivers and other sources usually causes a remarkable density flows occurring, which promote the resuspension and release of sediment pollutants. According to the investigation results in the past, important hydraulic characteristics of Havana bay can be concluded as follows.
Tidal currents inside the bay is relatively little, due to the narrow entrance (270m in width) and low tidal amplitude (0.29m in average) in the bay.
Retention time of the fresh water in the bay is approximately 4 months and water exchange between the bay and the open sea is relatively small.
The average and maximum water depth of the bay is 9 and 17 meters respectively. Therefore, water temperature stratification would be broken up easily by wind blown or strong currents. On the other hand, density flow both in horizontal and vertical directions could be strong in some estuaries such as Atares and Guasabacoa, due to a large quantity of fresh water inflow from rivers and drainage.
Heat exchange between seawater and atmosphere would be one of the most important factors to the water temperature inside the bay.
Precipitation, especially in the rain season, could promote the generation of the density currents in the bay.
Basing upon the hydraulic characteristics mentioned above, a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model is selected in this simulation. Three main current components as tidal stream, drift current and density driven flows are taken into account in the model. Figure 4.2 shows the sketch of the model applied in the simulation.
The fundamental equations applied in the hydrodynamic model are shown in the Appendix at the end of this chapter.
M4-5
Volume II Main Report, Part II Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
START
Analyzing the Hydraulic Setting Up Characteristics of Havana Bay the Hydrodynamic Model
Specification of the Hydrodynamic Simulation
Numerical Calculation
No Model Calibration Yes Analyzing the Characteristics of Setting Up Water Pollution for Havana Bay the Water Quality Model
Specification of the Water Quality Simulation
Numerical Calculation
No Model Calibration Yes No Model Verification Yes Water Environment Estimation of the Allowable Load Target in the Future Yes Alternatives of the Future Water Quality Prediction Water Quality Improvement
Evaluation of the Alternatives
END Figure 4.3.1 Flowchart of the water quality simulation for Havana bay.
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 4.1 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Flow Chart for the Water Quality Simulation of Havana Bay
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M4-6
Volume II Main Report, Part II Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
Sources Preciptation Pollutants
Surface
4m Level 1 Sedimentation
4m Advection and Level 2 dispersion Advection and dispersion Transfor- mation Resuspension Level 3 Sedimentation and release
Bottom
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 4.2 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Sketch of the Model Applied in the Simulation
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M4-7
Volume II Main Report, Part II Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
(2) Calculation conditions for the Hydrodynamic Simulation Calculation conditions for the hydrodynamic simulation includes bathymetry, boundary, initiation, source, as well as the parameters of the model. Specifications for each condition will be described as follows.
Bathymetry : Calculation area for the hydrodynamic simulation is whole water area of Havana bay. Referred to the sea chart of La Habana port (3), the calculation area is illustrated in Figure 4.3. The area of the bay is 5.2 km2 and the volume is 47x106 m3. Mesh division for the area is shown in Figure 4.4 and the mesh size is 30×30 m in horizontal direction. In vertical direction, the area is divided into 3 levels (layers) with each level 4 m. Distribution of water depth for the area is shown in Figure 4.5. Average water depth for the area is 9 m and the maximum is 17 m respectively.
Open boundary : Open boundary is determined considering the objective of the simulation, current characteristics of Havana bay as well as the locations of current and water quality observation stations. In the HD and WQ simulations, boundary is positioned at the mouth of the bay shown as in Figure4.4.
Height of Tide : Tidal observation station of Havana bay is located at Punta Santa Catalina with the latitude of 23˚08.6’N and longitude of 82˚20.3’N (Figure 4.2). The predicted height of tide is used as the water level of the boundary (2).
Meteorological Conditions : Air temperature, precipitation, wind velocity and direction are specified using observed meteorological data provided by Havana meteorological observatory. Daily averaged temperature, precipitation, wind velocity and wind direction are used in the hydrodynamic simulation.
Initial Conditions : It is needed to specify the initial water level, temperature and salinity before the simulation. These conditions are specified according to the existed observation data. The values for these parameters are shown in Table 4.7.
Table 4.7 Initial conditions for the hydrodynamic simulation Items Rain season Dry season Water level (m) 0.16 0.20 Temperature (℃) 28.5 26.8 Salinity (psu) 33.3 33.1
Source : Ten sources are take into accounted in the hydrodynamic simulation, in which 4 industrial wastewater, 3 rivers as well as 3 drainage channels are included. Location of the sources is shown in Figure 4.4. Usually, source conditions are specified based upon the proper monitoring data, which represents the typical state of the sources. Because of the limitations in the number of source data and large variation in the results of the different observation, it is difficult to grasp the outflow characteristics of the sources. Therefore, the latest surveyed results are directly utilized here to specify the source condition, although the observation period is different from the simulation. Table 4.8 shows the results of the source specification.
M4-8
Volume II Main Report, Part II Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 4.3 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Objective Area for Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Simulation of Havana Bay JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M4-9
Volume II Main Report, Part II Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 4.4 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Location of the Open Boundary and Point Sources
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M4-10
Volume II Main Report, Part II Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 4.5 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Water Depth Distribution of Havana Bay
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M4-11
Volume II Main Report, Part II Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
Table 4.8 Specification of the Source condition for the Hydrodynamic Simulation Classifi- Inflow point Flowrate Temperature Salinity Sources NO. cation XYZ (m3/s) (℃) (‰) Rivers Luyano S1 80 19 3 1.329 27 1 Martin Perez S2 129 19 3 0.719 27 1 Tadeo S3 116 82 3 0.093 27 1 Drainage San Nicolas S4 41 12 3 0.099 27 1 channels Arroyo Matadero S5 43 10 3 0.900 27 1 Agua Dulce S6 51 1 3 0.500 27 1 Industrial Refinería de S7 115 91 3 0.010 27 1 wastewater petróleo Ñico S8 112 99 3 0.037 27 1 López* S9 112 101 3 0.037 27 1 S10 110 115 3 0.010 27 1 * Net discharge of fresh water is take into accounted here.
Parameters of the Model : Model parameter, eddy viscosity, bed roughness, slip factors, dispersion factors of temperature and salinity need to be specified. Table 4.9 shows the calibrated values of the parameters for the hydrodynamic model.
Table 4.9 Calibrated Parameters of the Hydrodynamic model Parameters value Parameters value Eddy viscosity (m2/s) 3.0 Constants in Dalton’s law 0.5 Bed roughness（m） 0.05 Wind coefficient in Dalton’s law 0.9 Slip factors for the water surface 1.0 Relative humidity (%) 71 Slip factors for the sea bottom 1.0 Clearness coefficient (%) 0.7 Slip factors for the wall 1.0 Beta in Beer’s law 0.3 Dispersion factors of temperature 0.1 Light extinction coefficient 1.0 Dispersion factors of salinity 0.1
Numerical calculation conditions : Considering the stability of numerical calculation, accuracy of the results and the time used in the calculation, time step is set to be 120 seconds. Periods of simulation for the rain season and dry season are two months respectively.
Conditions described above are summarized in the Table 4.10.
M4-12
Volume II Main Report, Part II Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
Table 4.10 Summarization of the Calculation Conditions Classification Items Specified values Bathymetry Objective area Havana bay Mesh division (X×Y) 130×130 Mesh size (△X×△Y) 30m Level(layers) in vertical direction 3 Layer height First layer (surface layer) :4.0 m second layer: 4.0 m third layer: remaining depth Boundary Boundary location (X1 to X2):(Y1 to Y2): (Z1 to Z2) (0,0):(72,91):(0,3) Height of tide predicated Salinity Observation data Water temperature Observation data Air temperature Observation data Precipitation Observation data Wind velocity and direction Observation data Initiation Water level 0.16m (Rain season); 0.20m (Dry season) Salinity 33.3psu (Rain season); 33.1psu (Dry season) Water temperature 28.5℃(Rain season); 26.8℃(Dry season) Others Simulation period 2 months (Rain season and dry season respectively) Time step 120 seconds
(3) Calibrating and verifying the hydrodynamic model Data used in the calibration and verification : Two kinds of data will be used in the calibration and verification of the HD model. One of them is existed data before this study and another one is the survey results of this study.
Because there is no data on current observation is available for recent years, results investigated by PNUD-PNUMA-UNESCO in 1985 are utilized in the current calibration (4). Current velocity and direction of Havana bay in the tidal fall are illustrated in the Figure 4.6.
Temperature and salinity are measured by CIMAB in their regular survey on the water quality of Havana bay (3). However, the survey is carried out only once in the rainy season and dry season respectively, it is difficult to grasp the characteristics of spatial and temporal variation of temperature and salinity. Therefore, parts of the results reported by PNUD-PNUMA-UNESCO are also used here as an assistant verification data (5). In the Tables 4.11 to 4.14, available data on temperature and salinity data are summarized.
M4-13
Volume II Main Report, Part II Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
Source: Ref 4 - PNUD-PNUMA-UNESCO,1985
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 4.6 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Observation Results of Currents in Havana Bay
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M4-14
Volume II Main Report, Part II Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
Table 4.11 Results of Temperature and Salinity observation 2001/6 High tide(2001/11) Low tide(2001/11) Locations Positions Temp. Sali. Temp. Sali. Temp. Sali. (℃) (‰) (℃) (‰) (℃) (‰) Canal de Entrada surface 28.3 33.37 27.0 35.46 26.2 34.53 middle 28.2 35.33 26.8 36.27 27.0 36.41 bottom 28.6 36.41 26.4 36.25 27.0 36.29 Atares surface 28.3 29.93 27.0 27.11 26.4 21.37 middle 28.6 35.86 27.0 36.09 26.8 36.33 bottom 28.1 36.21 27.0 36.19 27.0 35.16 Guasabacoa surface 28.1 34.12 27.2 36.03 27.0 35.57 middle 28.6 36.00 27.0 36.19 26.8 35.52 bottom 28.7 36.13 27.0 36.33 26.6 35.87 Marimelena surface 28.3 35.15 27.0 36.15 26.8 35.77 middle 28.4 35.55 27.0 36.22 27.0 36.00 bottom 28.8 35.46 27.0 36.11 27.0 36.26 Centro de la Bahía surface 28.7 33.57 27.0 35.02 26.8 34.87 middle 28.9 33.99 26.8 36.00 27.0 35.97 bottom 28.6 36.13 26.8 35.92 26.8 36.32 P. del Chivo surface 28.3 35.56 - 27.0 35.46 middle 28.4 33.09 - 26.8 36.35 bottom 28.5 36.74 - 26.8 36.41 Caleta de San Lázaro surface 28.3 36.00 - 27.0 36.10 middle 28.6 36.41 - 27.0 36.33 bottom 28.8 36.36 - 27.0 36.43 Data source: CIMAB reports-a Table 4.12 Range of Temperature and Salinity for Havana bay Temperature(℃) Salinity(‰) Position Maximum Minimum Average* Maximum Minimum Average* Surface 32.2 (Sep.) 24.6 (Jan.) 28.2 34.3 (Dec.) 27.4 (Jan.) 32.4 Bottom 28.8 (Sep) 24.3 (Feb.) 26.5 36.4 (Apr.) 34.4 (Sep.) 35.7 *Note: annually average. Data source: UNESCO reports Table 4.13 Temperature Distribution in Vertical Direction Water depth Atares Guasabacoa Marimelena Centro Canal Litoral zone 0-5 3.1 3.3 2.9 2.5 2.1 0.6 5-bottom 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.2 0-bottom 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.3 2.7 0.8 Data source: UNESCO reports Table 4.14 Salinity Distribution in Vertical Direction Water depth Atares Guasabacoa Marimelena Centro Canal Litoral zone 0-5 12.9 13.3 3.3 4.9 3.8 0.9 5-bottom 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.1 0-bottom 14.0 14.2 4.1 5.8 4.5 1.0 Data source: UNESCO reports
Calibration of the HD model : Hydrodynamics simulation of Havana bay is conducted with the input conditions and the calibrated parameters presented in Table 4.9. Simulation results of the currents are illustrated in Figure 4.7 and 4.8. According to the reproductive performance of the currents, effectiveness of the hydrodynamic model is evaluated as follows.
M4-15
Volume II Main Report, Part II Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
z With a comparison of the calculated currents with the observed results (Figure 4.6), it can be seen that the calibrated model gives a good result to reproduce the current velocity and direction both in the entrance and inside of the bay.
z Current direction varies periodically along with the variation of the tide height in the bay. Both calculation and observation results show that current direction is towards the bay during tidal rise and reverse flow occurs during tidal fall.
z For the location of Canal de Entrada and Centro de la Bahia, surface current velocity and direction are approximately same with the observed data. In the period of tide rise and tide fall, approximately 0.05 to 0.15m/s current occurred with a direction of SE and NW respectively. Current in middle (second) layer is reverse to the surface and the velocity is slightly lower compared with the surface.
z For the current velocity near to the estuarine of Luyano river, several discrepancies between the calculation results and the observations exist. One of the main reasons of these discrepancies would be attributed to the inflow velocity specification of the river. Inflow velocity of the rivers will be surveyed in this study and the reproductive performance of the currents for these areas will be improved with the application of these survey results.
Water temperature and salinity in the bay are dependent upon a lot of factors such as the fresh water discharges from the sources, air temperature, precipitation, temperature/salinity of boundary (open sea) and etc. It is considerable that temperature and salinity vary along with the passage of time. Because detail measurement data for the temperature and salinity is only available for June in the rain season shown in Table 4.11, while simulation result is for the August and September. On the other hands, from the observation data shown in Table 4.12 to 4.3.14, it is possible to grasp the characteristics of spatial and temporal variation of temperature and salinity roughly. Therefore the model reproductive capacity for the temperature and salinity is indirectly evaluated based upon the comparison of the simulation result both with the detail data (Table 4.11) and summarized results (Table 4.12 through Table 4.14).
Calculation results of the temperature and salinity in the tidal rise and tidal fall are illustrated in Figure 4.9 to 4.12. Reproduce trends in time and spatial gradients for temperature and salinity are shown as follows.
• Trend of temperature and salinity variation in horizontal and vertical directions is approximately agreed with the observation data.
• For the results of surface layer (Figure 4.9), shallow water area such as Marimelena (the east of the bay) and Guasabacoa (the south of the bay) shows a higher temperature than other areas. On the contrary, area near to the boundary and center of the bay shows a lower temperature. For the shallow water area, water temperature is more easily influenced by the heat exchange with atmosphere, and the water temperature is sensitive to the variation of air temperature. Another reason for the higher temperature of these areas could be contributed to that they are far from the boundary, in which a low temperature is specified.
• Water temperature in the high tide shows a lower value than the low tide, duo to a lower temperature water inflow from the boundary in the tide rise. For the surface layer, temperature in the most area of the bay increase from 29.5℃ to 30℃ as tide vary from the high tide to low tide.
• Water temperature decreases along with the water depth. Temperature difference between the surface layer and second layer is nearly 2℃, which is larger than the temperature differences in horizontal direction.
M4-16
Volume II Main Report, Part II Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
• Salinity gradient both in horizontal and vertical direction occurs, due to the inflow of fresh water from the rivers and drainage channels. Area near to the entrance of the bay shows a higher salinity concentration compared with the estuaries of Luyano river, Martin Perez rivers as well as the drainage channels.
• Salinity varies periodically along with the tide conditions. Salinity difference between the high tide and low tide is nearly 1.0 psu for the surface layer, while the difference for the second layer is negligible. It means that second layer is less influenced by the fresh water discharged from the sources.
M4-17
Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 4.7 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Simulation Results of the Currents in Havana Bay (Surface Layer)
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M4-18
Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 4.8 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Simulation Results of the Currents in Havana Bay (Second Layer) JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M4-19
Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 4.9 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Simulation Results of Water Temperature in Havana Bay (Surface Layer) JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M4-20
Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 4.10 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Simulation Results of Water Temperature in Havana Bay (Second Layer) JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M4-21
Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 4.11 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Simulation Results of Salinity in Havana Bay (Surface Layer)
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M4-22
Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 4.12 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Simulation Results of Salinity in Havana Bay (Second Layer)
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M4- 23
Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
4.3.3 WATER QUALITY SIMULATION OF HAVANA BAY (1) Characteristic of Water Pollution in Havana bay In the investigation of marine environment by CIMAB, water quality of Havana bay was reported. Figure 3.2 shows the monitoring locations of CIMAB. Playa del Chivo and Caleta de San Lázaro are located outside the bay. Based upon the observation results of 2001, variation water quality of Havana bay is illustrated in Figure 4.13 through 4.15. Water quality data for the two recent sampling events, during tidal rise (Nov. 28, 2001) and tidal fall (Nov. 30, 2001) were available. According to these results of water quality and other reported data, characteristic of water pollution in Havana bay can be concluded as follows.
DO concentrations is different significantly for the five sampling locations. Generally, water areas adjacent to the estuaries within the bay and source inflows show lower DO concentration. Particularly for the locations of Atares and Marimelena, in which drainage of sewage and industrial wastewater are discharged, DO depletion is remarkable. In the rainy season, DO drops very much and DO level for the two locations are as low as 2.0 mg/L. Low DO condition particularly in the seabed would results in excess release of nutrients from the sediments, as well as suffocation of living resources. These nutrients would promote the growth of phytoplankton and cause eutrophication of the waterbody.
Phosphorous concentration in the bay varied seasonally and spatially. Both for the phosphate and total phosphorous, the dry season shows a high concentration than the rain season. In the areas of Atares, Marimelena and Guasabacoa, a high concentrations of phosphorous are observed. From the concentration gradient, it can be deduced that the main external source of phosphorous is the discharge from the rivers and drainage channels.
High concentration of ammonia was observed in the bay’s inner parts such as Atares, Marimelena and Guasabacoa. Particularly in the area of Atares, NH4-N concentration both in the surface and second layer is as high as 0.5 mg/L. Concentration of NO2-N and NO3- N and their variation among the locations are comparatively small. Therefore, it can be considered that ammonia distribution is more dependent on the pollutant load of the source inflow and the release from sediment, while the nitrite and nitrate are more relied on the nitrification process occurring within the bay.
High SS concentration is observed at Atares and Guasabacoa compared to other areas. This is similar to other parameters and can be attributed to the inflow of the suspended water via the rivers and drainage channels.
Although phytoplankton and chlorophyll-a, as two very important parameters to evaluate the eutrophication level, were measured, inconsistency in the results of the two parameters makes it difficult to grasp the characteristics of the primary production in the bay. As a general tendency, Canal de Entrada and Centro de la Bahia show a higher concentration of chlorophyll-a. Phytoplankton concentrations at Canal de Entrada and Atares are relatively high. Comparing with the nutrient (inorganic nitrogen and phosphate) level in the bay, it can be said that the chlorophyll-a concentration is relatively low.
M4- 24
Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 4.13 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Water Quality Observation Results of Havana Bay
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M4- 25
Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 4.14 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Water Quality Observation Results of Havana Bay
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M4- 26
Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 4.15 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Water Quality Observation Results of Havana Bay
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M4- 27
Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
(2) Setting up the model Based upon the characteristics of water pollution analyzed above, it is necessary to build a model, in which following sub-models of transportation and transformation are composed.
Advection and dispersion of the pollutants
Biological degradation and chemical reaction processes
Eutrophication
In these sub-models, following transformation processes are incorporated.
Degradation of organic matters exited as dissolved and suspended state.
Sedimentation of suspended organic matters and resuspension of the sediments
Exchange of oxygen between the atmosphere and seawater
Oxygen demand in the degradation of dissolved and suspended organic matters
Oxygen production in the photosynthesis and photosynthetic respiration
Ammonification and nitrification as well as denitrification process
Release of nitrogen and phosphorous in the degradation of organic matters
Uptake of nitrogen and phosphorous by bacteria and plants
Release of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorous from the sediments
In order to simulate and calibrate these processes, nine water quality items are selected as the state variables in the model, which are dissolved BOD (BODd), suspended BOD (BODs), BOD in the sediment (BODb), DO, ammonia (NH4-N), nitrite (NO2-N), nitrate (NO3-N), phosphate (PO4-P) and chlorophyll-a. The principles of the WQ model applied in this study are illustrated in Figure 4.16.
M4-28
Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
Reaeration Atomsphere
Primary product DO Respiration Consumption in Nitrification Inorganic Nitrogen Denitrification NO2-N NO3-N Uptake Consumption Chlorophyll-a Nitrification Degradation Dissolved BＯＤ NH4-N (BODd)
Consumption Degradation Suspended BＯＤ PO4-P Death and (BODs) Setting
Uptake by sedimetation Resuspesion Release bacteria Consumption Bottom
Sediments (BODb)
Figure 4.3.15 Principles of the WQ model applied in this study.
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 4.16 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Schematic of the Processes Included in the WQ Model Applied in this Study JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M4-29
Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
(3) Calculation Conditions for the Water Quality Simulation Water quality simulation is carried out simultaneously with the hydrodynamic simulation. Except for the items described in follows, the calculation conditions are basically same with the hydrodynamic simulation.
Loading condition from the Sources : Ten point sources including three rivers and three drainage channels as well as an industry discharging at four locations are considered in the water quality simulation. Water quality of the source is specified based upon the loading rate for BOD5, total nitrogen and total phosphorous, which are calculated from the latest monitoring data by CIMAB. Table 4.15 shows the specified results for the water quality of the sources.
Table 4.15 Pollutant Source Input Specification for the Water Quality Simulation
Name of Source Source Flowrate, BOD5, DO, NH4-N, NO2-N, NO3-N, PO4-P, No. m3/s mg/l mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L Rio Luyano S1 1.329 83 3.0 2.1 0 1.0 0.17 Rio Martin Perez S2 0.719 20 1.6 2.0 0 1.5 0.59 Arroyo Tadeo S3 0.093 192 2.0 2.2 0 0.6 3.20 Dren San Nicolas S4 0.099 151 1.0 7.4 0 1.9 0.29 Dren Arroyo Matadero S5 0.900 115 1.0 1.7 0 0.4 3.10 Dren Agua Dulce S6 0.500 190 1.0 2.2 0 0.5 6.30 S7 0.010 S8 0.037 Ñico López 1,810 0 50 0 0 10 S9 0.037 S10 0.010 Source : Based on monitoring data of CIMAB
Nutrient Loading from Sediments : There is no experimental data available for the nutrient release from the sediments of Havana bay. Inorganic nitrogen and phosphorous release rates are estimated indirectly based on the relationship of organic content of sediments with the nutrient release rate. The following rates are used.
Release rate of inorganic nitrogen =94.0 mg/m2/d
Release rate of phosphate=6.6 mg/m2/d
Boundary and Initial Conditions : Boundary and initial conditions are specified based upon the water quality measurement results of Havana bay implemented by CIMAB in 2001(Table 4.16).
Table 4.16 Water Quality in Boundary and Initiation (in mg/L) BODd BODs DO NH4-N NO2-N NO3-N PO4-P Chlo.-a* Boundary 2 2 8 0.015 0.01 0.002 0.004 0.002 Initiation 5 5 5 0.15 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.005 *chlo.-a:chlorophyll-a
Parameters of the Model : Parameters for the water quality model are identified according to the calibration results of the model. Table 4.17 shows the values of the parameters for each reaction processes.
Others : Same as the hydrodynamic simulation, time step of the numerical calculation is set to M4-30
Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model be 120 seconds and periods of simulation is two months both for the rains season and dry season.
Table 4.17 Parameters of the WQ model Process parameter Unit Value COD/DO Degradation constant for BODd 1/day 0.05 related Degradation constant for BODs 1/day 0.02 Sedimentation rate for BODs 1/day 0.2 Nitrification rate 1/day 0.05 mgO /l/d 3.5 Photosynthetic product rate 2 Light extinction coefficient 1/m 7.4
Nutrient Uptake rate of nitrogen by plankton gN/gO2 0.066 related Uptake rate of nitrogen by bacteria gN/gO2 0.109 3 Halfsaturation concentration of NH4-N gN/m 0.05 1/day (NO2)Nitrification rate 1.0 Denitrification rate 1/day 0.1 gP/gO Uptake rate of phosphorous by plankton 2 0.0091 gP/gO Uptake rate of phosphorous by bacteria 2 0.015 g P/m3 Halfsaturation concentration of PO4-P 0.005 Chlorophyll-a Death rate of phytoplankton 1/day 0.01 related Sedimentation rate of phytoplankton m/day 0.15 Carbon ratio of chlorophyll and phytoplankton mg/l 0.02 Carbon to oxygen ratio at primary product gC/gO2 0.0133 Halfsaturation concentration for inorganic nitrogen mg/l 0.05 Halfsaturation concentration for phosphorous mg/l 0.01
4.3.4 CALIBRATING AND VERIFYING THE WATER QUALITY MODEL (1) Data used in the Calibration and Verification Observation results of water quality described in section 4.3.3(1) are used as verification data in the model calibration. Six items including DO, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, phosphorous and chlorophyll-a are used to calibrate the model. Because there is no observation data available for the simulation period of August and September 2001, data observed in June 2001 is utilized as a substitute for the rain season. For the dry season, data which was measured in the end of November (28 Nov.2001 and 30 Nov. 2001) are used in the verification.
(2) Comparison of Calculated Results with Observed Data Water quality simulation results in high tide and low tide are illustrated in Figure 4.17 to 4.24. Because of the large fluctuation in source data and the inconsistent period between the source and water quality data in the bay, the calibration here is performed primarily based upon the levels of water quality rather than the exact concentration values. According to the comparison of the simulation results with the observations, the reproductive performance of the water quality model could be concluded as follows.
DO concentration levels are approximately reproduced for the five observation locations in the bay (Figure 4.21). Same as the observed data, Atares and Marimelena locations show lower DO concentration compared with other locations. At the low tide, surface DO level of the two locations drops below 2.0mg/L and the DO depletion occurred in the lower layer of the water column. It means that extremely high level organic matters would exist, as well as some organic substance would be resuspended from sediments in these areas.
Distribution of ammonia concentration in the bay is also agreement with the observation results approximately (Figure 4.20). Water areas near to the inflow location of the sources
M4-31
Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
show a high concentration of ammonia. Comparing the results of DO and ammonia would find that location with a lower DO is correspondent to a high level of ammonia. It could be estimated that the low DO level for the areas is mainly caused by the degradation of organic matters as well as the nitrification of ammonia.
For the nitrite and nitrate, although calculated results seem to be little high than the observed data, the concentration levels are almost reproduced (Figure 4.21 to Fig4.22).
Reproducing phosphate concentration for the location of Atares (Figure 4.23) was not complete. Comparing the phosphate concentrations for the location of Atares could find that simulation results give a high value than the observed data. According to the phosphorous cycle indicated in Figure 4.16, phosphate concentration is relied upon the two opposite processes of generation and uptake after it is discharged into the seawater. For the generation process, phosphate is released both from the BOD degradation reaction and from the sediments. And for the uptake process, phosphate is consumed in the growth of plankton and bacteria. Based upon the reaction and stoichiometric parameter of these processes, it was failure in the feting of the simulation results with the observed data. As one of the possibilities, the low phosphate concentration could be contribute to some other reaction process such as adhesion to the suspended solid and sedimentation, etc.
The reproductive performance of chlorophyll-a is different for the five locations. For the location of Atares, Guasabacoa and Centro de la Bahia, the level of chlorophyll-a predicted is generally in agreement with the measurement results. However for the location of Canal de Entrada and Marimelena, several discrepancies between the calculation and the observation was founded. Comparing the nutrient level and chlorophyll-a concentration for the five locations would find that the chlorophyll-a concentration is inconsistent with the nutrient level. Therefore, there is a possibility that the light extinction coefficient were different from location to location and the locations like Canal de Entrada shows a low extinction coefficient than other locations.
M4-32
Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 4.17 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Concentration Distribution of Dissolved BOD (BODd) in Havana Bay (Surface Layer) JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M4-33
Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 4.18 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Concentration Distribution of Suspended BOD (BODs) in Havana Bay (Surface Layer) JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M4- 34
Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 4.19 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Concentration Distribution of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in Havana Bay (Surface Layer) JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M4- 35
Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 4.20 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Concentration Distribution of Ammonia in Havana Bay (Surface Layer) JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M4- 36
Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 4.21 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Concentration Distribution of Nitrite Nitrogen (NO2-N) in Havana Bay (Surface Layer) JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M4- 37
Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 4.22 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Concentration Distribution of Nitrate Nitrogen (NO3-N) in Havana Bay (Surface Layer) JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M4- 38
Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 4.23 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Concentration Distribution of Orthophosphate (PO4-P) in Havana Bay (Surface Layer) JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M4- 39
Volume II Main Report, Part I Master Plan Chapter 4 Pollution Load Analysis and Water Quality Model
THE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF Figure 4.24 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR THE HAVANA BAY Concentration Distribution of Chlorophyll-a in Havana Bay (Surface Layer) JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
M4- 40