Fo'ohkkjr @Tdil

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fo'oHkkjr @tdil 3. Development of OHWR System for Gurmukhi R.K. Sharma, Palki Sharma, Narpinder Sharma, Harjeet Singh, Karun Verma, Ravinder Kumar, Rajesh Kumar, School of Mathematics & Computer Applications, Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab (INDIA) Abstract Gurmukhi and Roman numerals. Handwritten character recognition is a Postprocessing of classes has also been complex task owing to various writing styles performed in this work in order to refine the of different individuals. A number of authors recognition process results. In this have worked on the problem of handwritten postprocessing, the sequence of classes is Gurmukhi OHWR character recognition. They have, in analyzed; overwritten strokes are identified general, used structural and statistical and resolved. A heuristic based algorithm features in their work. Handwritten has been developed to form Gurmukhi character recognition systems have also aksharas from the identified classes. been proposed for Gurmukhi script by some 1. Introduction authors. This work presents a system to This is a well-established fact that recognize online handwritten Gurmukhi handwritten character recognition is a characters, Gurmukhi numerals, Roman complex task. This is due to different numerals and special characters. A handwriting styles of individuals, and also the sufficiently large annotated database has cursiveness in their handwriting. Handwritten been created in this work for the strokes used character recognition is divided into two in writing these Gurmukhi symbols. The categories: offline and online. In offline recognition engines developed in this work handwritten character recognition, data are are based on 100 samples (Engine 1) and 22 scanned images taken from a prewritten text, samples (Engines 2, 3 and 4) of each class usually on a sheet of paper. In online collected from different writers. These handwriting recognition systems, data are samples have been preprocessed and captured while writing with the help of a annotated. LibSVM classifier has been used special pen and an electronic surface. These in this work for classification purpose. The systems generally include the phases of system presented in this work could attain the preprocessing, features extraction and highest recognition accuracy of 96.8% at 5- classification. Feature extraction is a very fold cross validation for Gurmukhi significant phase in a character recognition characters, of 90.0% at 4-fold cross system, which is used to decide for the validation for Gurmukhi numerals, of 90.2% relevant shape contained in the character. The at 5-fold cross validation for Gurmukhi performance of a character recognition numerals and Roman numerals, of 84.0% at system largely depends on the features, which 4-fold cross validation for special characters, have been extracted. 55.

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Roman Numerals
History of Numbers 1c. I can distinguish between an additive and positional system, and convert between Roman and Hindu-Arabic numbers. Roman Numerals The numeric system represented by Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome (753 BC–476 AD) and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. By the 11th century, the more efJicient Hindu–Arabic numerals had been introduced into Europe by way of Arab traders. Roman numerals, however, remained in commo use well into the 14th and 15th centuries, even in accounting and other business records (where the actual calculations would have been made using an abacus). Roman numerals are still used today, in certain contexts. See: Modern Uses of Roman Numerals Numbers in this system are represented by combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet. Roman numerals, as used today, are based on seven symbols: The numbers 1 to 10 are expressed in Roman numerals as: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X. This an additive system. Numbers are formed by combining symbols and adding together their values. For example, III is three (three ones) and XIII is thirteen (a ten plus three ones). Because each symbol (I, V, X ...) has a Jixed value rather than representing multiples of ten, one hundred and so on (according to the numeral's position) there is no need for “place holding” zeros, as in numbers like 207 or 1066. Using Roman numerals, those numbers are written as CCVII (two hundreds, plus a ive and two ones) and MLXVI (a thousand plus a ifty plus a ten, a ive and a one).
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Bibliography
Bibliography Many books were read and researched in the compilation of Binford, L. R, 1983, Working at Archaeology. Academic Press, The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology: New York. Binford, L. R, and Binford, S. R (eds.), 1968, New Perspectives in American Museum of Natural History, 1993, The First Humans. Archaeology. Aldine, Chicago. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Braidwood, R 1.,1960, Archaeologists and What They Do. Franklin American Museum of Natural History, 1993, People of the Stone Watts, New York. Age. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Branigan, Keith (ed.), 1982, The Atlas ofArchaeology. St. Martin's, American Museum of Natural History, 1994, New World and Pacific New York. Civilizations. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Bray, w., and Tump, D., 1972, Penguin Dictionary ofArchaeology. American Museum of Natural History, 1994, Old World Civiliza Penguin, New York. tions. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Brennan, L., 1973, Beginner's Guide to Archaeology. Stackpole Ashmore, w., and Sharer, R. J., 1988, Discovering Our Past: A Brief Books, Harrisburg, PA. Introduction to Archaeology. Mayfield, Mountain View, CA. Broderick, M., and Morton, A. A., 1924, A Concise Dictionary of Atkinson, R J. C., 1985, Field Archaeology, 2d ed. Hyperion, New Egyptian Archaeology. Ares Publishers, Chicago. York. Brothwell, D., 1963, Digging Up Bones: The Excavation, Treatment Bacon, E. (ed.), 1976, The Great Archaeologists. Bobbs-Merrill, and Study ofHuman Skeletal Remains. British Museum, London. New York. Brothwell, D., and Higgs, E. (eds.), 1969, Science in Archaeology, Bahn, P., 1993, Collins Dictionary of Archaeology. ABC-CLIO, 2d ed. Thames and Hudson, London. Santa Barbara, CA. Budge, E. A. Wallis, 1929, The Rosetta Stone. Dover, New York. Bahn, P.
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Translating Roman Numerals
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